Research progress in diagnosis and treatment of HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Oropharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of head and neck. In recent years, the incidence of Human papilloma virus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma（HPV-OPSCC） has been increasing year by year. With the advancement of minimally invasive surgical techniques, the wide application of intensity modulated radiation therapy, and the demand of patients for organ function protection and higher quality of life, the unique biological behavior and better prognosis of HPV-OPSCC have led to the exploration of a series of attenuated treatment modes. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment status of oropharyngeal cancer and related research progress based on relevant reports.

Clinical characteristics and efficacy of oropharyngeal carcinoma with secondary primary tumor / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To analysis the clinical features and prognosis in oropharyngeal carcinoma with secondary primary tumor. Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 468 pathologically confirmed oropharyngeal cancer as the primary tumor patients with p16 status, excluded distant metastasis, and admitted to the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2010 to December 2020. The clinical features and prognosis of the secondary primary tumor were analyzed. Results:Among 468 patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated at initial diagnosed, 222 cases were P16-negative. With a median follow-up time of 64.3 months, 66 cases developed second primary cancer, with an incidence of 29.3%, among which 63.6%（42/66） were synchronous and 36.4%（24/66） were heterochronous, esophagus was the most commonly involved site. The 5-year OS of p16-negative oropharyngeal carcinoma with synchronous second primary cancer, without second primary cancer and with heterogeneous second primary cancer were 26.3% and 57.3% and 73.2%（P=0.001）; The second primary cancer accounted for 11.2%（12/107） of the deaths in the whole group, among them, the heterochronous second primary accounted for 75.0%（9/12）. There were 246 patients with p16 positive, with a median follow-up time of 52.4 months, 20 patients developed second primary cancer（8.1%）. Among them, 65.0%（13/20） were synchronous and 35.0%（7/20） were heterochronous. Esophagus was the most commonly involved site. The 4-year OS of p16-positive with synchronous, heterochronous and non-second primary cancer group were 51.9%, 80.7% and 83.3%. Secondary primary cancer accounted for 3.8%（2/52） of all deaths in p16 positvie group. Conclusion:The incidence of second primary cancer of p16 positive and negative oropharyngeal carcinoma were different. The esophagus was the most commonly involved site regardless of p16 status. Regardless of p16 status, the survival of patients with synchronous second primary cancer was worse than those without second primary cancer. For p16-negative oropharyngeal carcinoma, the prognosis was better in patients with heterogeneous second primary cancer, the second primary cancer is one of the main causes of death.

Epidemiología y frecuencia de enfermedades de transmisión sexual y su repercusión en la mucosa bucal: una revisión narrativa / Epidemiology and frequency of sexually transmitted diseases and their impact on oral mucosa: a narrative review

El objetivo de la presente revisión fue analizar y compa- rar las publicaciones sobre la prevalencia de manifestaciones bucales de pacientes infectados por el Virus de la Inmuno- deficiencia Humana, Virus del Papiloma Humano y sífilis. Se seleccionaron los artículos más relevantes y se abordó la incidencia según sexo, edad, distribución geográfica y locali- zaciones anatómicas frecuentes. Se encontró que las lesiones orales más prevalentes producidas por el Virus de la Inmu- nodeficiencia Humana son la candidiasis oral, la leucoplasia vellosa y enfermedades periodontales, entre otras. La sífilis presentó una frecuencia de 7,5% de manifestaciones orales en la etapa primaria, 92,5% en la secundaria y rara vez lesio- nes en la terciaria. Las formas más prevalentes fueron parches mucosos, pápulas y úlceras. Las lesiones orales benignas rela- cionadas con el Virus del Papiloma Humano halladas fueron la verruga vulgar, el papiloma plano, el condiloma acuminado y la hiperplasia epitelial focal. La prevalencia de carcinomas orofaríngeos y orales fue del 33,6% y del 22,2% respectiva- mente. Se encontraron similitudes en el comportamiento se- xual y las vías de transmisión de las enfermedades analizadas, y se observó que son más prevalentes en adultos jóvenes de sexo masculino y en países en vías de desarrollo (AU)

