Regulation of Organophosphorus Hydrolase Nanocapsules and the Effect on Enzyme Activity and Stability / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Nanocapsuling organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is a promising strategy, which can improve OPH stability and put it into practical application. Nanocapsule can protect OPH from deactivation, but on the other hand it may block the contact of enzymes and substrates to some extent. Thus, it is worth exploring the influences of nanocapsule density on the enzyme activity and stability. In this study, OPH surface was modified by N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS), and then the in situ radical polymerization technique was applied to construct a polymer shell around the surface to form the OPH nanocapsule (nOPH). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used to characterize the structure of nOPH. The nOPH activity is not influenced by the presence of nanocapsule when the feed ratio of NAS to OPH is below 75. On the contrary, it decreases with the increasing of NAS feed ratio when it is above 75. Furthermore, nOPH activities at high temperatures and in 20% DMSO solutions both first increase and then decrease with the increasing of NAS feed ratio. The results showed that the appropriate density of the nanocapsule could retain the enzyme activity to the maximum extent during the preparation of nOPH nanocapsule, and significantly improve its thermal stability and organic solvent stability. Hence, the results are of great significance to further realize the OPH practical application.

Butafosfan e cianocobalamina: estratégia para melhorar a funcionalidade hepática de vacas leiteiras primíparas / Butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin: strategy to improve the liver function of primiparous dairy cows

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do butafosfan isolado ou associado à cianocobalamina sobre marcadores do metabolismo energético, mineral e inflamatório, produção de leite e índice de funcionalidade hepática (IFH) de vacas leiteiras primíparas. Vinte e três vacas da raça Holandês foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em três grupos experimentais: Grupo Combinação (COM, n = 8), que recebeu 100 mL da combinação de butafosfan+cianocobalamina;Grupo Butafosfan (BUT, n = 8), que recebeu 100 mL de solução aquosa de Butafosfan; e Grupo Controle (CTL, n = 7), que recebeu 100 mL de solução fisiológica 0,9%. Todos os animais recebram 5 doses subcutâneas de 20 mL a cada 24 horas, iniciando logo após o parto. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 28 para análises de cálcio, fósforo, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNEs) e ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA). Albumina, bilirrubina, colesterol total, haptoglobina e paraoxonase foram analisadas nos dias 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 28. Foi avaliado o escore de condição corporal e a produção leiteira até 60 dias pós-parto. Níveis reduzidos de BHBA (P<0,05) foram encontrados no grupo BUT. Animais com alto IFH apresentaram menores níveis de BHBA (P<0,05) e tendência de redução nos níveis de AGNEs (P<0,10), porém o IFH não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Apesar de o butafosfan reduzir os níveis de BHBA, o índice de funcionalidade hepática de vacas primímaras não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos.

The objective of study was to evaluate the effects of butafosfan and cyanocobalamin on markers of energetic, mineral and inflammatory metabolism, milk production and the liver functionality index (LFI) of primiparous dairy cows. Twenty-three Holstein cows were allocated into: Combination group (COM, n = 8), receiving 100 mL of Catosal®; Butafosfan group (BUT, n = 8) that received 100 mL of aqueous Butafosfan; and Control (CTL, n = 7), receiving 100 mL of 0.9% saline. All the animals received 100 mL (5 doses of 20mL every 24h), subcutaneously, beginning soon after calving. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 28 for analysis of calcium, phosphorus, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). The analysis of albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol, haptoglobin and paraoxonase were performed on days 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 28. We evaluated body condition score (BCS) and milk production (kg /day) until day 60 after calving. The LFI was determined considering the plasma levels of total cholesterol, albumin and bilirubin on days 3 and 28 after calving. The BUT group showed lower BHB levels (P<0.05) than CTL group. The animals from group with high LFI had lower concentrations of BHB (P<0.05) and a trend of lower concentrations of NEFA (P<0.10), whereas the animals with poor liver function (low) showed tendency to have lower level of albumin (P <0.10). Howerver, the LFI was not affected by treatments (P> 0.05). In conclusion, despite the butafosfan and cyanocobalamin modulate energy metabolism in this study the hepatic functionality index was not affected by treatments.

