Significado del proceso atención de enfermería desde el cotidiano de enseñanza de los profesores / Meaning of the nursing care process from the teacher´s educational everyday

Introducción: El Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE) constituye la herramienta metodológica de cuidado; su enseñanza y aplicación en los campos educativo y laboral requiere una formación teórico-práctica, crítica y reflexiva que posibilite al estudiante y profesional otorgar un cuidado autónomo y delimitado, confiriéndole identidad y liderazgo. Resulta pertinente comprender el importante significado de su enseñanza a la luz del concepto de cotidianidad propuesto por Henri Lefebvre. Objetivo: Analizar el significado del PAE desde la enseñanza cotidiana de los profesores de enfermería. Métodos: Fue realizado un estudio cualitativo y descriptivo a diecisiete docentes enfermeras(os) con estudios de licenciatura y posgrado en instituciones educativas de la UNAM. Se recolectó información a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad, y se llevó a cabo un análisis temático del discurso para estudiar los datos. El trabajo se apegó a criterios de ética, rigor científico y consentimiento informado. Resultados parciales / discusión: 1a Categoría: enseñanza simbólico-verbalística. 2a Categoría: enseñanza desvinculada de un marco teórico-disciplinario, en este aspecto se concuerda con Abascal R. acerca de la necesidad de asentar la enseñanza del PAE sobre bases filosóficas y éticas, y no sólo como etapas; asimismo se coincide con Souza, pues enfatiza que, para llevar a cabo un PAE eficiente, se requiere de una teoría de enfermería. Conclusiones: La enseñanza del PAE requiere por parte de los docentes identidad, conocimiento teórico-disciplinar y experiencia en su aplicación, para proyectarla como una herramienta metodológica del cuidado de enfermería y así otorgar un cuidado profesional delimitado y autónomo.

Introduction. The Nursing Process (NP) constitutes the methodological tool of care; its teaching and application in educational and professional fields requires a theoretical-practical, critical and reflective training that enables the student and practitioners to grant autonomous and delimited care, conferring identity and leadership. It is relevant to understand the importance of the NP teaching according to everyday life concept proposed by Henri Lefebvre. Goal: To analyze the meaning of the NP from the daily teaching of nursing professors' perspective. Methods: A descriptive and qualitative study was carried out to 17 nurse professors with undergraduate and postgraduate studies at UNAM. Information was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, and a thematic discourse analysis was made in order to study the obtained data. The work adhered to criteria of ethics, scientific rigor and informed consent. Partial results / discussion: 1st Category: Symbolic and verbal teaching. 2nd Category: Teaching unrelated to theoretical-disciplinary framework; which coincides with Abascal R about the need to base the NP teaching on philosophical and ethical principles, instead of stages; it also agrees with Souza, since he emphasizes that a nursing theory is required to carry out an efficient NP. Conclusions: Teaching of the NP requires identity, disciplinary-theoretical knowledge and practical experience from teachers, in order to constitute a methodological tool of nursing care and to provide delimited and autonomous professional care.

