ABSTRACT
Anti-fungi activity of organic extracts from the tree Fagara monophylla (Rutaceae) in Venezuela. The tree Fagara monophylla ranges throughout Tropical America. The genus Fagara has a diversity of alkaloid compounds with antibiotic properties; nevertheless, there are few reports antifungal activity of its organic compounds. Organic extracts from Venezuelan F. monophylla were tested for antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus terreus, A. flavus, Penicillium digitatum, P. funiculosum, P. citrinum, Paecilomyces and Candida albicans. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined. The susceptibility trials of organic fractions (Hex., CH2Cl2 and MeOH) showed that the highest inhibition was presented by MeOH against A. flavus (55 mm), P. digitatum (60 mm), P. funiculosum (56 mm) and C. albicans (26 mm). The activities of MeOH/EtOAc fractions 1 and 2 suggest a combined effect against A. flavus, P. digitatum and P. funiculosum. The MIC of 1 MeOH/ EtOAc subfraction activity was lower against C. albicans (32 µg/ml) and moderate (128 µg/ml) against P. digitatum. This organic extract has a great antifungal potential. The phytochemical proves and TLC testing on the organic extract, and the MeOH/EtOAc subfraction, respectively, indicated the presence of alkaloid compounds. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 767-775. Epub 2007 December, 28.
Fagara monophylla está distribuida en América Tropical. El género Fagara tiene diversidad de compuestos alcaloides con propiedades antibacterianas; sin embargo existe escasa información acerca de su actividad antifúngica. Evaluamos extractos de F. monophylla in vitro con los hongos Aspergillus terreus, A. flavus, Penicillium digitatum, P. citrinum, P. funiculosum, Paecilomyces y Candida albicans determinando la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI). Hicimos pruebas de susceptibilidad con las fracciones Hex., CH2Cl2 y la MeOH. La mayor inhibición la presentó la fracción MeOH frente a A. flavus (55 mm), P. digitatum (60 mm), P. funiculosum (56 mm) y C. albicans (26 mm). Las actividades mostradas por las fracciones 1 y 2 de MeOH/EtOAc sugieren la acción de un efecto combinado frente a A flavus, P, digitatum y P. funiculosum. La CMI de la subfracción 1 MeOH/EtOAc frente a Candida albicans fue baja (32 µg/ml), y para P. digitatum la CMI fue moderada (128 µg/ml). Este extracto orgánico posee gran potencial de actividad antifúngica. Las pruebas fitoquímicas y los ensayos realizados por TLC al extracto orgánico y a la subfracción 1 MeOH/EtOAc, respectivamente, mostraron la presencia de alcaloides.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Mitosporic Fungi/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rutaceae/chemistry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , VenezuelaABSTRACT
Objective To understand the effects of drinking water and source water on DNA breakage of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL). Methods The organic compounds in drinking water and source water were adsorbed by GDX_102 resin for solid phase of gas choromatography. DNA damages of lymphocytes were detected by single cell gel electrophoresis. Results At the same exposure doses to organic extracts of water, the DNA damages of HPBL exposed to organic extracts of surface water were heavier than those exposed to organic extracts of deep underground water, and heavier DNA damages were also observed in HPBL exposed to organic extracts of finished water from water plant treating ground source water compared with those exposed to organic extracts of finished water from water plant treating deep underground source water. Significant dose_response relationships were observed between the exposure doses of organic extracts of water samples and the degrees of DNA damages of HPBL. Conclusion The organic extracts of source water samples collected from surface water and ground water and its tap water samples could cause DNA breakages of HPBL in different degrees in a certain city.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the p53 gene mutation induced by organic extract of reclaimed water used in a city. Methods The organic extract of reclaimed water was collected by C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the reclaimed water were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). L-02 cells were treated with the organic extract of the reclaimed water at 0.84, 1.68, 3.34 ?l/ml for 24 h. DNA samples for p53 mutation detection was extracted from the cells and subjected to DNA sequencing for detection of mutations in exon 5 of the p53 gene. Results All 16 kinds of PAHs were detected both in input water and reclaimed water. The predominant ones were fluorene and phenanthrene,then naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and so on. Total PAHs concentration was 1 777.9 ng/L in the input water and 1380.1 ng/L in the reclaimed water. Mutation in exon 5 within the p53 gene was detected in L-02 cells treated with the organic extract of the water. Conclusion PAHs in water can be removed by sewage treatment technology at present, but the remaining PAHs can still induce the mutation of p53 gene, so using reclaimed water has some potential health impacts, the sewage treatment technology employed today should be improved.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of the polluted organic substances in urban water environment and genetoxicity of the organic pollutants in drinking water on DNA damage in primary cultured hepatocytes in rats. Methods Qualitative analysis of the organic extracts from source water and drinking water in five waterworks in city C with GC/MS was conducted and the effects of organic extracts on DNA damage in primary cultured hepatocytes in rats were tested with single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Comet length means and percentage of tail cell were observed. Results A total of 98 organic pollutants were detected in all samples including 60 in source water and 58 in drinking water. The pollutants were mainly esters, ketons, phenols, benzenes and the derivatives. Comet length means was found to be significantly higher ( P