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OBJECTIVE The etiology of Parkinson disease(PD)is still unknown.Until now,oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a crucial role in the patho-genesis of PD.However,the specific synergistic role of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the occurrence and development of PD remains unclear.METHODS The changes in motor behavior,dopamine(DA)neurons quantification and their mitochondrial respiratory chain,glial cells activation and secreted cytokines,Nrf2 signal-ing pathway,and redox balance in the brain of rats were evaluated.RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and rotenone(ROT)-induced oxidative stress synergistically aggravated motor dysfunc-tion,DA neuron damage,activation of glial cells,and release of related mediators,activation of Nrf2 signaling and destruction of oxidative balance.In addition,further studies indicated that after ROT-induced oxidative stress caused direct damage to DA neurons,LPS-induced inflammatory effects had stronger promoting neurotoxic effects on the above aspects.CONCLUSION Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress synergistically aggravated DA neuronal loss.Furtherly,oxidative stress followed by neuroinflammation caused more DA neuro-nal loss than neuroinflammation followed by oxidative stress.
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Parkinson's disease(PD)is a degenera-tive disease of the central nervous system characterized by the loss of dopamine(DA)neurons in the dense sub-stantia nigra and the depletion of DA neurons.Clinically,the treatment of PD is mainly supplementing dopamine deficiency or using DA receptor agonists,but these drugs can only alleviate the symptoms of PD patients,but cannot prevent neuronal loss and delay disease progres-sion.Natural bioactive polysaccharides have the advan-tages of multi-target,low toxicity and synergistic effect,and have great potential in the prevention and treatment of PD.Numerous studies have shown that polysaccha-rides can be involved in neuronal protection and preven-tion of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms such as oxidative stress,reducing neuroinflammation,and inhibiting anti-apoptosis.①Anti-oxidative stress.Oxi-dative stress is caused by increased reactive oxygen spe-cies(ROS)products and weakened antioxidant capacity,resulting in destruction of lipids,proteins,and DNA.Oxi-dative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be an important cause of DA neuronal loss in PD mice.Polysaccharides reduce the damage of DA neurons in the substantia nigra by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species.② Reduce neuroinflammation.Neuroinflamma-tory response is the main causative factor of neurodegener-ation,microglia are innate immune cells present in the central nervous system,and their continuous activation is a key link in central nervous system neuroinflammation.Polysaccharides can regulate the expression of inflamma-somes,reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic factors,inhibit the excessive activation of microglia,reduce PD neuroinflammatory damage,and then exert neuroprotective effects.③ Inhibiting apopto-sis.Apoptosis(APO)is the process of cell death caused by the activation of cell death procedures by various fac-tors.During the pathogenesis of PD,due to changes in the internal and external environment of DA neurons,some apoptosis-related genes cause DA neuronal death by regulating cell death signaling pathways.Polysaccha-rides can reduce the Bax/Bcl2 ratio,weaken the activa-tion of caspase-related proteins,improve the viability of PC12 cells,reduce apoptosis,and protect the activity of dopamine neurons.In summary,traditional Chinese med-icine polysaccharides can effectively treat and improve PD,and its mechanism of action involves anti-oxidative stress,reducing neuroinflammation and apoptosis.There-fore,traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides have great development potential in the field of medicine and health.