Study on Periplaneta americana Polypeptide PAE2 in Reversing Multidrug Resistance for Liver Cancer / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of PAE₂， a polypeptide of <italic>Periplaneta americana， </italic>in reversing multidrug resistance （MDR） for liver cancer <italic>in vivo</italic>. Method:Balb/c-nude mice were inoculated with HepG2 and HepG2/ADM cells under the armpits to establish animal models of liver cancer sensitive strains and animal models of MDR respectively. After successful modeling， the nude mice were randomly divided into normal group， HepG2 model group， HepG2/ADM model group， sorafenib group （positive drug control group， <italic>ig</italic> 30 mg·kg^-1）， HepG2/ADM+PAE₂ （<italic>iv</italic>） low， medium and high dose groups （50， 100， 200 mg·kg^-1）， HepG2/ADM+PAE₂ （<italic>ig</italic>） low， medium， and high dose groups （50， 100， 200 mg·kg^-1）， skim cream group （<italic>ig</italic> 200 mg·kg^-1）， and CⅡ-3 group （<italic>ig</italic> 200 mg·kg^-1）， all of which received corresponding drug treatment. The body weight and tumor volume of nude mice were measured and recorded every 2 days. The next day after the last administration， tumor tissues of nude mice were taken to record the tumor weight. The effect of <italic>P. americana </italic>polypeptide PAE₂ on permeability-glycoprotein（P-gp）， lung resistance protein（LRP） ， breast cancer resistance protein（BCRP）， protein kinase C（PKC）， glutathione S-transferase-π（GST-π）， topo-isomerase typeⅡ（ToPoⅡ）， multidurg resistance gene 1（MDR1）and Multidrug resistance-associated proteins（MRP1） of the protein level and gene level expression in tumor tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry （IHC） and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. In addition， both oral and intravenous administration groups were set up at the same time for preliminary study on the basic pharmacokinetic characteristics of <italic>P. americana </italic>polypeptide PAE₂. Result:After the successful modeling， the body weight of the nude mice was significantly lower than that in the normal mice（<italic>P</italic><0.05）. After treatment with corresponding drugs， the body weight increased to a certain extent， but it was still not as good as the normal nude mice. In <italic>iv</italic> administration， the medium-dose <italic>P. americana </italic>polypeptide PAE₂ showed the best anti-tumor effect as compared with the model group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， while in oral administration， the anti-effect increased with the increase of the dose， so the high-dose group showed the best effect （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Preliminary crude extract CII-3 had no obvious anti-tumor effect， and skim cream showed a certain anti-tumor effect （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. <italic>P. americana </italic>polypeptide PAE₂ had certain effects on MDR related proteins and enzymes<italic> in vivo</italic>， mainly by inhibiting the expression of LRP and BCRP in tumor tissues and affecting the expression of these related proteins and genes to different degrees to inhibit intracellular drugs outflow， thereby promoting tumor apoptosis， and the effect was superior to that of the <italic>P. americana</italic> crude extract CⅡ-3 and skim cream. Conclusion:<italic>P. americana</italic> polypeptide PAE₂ may reduce the drug efflux， promote intracellular drug accumulation and apoptosis by affecting the expression of related proteins and enzymes that mediate multidrug resistance， thereby exerting a reverse effect on HepG2/ADM cells Balb/c MDR in nude mice.

Eficacia de la formación sobre los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de manipulación de alimentos en madres procesadoras de una escuela del estado Nueva Esparta, Venezuela / Effectiveness of training on the knowledge, attitudes and practices in food handling in mothers cookers from a school in Nueva Esparta state, Venezuela

En Venezuela la Corporación Nacional para la Alimentación Escolar, S.A. proporciona comidas en planteles oficiales (Programa PAE). Para evaluar la eficacia de la formación en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de manipulación de alimentos se realizó un estudio sobre higiene alimentaria con trece madres procesadoras de una escuela del Estado Nueva Esparta, para aumentar sus conocimientos, estimular actitudes para prevenir enfermedades y aplicar prácticas higiénicas en su trabajo. Se recolectaron datos aplicando cuestionarios pre-intervención y post-intervención (después de transcurridos 9 meses). Comprendían cuatro secciones: Información demográfica; conocimientos (prueba de selección múltiple), actitudes y prácticas (escalas de Likert con 3 y 5 categorías respectivamente). En el intermedio del estudio se dictaron cursos de manipulación de alimentos, supervisaron tareas rutinarias, realizaron conversatorios sobre fallas detectadas, desarrollaron tormentas de ideas para subsanarlas y entrenamientos en tareas de limpieza y desinfección. Los resultados se compararon a través de t-student y Mann Whitney (Wilcoson), con un nivel de significancia de (p < 0,05). En conocimientos (pre-intervención) solo una participante superó 7/10 puntos, siendo 3,7 el promedio grupal. En post-intervención 7 de ellas superaron los 7 puntos, con un promedio grupal de 6,2 puntos. En actitudes, respuestas positivas ascendieron desde 49,5% inicialmente hasta 64,8% (post-intervención). En prácticas de manipulación, inicialmente 28,6% de las respuestas afirmaron que frecuentemente o siempre ejecutaban lo descrito en proposiciones, incrementándose hasta 72,5% al finalizar el entrenamiento. Los resultados determinaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre puntuaciones de ambas etapas y se comprobó el impacto positivo de formar a madres procesadoras en higiene alimentaria.