Combinação de butafosfan e cianocobalamina no metabolismo da glicose em vacas leiteiras após o parto / Combined of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin on the glucose metabolism of dairy cows after calving

A hipótese deste estudo é de que o uso da combinação de butafosfan e cianocobalamina pode melhorar a resistência periférica à insulina, aumentar a quantidade de glicose disponível para a glândula mamária e a produção de leite. Assim, o objetivo foi investigar os efeitos combinados de butafosfan e cianocobalamina sobre o metabolismo da glicose em vacas leiteiras no período pós-parto. Vinte e uma vacas leiteiras foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo controle (CON, n= 11), que recebeu cinco aplicações de solução salina (20mL / animal 0,9% NaCl), e grupo Catosal(r) (ABC, n= 10), que recebeu cinco aplicações de 20mL de uma solução contendo as substâncias butafosfan e cianocobalamina (B12 Catosal(r), 100mg da substância butafosfan e 50µg de cianocobalamina por mL). As aplicações foram realizadas por via intramuscular, nos dias sete, 12, 17, 22 e 27 pós-parto. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas para a avaliação das concentrações plasmáticas de fósforo, glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), albumina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina quinase (CK). Nos dias oito e 28 pós-parto, os animais foram pesados e submetidos aos testes de tolerância à glicose e à insulina. O tratamento promoveu perda de peso (ABC 40,4kg, CON 10,73kg, P<0,05) e aumento da AST (ABC 62,92 ±3,31U/L, CON 53,11±3,49 U / L, P<0,05) e dos níveis de CK (ABC 134,09± 19,08U / L, CON 79,43 ± 18,27U / L). Os grupos não diferiram quanto ao metabolismo (área sob a curva) da glicose nos dias oito e 28, porém os animais tratados tiveram um aumento na glicemia (P<0,05) no dia 28 pós-parto (97,54 ± 8,54mg / dL), após a administração de insulina, em comparação ao dia oito (83,01 ± 8,54mg / dL). Assim, pode-se concluir que a combinação de butafosfan e cianocobalamina melhora a adaptação do metabolismo da glicose em vacas leiteiras no início da lactação.(AU)

The hypothesis of this study is that the combined use of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin could enhance peripheral insulin resistance, increasing the amount of glucose available for the mammary gland and milk production. Thus, our aim was to investigate the combined effects of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin on the glucose metabolism in dairy cows during the postpartum period. Twenty one dairy cows were divided into two groups: Control Group (CON, n= 11), that received 5 injections of saline solution (20mL/animal 0.9 % NaCl), and Catosal group (ABC, n= 10) which received 5 injections of 20mL of a Butafosfan and Cyanocobalamin solution (Catosal(r) B12, 100mg of Butafosfan and 50µg Cyanocobalamin for mL). The injections were performed by intramuscular route, on days 7, 12, 17, 22 and 27 postpartum. Blood samples were taken on these days to evaluate plasma concentrations of phosphorus, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK). On days 8 and 28 postpartum, the animals were weighted and subjected to the glucose tolerance and insulin challenge tests. The treatment promoted weight loss (ABC 40.4kg, CON 10.73kg, P< 0.05) and increased AST (ABC 62.92 ±3.31U/L, CON 53.11 ±3.49U/L, P< 0.05) and CK levels (ABC 134.09 ±19.08U/L, CON 79.43 ±18.27U/L). Glucose metabolism (area under the curve) did not differ (P> 0.05) among groups on days 8 and 28; however, ABC animals showed higher serum glucose levels (P< 0.05) after insulin administration on day 28 postpartum (97.54 ±8.54mg/dL) when compared to day 8 (83.01 ±8.54mg/dL). It could be concluded that the combined use of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin interferes positively with the adaptation of glucose metabolism in dairy cows in early lactation.(AU)

Effects of emodin on rat poisoning respiratory failure induced by organic phosphorus / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the intervention effect of emodin on organophosphorus poisoning induced respiratory failure.Methods 60 male Wistar rats of clean grade were randomly divided into:normal control group, model control group, positive drug group and emodin group, with 15 rats in each group.Except the normal control group rats were given intraperitoneal anesthesia, the right common carotid artery intubation, when rats stayed awake began a septic model.Blood gas analysis and serum level of oxygen free radicals and respiratory rate were compared before poisoning, respiratory failure, intervention of 5, 10, 30 min.Results Mouth breathing, slow respiratory frequency and cyanosis, appeared after exposure.Respiratory frequency decreased after exposure , compared with the positive drug group, respiratory frequency of emodin group 10 min and 30 min was higher ( P<0.05), PaO2, SaO2, BE decreased, PaCO2 increased after respiratory failure, Compared with the positive drug group, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2 and BE of emodin group for the treatment of 10 min, 30 min was higher,(P <0.05).The level of oxygen free radicals in rats of each group had no significant difference before the exposure and the respiratory failure.Compared with the positive drug group, SOD and MDA of emodin group in 30 min after intervention were higher,( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion Emodin can improve the respiratory frequency of organic phosphorus poisoning induced respiratory failure ,improve blood gas analysis of the indicators and the level of oxygen free radicals.