The aim of this review was to analyze and compare pub- lications on the prevalence of oral manifestations in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Human Pap- illoma Virus and syphilis. The most reliable studies were se- lected, and incidence was evaluated according to gender, age, geographic location and frequent anatomic sites. It was found that the most prevalent Human Immunodeficiency Virus oral lesions were oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia and perio- dontal diseases, among others. Syphilis had a 7.5% preva- lence of oral manifestations in the primary stage, 92.5% in the secondary, and rarely lesions in the tertiary. The most prevalent forms were mucous patches, papules and ulcers. The benign oral lesions related to the Human Papilloma Vi- rus were verruca vulgaris, squamous papilloma, condyloma acuminatum and multifocal epithelial hyperplasia. The preva- lence of oropharyngeal and oral carcinomas were 33.6% and 22.2%, respectively. Similarities were found in sexual behavior and transmis- sion routes of the diseases analyzed, which were more preva- lent among young adult males, and in developing countries (AU)

Rol del virus papiloma humano en cabeza y cuello

Resumen El virus papiloma humano (VPH) es un virus de ADN circular doble hebra con alrededor de 200 genotipos. Este virus se relaciona a distintas lesiones tumorales que afectan cabeza y cuello, incluyendo lesiones malignas escamosas causadas por genotipos de alto riesgo como VPH-16 y VPH-18. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo determinar el rol del VPH en distintas patologías, haciendo distinción entre lesiones benignas y malignas, y con particular énfasis en aquellas en que se ha demostrado una asociación causal con el virus, tales como papilomatosis laríngea y carcinoma escamoso orofaríngeo. Además, se analizarán los mecanismos moleculares de daño, métodos de detección y de prevención como la vacunación contra el virus. Es necesario conocer la relevancia del VPH en nuestra especialidad, ya que su determinación puede tener implicancias en cuanto al manejo y pronóstico de los pacientes.

Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double stranded circular DNA virus with around 200 genotypes. This virus is related to different tumor lesions that affect the head and neck, including malignant squamous lesions caused by high-risk genotypes such as HPV-16 and HPV-18. The objective of this review is to determine the role of HPV in different pathologies, distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions, and with particular emphasis on those in which a causal association with the virus has been demonstrated, such as laryngeal papillomatosis and oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma. In addition, molecular damage mechanisms, detection and prevention methods such as vaccination against the virus will be analyzed. It is necessary to know the relevance of HPV in our specialty, since its determination may have implications in terms of patient management and prognosis.

Managing Pulmonary Tuberculosis In A Patient With Post OP Oropharyngeal Cancer - Challenges For Family Physician

@#Oropharyngeal carcinoma is uncommon cancer compared to other malignancies. It accounts for less than 3% worldwide cancer and classified under the head and neck carcinoma. Patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal malignancy are usually treated with surgery with combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This later required regular follow up especially on supportive care and adaptation to swallowing. Difficulty in swallowing provided burden to the patient and may lead to underlying malnutrition and risk of infection including tuberculosis. This will end up with poor compliance to oral treatment and risk of resistance. Therefore, this case study is illustrating the challenging role of family medicine specialists in managing a case of sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis with underlying swallowing difficulty from glossectomy and radiotherapy on top of defaulted tongue carcinoma supportive care follow up.

Research progress on HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma sensitive to radiation therapy / 口腔疾病防治

@#Oropharyngeal carcinoma is a highly heterogeneous disease that is mainly caused by tobacco and alcohol abuse or high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma and HPV-negative oropharyngeal carcinoma have obvious differences in etiology, epidemiology and prognosis; therefore, different methods should be adopted for treatment. It is known that the TP53 gene is not mutated in HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma, and radiation therapy can activate it and induce cell apoptosis via DNA damage. There are common repair pathways to DNA damage, such as nonhomologous end joining, and this pathway is more sensitive to radiotherapy under the inhibition of HPV oncoprotein. In addition, the further activation of the immune response under the effect of radiation also participates in the elimination of tumors. In this paper, we reviewed the research on the sensitivity of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer to radiotherapy to provide a scientific basis for targeted treatment for various pathogenic factors and clinical stages of oropharyngeal cancer in the future.

Scrape cytology – can it replace punch biopsy in diagnosing oral lesions.

