Comparative Efficacy of Different Chemotherapeutic Regimens in the Treatment of Peste des Petits Ruminants in West African Dwarf Goats / Eficacia comparativa de diferentes regímenes quimioterapéuticos en el tratamiento de la Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) en cabras enanas de África occidental

Abstract The comparative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic regimes in the treatment of natural clinical infection of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats were determined. Twenty WAD male goats divided into five groups, of four each were used. Group 1 was the combined therapy group treated with Acyclovir, Oxytetracycline and Ivermectin, Group 2 was treated with Acyclovir only, Group 3 was treated with Ivermectin only, Group 4 was treated with Oxytetracycline only and Group 5 was left untreated. Clinical signs such as nasal and ocular discharges, emaciation, anorexia, pyrexia, ulcerative oral lesions, respiratory distress and diarrhoea were observed in these goats during the period of their acclimatization. The prominent post-mortem lesion observed was discontinuous streaks of congestion (Zebra markings) in the mucosa of the colon and rectum. The physiologic parameters (temperature, pulse rate, heart rate, and respiratory rate) were taken daily. It was observed that there was a significant increase in the temperature above normal in the untreated group, suggesting pyrexia. It was also observed that the combined therapy group showed a smaller number of mortality and thus, had a better efficacy when compared to the other chemotherapeutic agents used singly.

Resumen Se determinó la eficacia comparativa de diferentes regímenes quimioterapéuticos en el tratamiento de la infección clínica natural con la Peste de los pequeños rumiantes (PPR) en cabras enanas de África occidental (WAD). Se usaron veinte cabras WAD machos, distribuidas en cinco grupos, de cuatro cabras cada uno. El grupo 1 fue el grupo de terapia combinada, tratado con aciclovir, oxitetraciclina e ivermectina. El grupo 2 fue tratado solo con aciclovir. El grupo 3 fue tratado con ivermectina solamente. El Grupo 4 fue tratado con oxitetraciclina y el grupo 5 no recibió tratamiento. Se observaron signos clínicos como secreciones nasales y oculares, emaciación, anorexia, pirexia, lesiones orales ulcerativas, dificultad respiratoria y diarrea en estas cabras durante su periodo de aclimatación. La lesión post-mórtem más notable que se observó fueron las manchas descontinuas de congestión (como las rayas de la cebra) en la mucosa del colon y del recto. Los parámetros fisiológicos (temperatura, frecuencia del pulso, ritmo cardiaco y frecuencia respiratoria) se midieron diariamente. Se observó que había un aumento significativo en la temperatura por encima de lo normal en el grupo sin tratamiento, lo que sugirió pirexia. También se observó que el grupo de terapia combinada mostró una cifra de mortalidad menor y, por ende, allí hubo una mejor eficacia en comparación con los otros agentes quimioterapéuticos usados solos.

Successful therapy in unusual generalized Dermatophilus congolensis infection in a calf based on modified in vitro disk diffusion test / Sucesso no tratamento de infecção generalizada em bezerra por Dermatophilus congolensis baseado em teste in vitro modificado de difusão com discos

Bovine dermatophilosis is a dermatitis characterized by typical focal or localized lesions with "paintbrush" aspect and occasionally as disseminated cutaneous disease. We report the case of a one-year-old Nelore female with history of chronic cutaneous disseminated lesions that appeared immediately after a rainfall period. Serous to purulent exudates, hair with tufted appearance, hyperkeratotic, non-pruritic, hardened, yellowish to brown, and coalescent crusty lesions were observed distributed all over its body. Removal of the crusts revealed ulcerated or hemorrhagic areas, with irregular elevated crusts like "paintbrush". Microbiological diagnosis enabled the identification of a microorganism, the Dermatophilus congolensis. Despite disseminated and chronic lesions, we obtained a successful therapy with parenteral therapy using long-acting tetracycline based on modified in vitro disk diffusion test. The present report highlights success therapy in uncommon generalized bovine dermatophilosis with selection of first-choice drugs based on modified in vitro susceptibility test, and need of responsible use of antimicrobials in livestock.(AU)

A dermatofilose bovina é uma dermatite caracterizada por lesões focais ou localizadas com aspecto de "pincel" e, ocasionalmente, como lesão cutânea disseminada. Relata-se o caso de uma fêmea bovina de um ano de idade, que foi atendida apresentando história de lesões cutâneas crônicas imediatamente após um período de alta pluviosidade. Ao exame clínico, lesões serosas a purulentas, com hiperqueratose, coalescentes, não pruriginosas, ressecadas, de coloração amarelada à acinzentada foram observadas distribuídas de modo generalizado pelo animal. A remoção das crostas revelou áreas ulceradas ou hemorrágicas, com crostas irregulares e elevadas semelhantes a "pincel". O diagnóstico microbiológico possibilitou a identificação do micro-organismo Dermatophilus congolensis. Apesar das lesões disseminadas e crônicas, a cura do animal foi obtida com tratamento parenteral usando oxitetraciclina de longa duração, baseado em teste in vitro de sensibilidade microbiana modificado. O presente relato ressalta o sucesso no tratamento de caso incomum de lesões generalizadas de dermatofilose bovina com respaldo de teste in vitro de sensibilidade modificado, bem como a necessidade do uso responsável de antimicrobianos em animais de produção.(AU)

Extracción de Cxitetraciclina en carne de pollo: estudios de rendimiento con aumento de la fase polar del solvente de extracción / Oxytetracycline Extraction in Chicken Meat: Studies on Yield increasing Polar Phase in Extraction Solvent

El consumo de alimentos con residuos de oxitetraciclina (OTC) puede causar diversos efectos tóxicos en el humano. Con la finalidad de extraer y cuantificar dichos residuos en matrices biológicas, como carne de pollo, se han desarrollado diversos métodos. Dentro de los métodos propuestos el más empleado es la extracción líquido-líquido por ser sencillo, rápido y económico. Este tipo de extracción fue aplicada por Furusawa para OTC en pollo, empleando acetonitrilo/hexano en una proporción 5:4 obteniendo una recuperación del 88%. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la recuperación de OTC en carne de pollo ensayada por Furusawa, aumentando la proporción del solvente polar con respecto al hexano (2:1), para su posterior cuantificación mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Para ello se utilizaron 24 porciones de 1 g de tejido muscular perteneciente al muslo de 3 pollos libres de antibióticos, las cuales se fortificaron con soluciones estándares de OTC de 0,1; 0,2; 0,5 y 1 µg/g, obteniendo 6 muestras fortificadas con cada concentración, las cuales fueron almacenadas por 12 horas a 4°C. La extracción del antibiótico se llevó a cabo con acetonitrilo/hexano en proporciones 5:4 y 2:1. En cada caso se evaluó la recuperación, precisión y sensibilidad. Tanto para la proporción 5:4 como 2:1, la concentración de 0,2 µg/g presentó la mayor recuperación, siendo 91,5 y 92,5%, respectivamente; sin embargo, al aumentar la concentración de OTC disminuyó la recuperación. La precisión se incrementó a la concentración de 0,5 µg/g, sin embargo, al duplicar la concentración a 1 µg/g disminuyó dicho parámetro. El límite de detección obtenido para la extracción de OTC con acetonitrilo/hexano en proporción 2:1 fue de 0,09 µg/g. Se recomienda realizar una desproteinización de la muestra previo al proceso de extracción.

Consumption of food that contains oxytetracycline (OTC) residues may produce several toxic effects in human beings. In order to extract and quantify such residues in biological matrices, like chicken meat, several methods have been developed. Among these methods, liquid-liquid extraction is the mostly used, because is quick, simple and inexpensive. This extraction method was applied by Furusawa for OTC in chicken, using acetonitrile/hexanes in a 5:4 proportion, obtaining an 88% recovery. The objective of this research was to study extraction of OTC in chicken meat assayed by Furusawa, raising polar solvent proportion in relation to hexanes (2:1), and further quantifying by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twenty four portions of 1 g from 3 OTC free chickens were fortified with OTC standard solutions: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 µg/g, obtaining 6 fortified samples for each concentration, stored for 12 hours at 4°C. Antibiotic extraction was performed using acetonitrile/hexanes in 5:4 and 2:1 proportions. Recovery, precision and sensitivity were analyzed in all samples. Either 5:4 or 2:1 proportions, 0.2 µg/g concentration obtained the higher recovery, 91.5 and 92.5%, respectively; however when OTC concentrations raised, recovery became lower. Precision increased at 0.5 µg/g concentration, but, fell down when concentration duplicated: 1 µg/mL. Detection limit obtained for OTC extraction using acetonitrile/hexanes in 2:1 proportion were 0.09 µg/g. Deproteinization is recommended previously to extraction process.

Comparação entre as administrações tópica e sistêmica de oxitetraciclina no tratamento de vacas com dermatite digital papilomatosa / Efficacy of topical and systemic treatments with oxytetracycline for papillomatous digital dermatitis in cows

Comparou-se a eficiência dos tratamentos tópico e sistêmico com oxitetraciclina em vacas com dermatite digital papilomatosa (DDP) e determinaram-se a presença de resíduos desse antimicrobiano no leite e sua concentração no líquido sinovial e no plasma. Utilizaram-se o tratamento tópico com oxitetraciclina em pó (grupo 1) e o sistêmico de longa ação (grupo 2) em 16 vacas holandesas em lactação, acometidas por DDP. Obtiveram-se amostras de plasma, líquido sinovial e leite nos momentos: M0, antes dos tratamentos; M1, seis horas após o tratamento e em intervalos de 12 horas até M23 (264 horas pós-tratamentos). Avaliaram-se o grau de claudicação, a extensão da lesão e a concentração da oxitetraciclina pela cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Nas vacas do grupo 1, ocorreu redução das lesões e da claudicação, quando comparadas com as do grupo 2. Nenhuma das amostras de leite, de líquido sinovial e de plasma nos animais do grupo 1 foi positiva para oxitetraciclina. As amostras de leite dos animais do grupo 2, entre M1 e M23, apresentaram valores acima do limite máximo residual permitido para esse antimicrobiano. O tratamento tópico foi eficiente no tratamento de DDP, sem produzir resíduos no leite ou concentrações no plasma e no líquido sinovial. O tratamento sistêmico foi ineficiente para DDP, resultando em resíduos no leite, durante a avaliação.

The efficacy of topical versus systemic treatment with oxytetracycline for papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in dairy cows was compared. Antimicrobial residues in milk and their concentrations in synovial fluid and plasma were analysed. Sixteen lactating Holstein cows with PDD lesions were topically treated with oxytetracycline powder (group 1) or long-acting oxytetracycline (group 2). Plasma, synovial fluid, and milk samples were collected in the following moments: M0 (before treatments); at six hours after treatments (M1), and at 12-hour intervals until 264 hours after treatments (M23). Lameness score and lesion size were evaluated. Analysis of oxytetracycline concentration was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cows in group 1 showed reduced lesion size and lameness score when compared to cows in group 2. None of the plasma, synovial fluid, or milk samples collected from cows in group 1 were positive to oxytetracycline. However, violative antimicrobial residues were detected in milk samples collected from cows in group 2, from M1 until M23. Topical application of oxytetracycline powder was an efficient treatment for PDD with no risk of violative antimicrobial residues in milk or increases its concentration in plasma or synovial fluid. The systemic administration of oxytetracycline was inefficient to treat PDD and caused violative residues in milk.

Determinación de residuos de oxitetraciclina en muestras De tejido bovino destinadas al consumo humano / Determination of oxytetracycline residues in samples of bovine tissues Used for human consumption

Las oxitetraciclinas (OTC) son antimicrobianos de amplio espectro que se han utilizado de manera indiscriminada en Medicina Veterinaria. Estos fármacos  pueden permanecer como residuos químicos en alimentos, lo que pudiera provocar graves problemas de Salud Pública. Entre estos problemas podemos mencionar: desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana a antimicrobianos, alergias, trastornos en la  osificación, dentición y efectos carcinógenos. En Venezuela no existe control en cuanto a la dosificación, frecuencia de aplicación y cumplimiento del tiempo de retiro de los fármacos; menos aún existen servicios de inspección oficial que vigilen la presencia de residuos y establezcan los límites máximos de residuos sugeridos (LMRS) en productos alimenticios de origen animal. Para evaluar la presencia de residuos de OTC, fueron utilizadas  muestras de músculo, hígado y riñón, de  bovinos procedentes de la Beneficiadora Industrial Maracay. En el presente ensayo se utilizó el LMRS de 250 ng/g, establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). En un 89,3% de las muestras se detectaron residuos de OTC con unnivel promedio de 781,54 ng/g ±1033,29, lo cual resultó ser superior a lo establecido como LMRS. El promedio de residuos  para cada tejido resultó ser de 533,84 ng/g ±527,92 para músculo, 917,16 ng/g ± 1295,41, para hígado y 819,14 ng/g ±859,18 para riñón. Estos hallazgos confirman el incumplimiento de los tiempos de retiro en la práctica pecuaria en nuestro país.

Oxytetracyclines (OTC) are wide spectrum antimicrobials that have been used indiscriminately in Veterinary Medicine. These drugs can remain as chemical residues in foodstuff, which could lead to serious health problems, such as development of bacterial resistance, allergies, ossification and dentition disturbances, and carcinogenic effects. In Venezuela, there are no government regulations regarding dosage regimens, frequency of application and withdrawal times for OTCs. Neither there are official inspection agencies that scrutinize the presence of residues and establish the suggested maximum limits of residues (MLSRs) for food products of animal origin. This research evaluated the presence of OTC residues in organ samples of bovine used for human consumption, from Beneficiadora Industrial Maracay. Samples of muscle, liver and kidney were used. In order to compare de values obtained in this investigation, we used the MLRs values established by the World Health Organization (WHO), such values correspond to 250ng/g. Results of this investigation, show that OTC were detected in 89.3% of all tissuesamples evaluated, with a mean OTC residue of 781,54 ng/g ±1033,29. These values are higher than the already established MLSRs. The mean OTC value for each tissue sample was: 533,84 ng/g ±527,92 for muscle; 917,16 ng/g ± 1295,41 for liver and; 819,14 ng/g ±859,18 for kidney respectively. These results suggest that there is not an adequate monitoring for withdrawal times in terms of OTC in veterinary practice.