In Venezuela country the National Corporation for Scholar´s Food, S.A. (CNAE), undertakes the responsibility for providing balanced meals in official schools (PAE Program). In order to evaluate the effectiveness of training in knowledge, attitudes and practices of food handling, a study in food hygiene was conducted with thirteen cookers from a school in the State of Nueva Esparta. The objective was to increase their knowledge, encourage attitudes to prevent food borne disease and apply hygiene practices in their work. Data were collected with questionnaires both before (pre-intervention stage) and (post-intervention stage) after nine (9) months. The questionnaires consisted of four sections: demographic information, knowledge (multiple choice test, and attitudes and practices that were measured using a scale of Likert with 3/5 categories respectively. Food handling courses were given in the middle of the development of the study, supervising routine procedures in kitchen, talking about several faults detected and also it was taken place storm ideas for rectify and it was given training about cleaning and disinfection tasks. The quantitative results of questionnaires were compared through t-student and Mann Witney (Wilcoson) tests. In the all cases, the significance level was (p <0.05). The knowledge results (pre-intervention) only one cooker overcomes 7/10 points, it was 3.7 points the group media. In the post-intervention, seven cookers obtained more than seven points, and the group media it was 6.2 points. Of relation to attitudes, the positive answers increased from 49.5% (pre-intervention) to 64.8% (post-intervention). As soon as handling practice, in the beginning 28.6% responses confirm that often or ever practicing the described in the questions, reaching to 72.5% in the post intervention phase. The study found significant difference (p < 0.05) among both scores. It was higher in the post-intervention. The survey findings suggest that training to cooker´s mothers hygienic was positive impact and the continuous education is needed to assure change to correct food handling practices and attitudes.

Biogeography of freshwater fishes from the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion: distribution, endemism, and area relationships

The Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion (NMAF) includes part of the eastern Brazilian coastal drainages, has high level of fish endemism and great biogeographic significance. A taxonomic inventory of freshwater fishes from 25 drainages of the NMAF ecoregion and a biogeographic analysis using the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) method were carried out. A total of 192 native species was listed. The PAE method was applied to 24 basins and 37 species, resulting in five equally parsimonious area diagrams. The strict consensus diagram indicates the existence of two main groups of basins throughout the NMAF ecoregion. These groups were denominated: North Group and Central-South Group. The Central-South Group shows a basal polytomy composed by two Groups (Central Group and South Group) plus the rio Itapemirim basin. The North Group is composed by eight drainages from the rio Sergipe to the rio Paraguaçu, the Central Group by five drainages from the rio Cachoeira to the rio Jequitinhonha, and the South Group by nine drainages from the rio Buranhém to the rio Doce. Comments about the species distribution and the fish fauna shared with adjacent ecoregions are provided. We also present a comparison of the hypothesis of river relationships proposed herein with published phylogenetic hypotheses that include taxa relevant to this study.

A ecorregião Mata Atlântica Nordeste (NMAF) inclui parte das drenagens costeiras do leste do Brasil, tem alto grau de endemismo de peixes e grande significado biogeográfico. Um levantamento taxonômico da ictiofauna de água doce de 25 drenagens da ecorregião NMAF e uma análise biogeográfica utilizando o método de Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismo (PAE) foram realizados. Um total de 192 espécies nativas foi listado. O método PAE foi aplicado a 24 bacias e 37 espécies, resultando em cinco diagramas de áreas igualmente parcimoniosos. O diagrama de consenso estrito indica a existência de dois grupos de bacias principais ao longo da ecorregião NMAF. Estes grupos foram denominados: Grupo Norte e Grupo Centro-Sul. O Grupo Centro-Sul apresenta uma politomia basal composta por dois grupos (Grupo Centro e Grupo Sul) mais a bacia do rio Itapemirim. O Grupo Norte é formado por oito drenagens entre o rio Sergipe e o rio Paraguaçu, o Grupo Centro por cinco drenagens entre o rio Cachoeira e o rio Jequitinhonha e o Grupo Sul por nove drenagens entre o rio Buranhém e rio Doce. Comentários sobre a distribuição das espécies e a fauna compartilhada com ecorregiões adjacentes são fornecidos. Apresentamos também uma comparação da hipótese de relação aqui obtida com filogenias publicadas para alguns táxons relevantes ao presente estudo.

Study on paeoniflorin-6'O-benzene sulfonate's physicochemical property / 安徽医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the physicochemical property of Pae-6’O-benzene sulfonate ( CP-25 ) . Meth-ods The CP-25 physicochemical property was evaluated by appearance, Lieberman-Burchard reaction, thin-layer chromatogram, Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry ( UV) , solubility and stability. The content of CP-25 was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results The CP-25 had color response featured by terpenoid, and its maximum UV absorption wavelength was 220 nm. CP-25 was slightly soluble in water and petroleum ether. The main influence factor of CP-25 stability was humidity. Conclusion The present study provides experimental basis for quality standard and formulation design of CP-25 .

Determinación de áreas de endemismo en mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) en Venezuela, mediante criterios explícitos de optimización / Determination of areas of endemism in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Venezuela, through explicit optimization criteria

La familia culicidae ha sido estudiada ampliamente debido a su importancia en la salud pública y veterinaria. Varias especies de esta familia son vectores de múltiples patógenos que causan enfermedades que generan altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como numerosas pérdidas económicas. El conocimiento de la distribución geográfica de este grupo y el análisis de su biogeografía histórica nos permitirán obtener más conocimientos acerca de su historia natural, de las razones geológicas y ecológicas de su distribución, así como de patrones epidemiológicos de las enfermedades de las cuales son vectores. La delimitación de áreas de endemismo (AE) es un paso inicial y fundamental para la realización de análisis de biogeografía histórica, para ello se elaboró una base de datos de 9.610 registros, 435 localidades, 20 géneros y 261 especies de Venezuela, a partir del cual se realizaron mapas de distribución, análisis explícitos de áreas de endemismos (AE) y parsimonioso de endemicidad (PAE) en los programas (software) NDM/VNDM. Los registros compilados de la familia culicidae se distribuyen principalmente al Norte del país, con distribuciones particulares hacia zonas montañosas o la región del Macizo Guayanés, entre otras. Se proponen tres áreas de endemismo para mosquitos: Macizo Guayanés-Pantepui, Región Norte-central y Cordillera Andina, las cuales son concordantes con las zonas ancestrales y recientes de la historia geológica del territorio.

The Family Culicidae has been studied extensively because of its importance in veterinary and public health. Several species of this family are vectors of pathogens causing multiple diseases which to generate high rates of morbidity and mortality and numerous economic losses. Studies of the geographical distribution of Culicidae and its historical biogeography analysis will allow us to obtain more knowledge about the natural history and explanations of geological and ecological reasons of the distribution and also the epidemiological patterns of diseases which are involved. The delimitation of areas of endemism (AE) is a crucial initial step for the analysis of historical biogeography and for this we developed a database of 9,610 records in 435 localities, 20 genera and 261 species from Venezuela, map distribution, and explicit analyzes of areas of endemism (AE) and parsimonious of endemicity (PAE) software NDM / VNDM. The records compiled of Culicidae are mainly distributed in the north of the country, with particular distributions to mountainous or Guayana Shield region, among others. The results suggest the proposal of three endemism areas for mosquitoes: Guayana Shield-Pantepui, North-Central Region and Andean mountains cordillera, which are concordant with recent and ancestral areas of the geological history of the country.