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RESUMO Estudos de remoção de fósforo de efluentes por sorção em resíduos têm ganhado destaque na literatura. Entre estes resíduos, destaca-se o lodo de estação de tratamento de água rico em oxi-hidróxidos de alumínio e ferro. O presente estudo teve como objetivos remover, por sorção, fosfato de esgoto sanitário em reator de escoamento ascendente preenchido com lodo de estação de tratamento de água e comparar a cultura de milho submetida a diferentes fontes de fósforo: adubação convencional (Fonte 1); adubação convencional e lodo de estação de tratamento de água utilizado na sorção do fosfato (Fonte 2); e lodo de lodo de estação de tratamento de água utilizado na sorção do fosfato (Fonte 3). A remoção do fosfato, a partir do lodo de estação de tratamento de água, ocorreu nos três testes. No ensaio de sorção, após tempo de detenção hidráulica de 2,8 h, verificou-se remoção média de 96% de fosfato. Em relação ao aporte de fósforo por diferentes fontes, verificou-se que o emprego do lodo, nos tratamentos Fonte 2 e 3, aumentou o teor de matéria orgânica do solo e proporcionou maior tamponamento dele. Os teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes na cultura apresentaram valores satisfatórios, apesar da senescência de algumas plantas em Fonte 2 e 3. O reaproveitamento do lodo, nas doses aplicadas, foi suficiente para que o material vegetal analisado atingisse teores de chumbo consideráveis, o qual deve ser monitorado na utilização do resíduo no cultivo agrícola.
ABSTRACT Studies on the removal of phosphorus from effluents by sorption in residues have gained prominence in the literature. Among these residues, there is the sludge from a water treatment plant rich in oxyhydroxides of Aluminum and iron. The present study aimed to remove, by sorption, phosphate from sanitary sewage in upflow reactor filled with water treatment plant sludge, and to compare the corn crop subjected to different phosphorus sources: conventional fertilization (Source 1); conventional fertilization and water treatment plant sludge used in the sorption of phosphate (Source 2) and water treatment plant sludge used in the sorption of phosphate (Source 3). Removal of phosphate from the water treatment plant sludge occurred in all three tests. In the sorption assay, after 2.8 h hydraulic retention time, there was an average removal of 96% of phosphate. Regarding the contribution of phosphorus by different sources, it was found that the use of sludge, in treatments Source 2 and 3, increased the content of organic matter in the soil and provided greater buffering. The leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in the crop showed satisfactory values, despite the senescence of some plants in Source 2 and 3. The reuse of the sludge, in the applied doses, was enough for the analyzed plant material to reach considerable lead contents, which must be monitored when using the residue in agricultural cultivation.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of Yiqi Dihuang Decoction assisting conventional western medicine therapy in the treatment of early diabetic nephropathy (DN) with deficiency of qi and yin.Methods:A total of 117 patients with early DN who met the inclusion criteria from June 2018 to December 2020 in Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shunyi Branch were divided into a control group of 58 patients and a treatment group of 59 patients according to the random number table method. The control group was treated with conventional western medicine therapy, and the treatment group was additionally treated with Yiqi Dihuang Decoction on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 1 month. Serum levels of IL-1, macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A), TNF-α, C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), GSH-Px and SOD were detected by ELISA before and after treatment. Cystatin C (Cys C) and SCr levels were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The urinary albumin was determined by radioimmunoassay, urinary creatinine determined by rate method, and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. The adverse events during treatment and clinical efficacy were evaluated.Results:The total effective rate was 94.92% (56/59) in the treatment group and 81.03% (47/58) in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2=5.35, P=0.021). After treatment, UACR [(92.28±15.42) mg/g vs. (108.42±20.76)mg/g, t=4.78], eGFR [(91.42±13.18) m·min -1·1.73m -2vs. (95.30±15.94) m·min -1·1.73m -2, t=2.02], SCr [(65.30±9.54) μmol/L vs. (70.18±12.53) μmol/L, t=5.42], Cys C [(0.65±0.12)mg/L vs. (1.07±0.26)mg/L, t=11.25] in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05). Serum SR-A [(37.18±6.10) μg/L vs. (51.51±7.12) μg/L, t=11.70], CCL2 [(13.12±1.63) μg/L vs. (19.68±2.90) μg/L, t=15.12], TNF-α [(20.57±3.50) ng/L vs. (29.68±4.17) ng/L, t=12.81], IL-1 [(8.47±0.97) ng/L vs. (13.12±1.57) ng/L, t=19.31] levels in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.01); serum SOD [(24.09±3.12) mg/L vs. (18.72±2.76) mg/L, t=9.85] activity and GSH-Px [(231.57±25.38) mg/L vs. (174.58±22.96) mg/L, t=12.73] in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01). During the treatment period, the incidence of adverse events was 10.34% (6/58) in the control group and 6.78% (4/59) in the treatment group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=0.48, P=0.490). Conclusion:Yiqi Dihuang Decoction assisted with conventional western medicine can effectively improve the renal function of patients with early DN syndrome of qi and yin deficiency, inhibit the body's inflammatory response and oxidative stress response, and improve clinical efficacy.