Background: Oropharyngeal carcinoma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Indian population due to increased use of tobacco chewing products. Mucosal biopsy is widely regarded as the gold standard for detecting oral carcinomas, but exfoliative cytology are increasingly used for early detection of malignancy and strict follow up in suspicious looking lesions. Aims & Objective: The aim of this study was to see the reliability of oral scrape cytology to detect pre-malignant and malignant oral lesions in terms of sensitivity and specificity and to see whether it can replace biopsy for diagnosing the same. Material and Methods: A total of 100 cases with oral lesions were included in the study. All patients underwent oral scrape cytology and 55 cases were followed up with punch biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Cytopathology and histopathology of premalignant and malignant lesions were compared using T test. Results: Oral cancer is most common in male (M: F 7:1). Premalignant lesions were more common in the tongue, whereas the floor of mouth was more involved by malignant lesions. Four cases were marked insufficient on cytopathology. 25% of cases were false negatives. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.5%, 100%, 100% and 66.7%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed P of 0.7491 suggesting that there is no significant difference between histopathology and brush cytology in assessing clinically premalignant lesions but for clinically malignant lesions P values of 0.0001 suggesting that there is significant difference between histopathology and scrape smear cytopathology in assessing malignant lesions. Conclusion: The high specificity and the high positive predictive value of oral scrape cytology makes it an ideal screening test for early detection of oral cancer. However, its low sensitivity means that it can miss cases of carcinoma, and should be followed up with biopsy with string clinical suspicion. Also, there is statistically significant difference between histopathological and cytopathological diagnosis in diagnosing dysplasia or carcinoma.

Histopathology clinical characteristic of oropharyngeal carcinoma

Study in 195 oropharyngeal carcinoma patients, results showed that this cancer mainly occurred in the group of 40-70 years old (70%), male was more often than female (2.8 times), duration of onset: 12 months: 10.7%. Symptoms are: sore throat 59.7%, dysphagia 73.3%, changes of voice 43%, bleeding phlegm 15.8%, difficult swallow 7.8%, and lock-jaw 20.7%. Primary tumors on the right/left were 49.7% and 50.3%. 87.6% of lymph nodes were on the same side of tumors, 12.3% on the opposite side. Most patients have been diagnosed in late stages. 74.8% tumors were squamous cell carcinoma, 25.2% were undifferentiated carcinoma.

Radiation Therapy for Carcinoma of the Oropharynx / 대한치료방사선과학회지

PURPOSE: A retrospective analysis for patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma who were treated with radiation was performed to assess the results of treatment and patterns of failure, and to identify the factors that might influence survival. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From March 1985 through June 1993, 53 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma were treated with either radiation therapy alone or combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital. Patients' ages ranged from 31 to 73 years with a median age of 54 years. There were 47 men and 6 women. Forty-two patients (79.2%) had squamous cell carcinoma, 10 patients (18.9%) had undifferentiated carcinoma and 1 patient (1.9%) had adenoid cystic carcinoma. There were 2 patients with stage I 12 patients with stage II, 12 patients with stage III and 27 patients with stage IV. According to the TNM classification, patients were distributed as follows: T1 7, T2 2, T3 10, T4 7, TX 1, and N0 17, N1 13, N2 21, N3 2. The primary tumor sites were tonsillar region in 36 patients (67.9%) base of the tongue in 12 patients (22.6%), and soft palate in 5 patients (9.4%). Twenty-five patients were treated with radiation therapy alone and twenty-eight patients were treated with one to three courses of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. Chemotherapeutic regimens used were either CF (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) or CVB (cisplatin, vincristine and bleomycin), Radiation therapy was delivered 180-200 cGy daily,five times a week using 6 MV X-ray with or without 8-10 MeV electron beams. A tumor dose ranged from 4500 cGy to 7740 cGy with a median dose of 7100 cGy. The follow-up time ranged from 4months to 99 months with a median of 21 months. RESULTS: Thrity-seven patients (69.8%) achieved a CR (complete response) and PR (partial response) in 16 patients (30.2%) after radiation therapy. The overall survival rates were 47% at 2 years and 42% at 3 years, respectively. The median survival time was 23 months. Overall stage (p=0.02) and response to radiation therapy (p=0.004) were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. The 2-year disease-free survival rate was 45.5%. T-stage (p=0.03), N-stage (p=0.04) and overall stage (p=0.04) were significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival. Age, sex, histology, primary site of the tumor, radiation dose, combination of chemotherapy were not significantly associated with disease-free survival. Among evaluable 32 patients with CR to radiation therapy, 12 patients were considered to have failed. Among these, 8 patientsfailed locoregionally and 4 patients failed distantly. CONCLUSION: T-stage, N-stage and overall stage were significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. Since locoregional failure was the predominant pattern of relapse, potential methods to improve locoregional control with radiation therapy should be attempted. More controlled clinical trials should be completed before acceptance of chemotherapy as a part of treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma.