ABSTRACT
Currently under- and over-nutrition are public health problems in Indian children. A community-based study in 3249 children was undertaken to assess the magnitude of intra-family differences in nutritional status between pre-school and school age children from urban low middle income families. Length/height and weight were measured; nutritional status was computed using WHO Anthro and Anthro Plus software. One-fourth of children were stunted, 1/5th underweight, 1/10th wasted and less than 5% were overweight. Prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was higher in children whose elder siblings were stunted, underweight or wasted. However, majority of the younger siblings of under-nourished elder siblings were normally nourished; majority of the elder siblings of undernourished younger sibling were normally nourished. In view of this, it is essential to screen all children, identify those who are under- or overnourished using BMI-for-age and provide appropriate interventions.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Egor Local Government Area (LGA) using body mass index (BMI) and bioelectricial impedance analysis (BIA) and determine the ability of body mass index (BMI) to predict body fat mass as measured by bioelectricial impedance analysis (BIA). Study Design: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State of Nigeria with1067 children aged 6-18 years recruited from private and public schools. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters while Body fat was estimated by BIA using a Tanita scale. Place and Duration of Study: The study took place in selected private and public primary/secondary schools in Egor LGA of Edo State. The study was conducted over a three-month period from October to December 2017. Methodology: Using multi-stage sampling technique,1067 children aged 6-18 years were recruited from private and public schools in Egor Local Government Area in Benin City, Nigeria. Body fat was estimated by BIA using a Tanita scale, whereas BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 1067 pupils consisting of 538 (50.4%) males and 529 (49.6%) females were recruited. The overall prevalence of overnutrition by BMI, 13.4% (overweight 9.6% and obesity 3.8%) was comparable to that by BIA which was 12.4% (overweight 5.4% and obesity 6.9%). BMI showed a strong positive correlation with fat mass, and fat mass index especially in females (0.917, 0.907, p < 0.000). Conclusion: The prevalence of overnutrition using BMI and BIA was comparable. The prevalence of obesity is however underestimated with BMI.
ABSTRACT
Background: Maternal Nutrition plays an important role in shaping the mother’s and fetal health. Therefore intake of high salt, high fat, high sugar in the diet might lead to over nutrition among pregnant women due to varied food choices of the since most of the subjects consumed outside food, Sugar Sweetened Beverages such as (Cola, Pepsi, Thumps Up, Soda, Sherbet etc), Processed Food such as(Ready to eat food, Mayonnaise, Cheese spread etc) which consist of increase amount of preservative which might affect the mother and foetal’s health. Since there was increase intake of above food groups and decrease intake of macro and micronutrients in the diet through food group such as Fruits, Nuts and Oilseed, Green Leafy Vegetables etc. Therefore there might be increased risk of Over nutrition among women which might lead to GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus), IUGR(Intra Uterine Growth Retardation), Low Birth weight etc.Aim: To study the impact of dietary pattern on Nutritional of pregnant women in Low and High Strata. Method: A purposive random sampling was done among pregnant women because only 2ndtrimester pregnant women were selected for the study. The 50 subjects were divided into LSES (Lower Socioeconomic Strata) &HSES (Higher Socioeconomic Strata) on the basis of Kuppuswamy Index. The dietary pattern of the subjects was assessed through FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire) & 3 Day Diet Recall. Result: There was increase consumptionof High Fat, High Salt, High Sugar in the diet through consumption if food group such as Outside Food, Processed Food, Sugar Sweetened Beverages etc and in comparison the consumption of Macro and Micronutrient rich food group was lower which included Fruits, Green Leafy Vegetables, Nuts and oilseed etc. In Lower Strata the consumption of above food group was low because they were financially not stable therefore they were given additional services where the company paid their ration balance so that they could consume selective food group which were costing comparatively more. Since the RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances) requirements were not met therefore the women were prescribed Iron, Calcium and Folic Acid supplements in the diet to decrease the risk ofMaternal and fetal complication such as GDM(Gestational Diabetes Mellitus), NTD(Neural Tube Defect), IUGR(Intra Uterine Growth Retardation) etc.Conclusion: Therefore to decrease the risk of Maternal and Fetal Complications intake of Macro and Micro nutritions in the diet is imperative and it is important to organize Nutrition Intervention programmes and counsel the pregnant women about Maternal Nutrition and how decrease intake of Nutrients in the diet might lead to Maternal Under nutrition and over nutrition and its related risk
ABSTRACT
La "Programación in útero" se refiere a las adaptaciones fisiológicas o metabólicas que adquiere el feto en respuesta a un micro-ambiente adverso con un pobre aporte de nutrimentos y oxígeno, o bien a un abastecimiento exagerado de los mismos que suceden en una etapa crítica del desarrollo estructural o funcional de ciertos órganos, y que influyen de manera permanente en las condiciones en las que el individuo se enfrentará a la vida extrauterina. En lo que respecta a obesidad, existen factores fetales y nutricionales que pueden programar al organismo y favorecer la acumulación de tejido adiposo, el escaso desarrollo del tejido muscular y las alteraciones cardiometabólicas relacionadas. Diabetes gestacional, preeclampsia, insuficiencia placentaria, hipertensión materna y sobrealimentación de la madre en el embarazo son factores de riesgo relacionados con el desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina, obesidad y diabetes mellitus en la vida postnatal. En cuanto a la "Programación nutricional" es reconocido que un crecimiento rápido y una sobrealimentación en etapas tempranas de la vida favorecen el desarrollo de obesidad en forma independiente al peso manifestado al nacer. Uno de los factores que más se ha estudiado en la programación nutricional es el efecto de la lactancia, y aunque los resultados son controversiales, es aceptado que debe favorecerse la alimentación con leche materna debido a los efectos benéficos a los que se relaciona, incluyendo la posible disminución del riesgo de obesidad.
Fetal programming refers to abnormal somatic and functional development of target tissues in response to over nutrition or to adverse stimulus with a deficient supply of nutrients and oxygen through the placenta that is experienced during crucial periods of fetal growth. These early responses may have an impact on metabolic processes and hormonal homeostasis resulting in functional aberrations and metabolic diseases during childhood tracking into adulthood. The greater propensity to obesity is characterized by central and visceral adipose tissue deposit, lack of skeletal muscle development and insulin resistance related cardio metabolic risk factors. Nutritional programming during early infancy is influenced by accelerated postnatal growth induced by hypercaloric over nutrition that seems to be independent of birth weight. Although controversies may exist, breastfeeding must be encouraged since multiple advantages including obesity prevention have been described. The recognition that intrauterine insult as well as early life nutritional experiences have a role in the etiology of obesity epidemic suggests that interventional measures should be directed towards improvement of a healthy nutrition in mothers, babies, infants and children.