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Objective To investigate the effects of human adult T lymphoblastic leukemia virus typeⅠ (HTLV-1) infection on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial damage in host cells. Methods A cell model of HTLV-1 infection was established by co-culturing HTLV-1-positive cell line MT2 with HeLa cells. ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential ( MMP) and total mitochondria were detected using specific fluorescence probe labeling method. Cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI method. Western blot was performed to detect viral proteins Tax and p19, as well as mitochondrial pro-teins TIM23 and TOM20. After the treatment of MT2 cells with different concentrations of reverse transcrip-tion inhibitors ( ZDV) , relative viral loads were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, and the mass of mitochondria was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results After co-culturing HeLa cells with MT2 cells for 24 h, the ROS level in host cells increased without obvious cell apoptosis, while the mitochon-drial membrane potential, mitochondrial protein expression and total mitochondria decreased significantly. When the replication of HTLV-1 in MT2 cells was inhibited by ZDV, the ROS level and total mitochondria increased. Conclusions HTLV-1 infection can cause oxidative stress in host cells, resulting in mitochon-drial damage. Autophagy might be activated to degrade mitochondrial damage and maintain cell homeostasis during the infection.
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Aim To investigate the protective effect of Citrus aurantium L. polysaccharides-B(CALB) on ra-diation induced by 60Co γ-ray in mice. Methods The BALB/c mice were randomly divided into blank control group, radiation model group, CALB administration group (high, medium and low dose), and positive control group(black fungus polysaccharide,HP). The mice were administered orally for 30 days. After the last administration for three hours,the survival rates on the 2nd day and the 14th day of the blank control group and the irradiated mice after the single radioac-tive irradiation (7 Gy) with 60Co γ-ray were meas-ured. In addition, DNA content and micronucleus of bone marrow cells, SOD, GSH-Px activities, MDA content in serum, liver and brain tissues in mice, TChE activity in brain tissues and spleen and thymus index of mice were detected after one-time whole body irradiation with 60Co γ-ray (3 Gy). Results Each dose group of CALB could significantly improve the survival rate of irradiated mice,increase the DNA con-tent of mouse bone marrow cells and reduce the number of micronuclei in bone marrow cells. In addition, CALB could also increase the thymus and spleen index and the levels of SOD and GSH-Px in serum,brain and liver tissues of mice,and reduce the content of MDA. Conclusion CALB has protective effect on radiation injury,which can be used for further development and utilization of Fructus aurantii.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: We evaluated dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and catalase (CAT) activity in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). All analyzes were conducted on plasma samples. Methods: Thirty-two patients with AMD and 38 age-matched healthy controls were included. Native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide levels and TDH status were determined using a novel, automated assay. MDA levels and CAT activity were determined. Percentages were compared using the chi-squared test. The Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare quantitative variables. Results: Native thiol levels were significantly lower (p=0.004) in patients with AMD (272.02 ± 52.41 µmol/l) than in healthy individuals (307.82 ± 47.18 µmol/l), whereas disulfide levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in patients with AMD than in controls (21.64 ± 5.59 vs. 14.48 ± 5.37 µmol/L). Dynamic TDH was also significantly lower (p<0.001) in patients with AMD than in controls (13.41 ± 4.3 vs. 25.41 ± 14.52 µmol/l). No significant differences were evident in total thiol or MDA levels. Mean CAT activity was significantly higher (p=0.043) in patients with AMD compared with controls (0.035 vs. 0.018 k/ml). Conclusions: The antioxidant/oxidant balance demonstrated by dynamic TDH is shifted to the oxidative side in patients with AMD.