The curriculum design of case-based learning teaching of organic phosphorus poisoning / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Organic phosphorus pesticide poisoning is a common disease in emergency.Compared with other clinical disease teaching,the basic concepts and theories of this unit are relatively less and more fixed,which is conducive to the case-based learning(CBL).The CBL teaching curriculum of organic phosphorus pesticide poisoning includes three aspects:pre-class teaching design,classroom teaching,after-class teaching evaluation and feedback.Pre-class teaching requires teachers to carefully read the syllabus,choose the teaching content,and design typical cases and problems.Classroom teaching emphasizes a lively and relaxed atmosphere,Teachers should guide students to think about questions and find answers themselves,and cultivated the correct clinic ideation through the combination of their theoretical knowledge and clinical practice in a classroom environment.Teaching evaluation and feedback help teachers to summarize what they are teaching and promote the teaching,which benefits both the teachers and students.

Formas de fósforo no solo após o cultivo de braquiária e tremoço branco / Soil phosphorus pools as affected by brachiaria and white lupin

A deficiência de fósforo (P) é um dos principais fatores limitantes da produtividade em solos tropicais, mas há indicações de que algumas plantas podem melhorar a disponibilidade do P no solo. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as transformações do P durante o cultivo da braquiária e do tremoço-branco, além de um possível aumento de formas orgânicas de P no solo. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, onde foram cultivados braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis) e tremoço branco (Lupinus albus L.), fertilizados com 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80mg dm-3 de P. As plantas foram cultivadas por 60 dias. A adubação com P aumentou a produção de matéria seca da braquiária e tremoço branco. O P bioativo (extraído com EDTA) é aumentado pelas doses de P, mas não é afetado pelas espécies vegetais. O tremoço branco é mais eficiente em absorver o P, enquanto a braquiária é mais eficiente em reduzir a capacidade máxima de adsorção de P do solo.

Phosphorus is one of the major factor that limits agricultural productivity in most tropical soils. The objective of this study was to assess P transformations and availability in a soil cropped to brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). The study was carried out in a greenhouse at Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Brachiaria and white lupin were grown in pots with soil fertilized with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80mg dm-3 P. The plants were grown for 60 days, when they were harvested and the soil was sampled. Dry matter yields of both species were increased with P rates. Soil bioactive P is increased with P fertilization, but is not affected by the plant species. White lupin is more effective in taking up the organic soil P, but Brachiaria was more effective in reducing the soil maximum P adsorption capacity.

Determinación eppacio-temporal de la concentración de fósforo en el lago de tota / Spatial tempora determination of phosphorus concentration in lake f tota

Durante los meses de julio a noviembre del año 2003 se llevó a cabo el estudio sobre la determinación espacio-temporal de la concentración de fósforo en el Lago de Tota (Boyacá, Colombia). Las muestras se tomaron con la botella Van-Dorn tipo horizontal de dos litros de capacidad en el estrato superficial hasta 20 cm en la columna de agua y a 10 m de profundidad. Las distintas formas de fósforo estudiadas demuestran que existen diferencias significativas en sus concentraciones; los mayores valores se encontraron en el sector denominado Lago Chico y los menores en el área de Lago Grande; este comportamiento se encuentra muy asociado con los usos agrícolas del suelo en la zona litoral y con los factores climáticos, especialmente la precipitación en el área de estudio.

The lapse from July to November of 2003 a study was made to determine the spatial and temporal concentration of phosphorus in the lake of Tota (Boyacá, Colombia). Samples were taken with a Van- Dorn bottle of the horizontal type of two liter capacity in the superficial stratum up to 20 cm in the water column and at 10 m depth. The different forms of phosphorus studied, show that there are significant differences in their concentrations, the highest values being found in the sector known as Lago Chico and the lowest in the area of Lago Grande; this behavior is found to be closely related to the agricultural uses of the land in the littoral zone and additionally with the climatic factors especially the precipitation in the area investigated.

Wheat Esterase Inhibition Method for Determination of Organic Phosphorus Pesticide in Agricultural Products / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To estimate the application of the wheat esterase inhibition method for the determination of organic phosphorus pesticide residues in agricultural products.Methods The wheat esterase inhibition method was used for the determination of organic phosphorus pesticide residues in chive,the quality evaluation and principal component analysis were conducted.Organic phosphorus pesticide residues in five agricultural products were detected by this method,and compared with the confirmatory test with GC.Results The detection limit,standard deviation,relative standard deviation and average recovery of this method for various organic phosphorus pesticides were 0.05-0.52 mg/kg,0.26-3.09,2.9%-4.1% and 74.5%-92.1%,respectively.The inhibitory degree of pesticide and precision was the primary factor for influencing the result of quality evaluation.Conclusion The wheat esterase inhibition method is reasonable and is applicable for the semi-quantitative analysis of organic phosphorus pesticide residues in the agricultural products