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a homeostase dinâmica de tiol/dissulfureto e os níveis de malon dialdeído (MDA) e catalase (CAT) em pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade (DMRI). Todas as análises foram realizadas em amostras de plasma. Métodos: Foram incluídos 32 pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade e 38 controles saudáveis de idade similar. Os níveis de tiol, tiol total, dissulfureto e estado de homeostase de tiol/dissulfureto foram determinados utilizando um novo ensaio automatizado. Os níveis de atividade de MDA e CAT foram também determinados. As porcentagens foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. O teste t de Student e o teste U de Mann Whitney foram utilizados para comparar variáveis quantitativas. Resultados: Os níveis de tiol nativo foram significativamente menores (p=0,004) nos pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade (272,02 ± 52,41 µmol/l) do que nos indivíduos saudáveis (307,82 ± 47,18 µmol/l), enquan to os dissulfetos foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade (21,64 ± 5,59 µmol/l versus 14,48 ± 5,37 µmol/l, respectivamente, p<0,001). A homeostase dinâmica de tiol/dissulfureto também foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com degeneração macular re la cionada à idade (13,41 ± 4,3 µmol/l) versus os controles (versus 25,41 ± 14,52 µmol/l, p<0,001). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos níveis de tiol total ou MDA. A atividade média de CAT foi significativamente mais elevada (p=0,043) em doentes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade (0,035 k/ml vs. 0,018 k/ml). Conclusões: O equilíbrio antioxidante/oxidante demonstrado pela homeostase dinâmica de tiol/dissulfeto é deslocado para o lado oxidativo em pacientes com de generação macular relacionada à idade.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Sulfhydryl Compounds/blood , Catalase/metabolism , Disulfides/blood , Macular Degeneration/blood , Malondialdehyde/blood , Antioxidants , Biomarkers/blood , Case-Control Studies , Age Factors , Oxidative Stress/physiology , HomeostasisABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the changes in plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and total anti-oxidant capability (T-AOC) of Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura in children.MethodsA total of 80 HSP children hospitalized from November 2013 to April 2014 were selected including 40 cases of arthritis type, 20 cases of abdominal type and 20 cases of nephritis type (HSPN). Meanwhile, 16 healthy check-up children were selected as controls. Plas-ma MPO, T-AOC levels were detected by chemical colorimetry and MDA levels were detected by thiobarbituric acid colorime-try. Plasma SOD levels were measured by hydroxylamine method. Furthermore, 24-hour urine protein and other hematological indices were routinely tested.ResultsThe plasma levels of MPO, MDA, SOD and T-AOC were signiifcantly different among control group, arthritis type group, abdominal type group and HSPN group (F=24.22-126.99, allP=0.000). In comparison to oth-er three groups, the levels of MPO and MDA were signiifcantly increased and the levels of SOD and T-AOC were signiifcantly decreased in HSPN group (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the levels of MPO and MDA were signiifcantly higher and the levels of SOD and T-AOC were signiifcantly lower in arthritis and abdominal type groups (P<0.05). The levels of MPO and MDA in HSPN group were signiifcantly positively correlated with 24-hour urine protein (r=0.695, 0.559; bothP<0.01).Conclu-sionsThe imbalance between oxidation and antioxidant system exists in children with Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura.
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Aim To research dynamically the changes of endogenous cystathionine- β-synthase/hydrogen sul-fide system in PC12 cells injury induced by rotenone. Methods Rotenone-induced injury in PC12 cells ( characteristic of dopaminergic neurons) was used as a PD cell model. The expression of CBS was evaluated by Western blot. Intracellular CBS activity and H2 S production were detected by Methylene blue spectro-phot-ometric method. The viability of PC12 cells was measured by CCK-8 assay. GSH detection kit was used to detect the intracellular GSH content. Results In the groups of 6 and 12 hours, the expression and activ-ity of CBS were elevated, and the production of H2 S was increased. In the groups of 24 and 48 hours, CBS expression and activity were significantly decreased, and the amount of H2 S was significantly reduced. Ap-plication of 1. 5 μmol·L-1 rotenone for different time (6-48h) could decrease the cell viability and intra-cellular GSH contents in a time-dependent manner. Conclusions The expression and activity of endoge-nous CBS, stimulated by rotenone, are elevated firstly and then decreased. The generation of H2 S, stimulated by rotenone, is increased and then reduced significant-ly, which may be related to PC12 cells against oxida-tive stress damage induced by rotenone.
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Aim To explore the effect of genetic poly-morphisms of POR on the stable warfarin maintenance doses in Han Chinese patients receiving mechanical heart valve replacement. Methods The association between POR gene polymorphisms and warfarin doses of 185 Han Chinese patients were investigated through ANOVA or t test. SNPs of POR and VKORC1 were de-tected by Sequenom? DNA MassArray genotyping method. CYP2C9*3 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method ( PCR-RFLP ) . Patients ’ clinical characteris-tics, INR value and daily dose were obtained from their medical records. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21. 0 software. Results No mutant carriers of POR rs17148944 , POR rs56256515 and rs72553971 were found in this study. The genotype frequencies of other SNPs were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg e-quilibrium. In the group of patients with CYP2C9*1*1 , the mutant type carriers ( T carriers ) of POR rs17685 had a significantly higher dose than CC carri-ers(3. 50 ± 1. 07) mg·d-1 vs (3. 14 ± 0. 94) mg· d-1,P =0. 03. Also, in the group of patients with CYP2 C9*1*1 and VKORC1 rs9934438 G allele carri-ers, the mutant type carriers ( T carriers ) of POR rs17685 had a significantly higher dose than CC carri-ers(4. 76 ± 0. 90) mg·d-1 vs (4. 08 ± 1. 03) mg· d-1 ,P=0. 04. No significant difference was found in different genotypes of POR rs2868177 . Conclusion These results illustrate that POR rs17685 T carrier is closely associated with a higher warfarin maintenance dose, suggesting that this SNP is useful for clinical guidance of warfarin.
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AIM: To study the role and the mechani sm of heme oxygenas/endogenous carbon monoxide on nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide system in rats with pulmo nary hypertension induced by hypoxic hypercapnia. METHODS: Spr ague-Dawley rats w ere randomly divided into three groups: control group (A group),hypoxic hypercap n ic group (B group), hypoxic hypercapnia+hemin group (C group). Blood CO concentr at ion (COHb%),NO concentration,HO-1 activity, iNOS, cNOS in blood serum and lung h omogenate were measured, respectively. RESULTS: ① mPAP and RV /(LV+S) of B g roup were significantly higher than those of A and C group( P
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AIMTo study the protective effects of EA against cer ebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODSAcute cerebral ischemia w as produced by the occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries of mice .The s urvival time in 12 h of the mice was observed, and the mortalities in 2 h, 6 h, 12 h were recorded. Pulsinelli four-vessel occlusion method was used to make ce rebral ischemia-reperfusion model of rats. The EEG and the reappearing time of righting reflex were recorded and the activity of GSH-Px,LDH,NOS in the brain w as tested. Researching the iNOS expression in hippocampiwith immunocytochemistry method and measure the mean optical density. RESULTSEA can decrease the mortalities and prolong the survival t ime in 12 h of the mice. EA can promote the recovery of the EEG and the RR after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion operation in rats and enhance the activities of the GSH-Px LDH, reduce the activity of the NOS. EA also inhibits the expression of iNOS and reduce it's value of mean optical density in hippocampi of the rat s. CONCLUSIONEA has protective effects against cerebral ischemai-r eperfusion injury.