Análisis biogeorráfico de los peces characiformes de Venezuela / Biogeographic Analysis of the Characiformes Fishes of Venezuela

Se realizó un análisis biogeográfico basado en los peces Characiformes de Venezuela con el objetivo de explorar la importancia relativa de los procesos que han contribuido con el establecimiento de los patrones de distribución actuales de la ictiofauna continental venezolana. La información geográfica y filogenética disponible se analizó siguiendo los métodos de Análisis de Parsimonia de Endemismos (PAE) y Análisis de Parsimonia de Brooks (BPA). El PAE señaló fundamentalmente a los Llanos Occidentales y el sur del Amazonas como áreas de endemismo. El BPA realizado con la información filogenética de siete géneros mostró un patrón generalizado con los clados (Caribe + Maracaibo) y ((((Río Negro+Orinoco) + Paria) + Valencia) + Cuyuní), donde se destaca un evento de dispersión desde la cuenca del río Negro hacia el río Orinoco. Los resultados de ambos métodos biogeográficos indican que la región de los llanos - amazonas, donde se conjugó la biota del incipiente Orinoco con la biota amazónica, contiene el mayor número de especies, las áreas de endemismo mejor sustentadas, así como distintos eventos de especiación y posterior dispersión hacia otras regiones. La biota de la región nortecostera del país parece más bien gobernada por procesos de especiación vicariante de carácter puntual por el aislamiento histórico de sus drenajes.

Based on the information available on fishes of the order Characiformes of Venezuela a biogeographical analysis was performed to explore the relative importance of the processes that may have contributed to the establishment of current distribution patterns of the Venezuelan continental ichthyofauna. Geographic and phylogenetic information available for this group of fishes was analyzed by Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) and Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA). PAE uncovered the western plains and southern Amazonas as areas of endemism. BPA, using the phylogenetic information of seven genera, showed a general pattern with two major clades (Caribbean + Maracaibo) and ((((Rio Negro + Orinoco River) + Paria) + Valencia) + Cuyuní), where the proposed hypothesis highlights a dispersion event from the Rio Negro basin to the Orinoco River. The results indicate that the plains-Amazonas region, where the Amazon biota mixed with that of the incipient Orinoco s biota, contains the largest species richness, areas of endemism, and well as many speciation events with posterior dispersion to other regions of Venezuela. The biota of the northern coastal region in turn seems rather governed by punctual vicariant speciation processes, which may have been conditioned by the historical isolation of the basins draining this region.

Comparison of two recombinant systems for expression of cholera toxin B subunit from Vibrio cholerae.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the production of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) protein in two different expression systems (pAE_ctxB and pQE_ctxB constructs) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Materials and Methods: The ctxB fragment was amplified from Vibrio cholerae O 1 ATCC14035 and cloned in pGETM-T easy vector after which it was transformed to E. coli Top 10F' and grown on LB-ampicillin agar medium. Sequence analysis confirmed the complete ctxB gene sequence in the construct which was further subcloned to pQE-30 vector. The construct was subsequently transformed to E. coli M15 (pREP4). The recombinant pAE_ctxB and pQE_ctxB were transformed to competent E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells to express CTB protein. Result: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed the maximum expression of rCTB in both systems at 5 h after induction and western blot analysis confirmed the presence of recombinant CTB in blotting membranes. Conclusion: Expression of rCTB in pAE_ctxB construct was more efficient (15-fold) than pQE_ctxB, and it seems that Lac UV5 in E. coli BL21 (DE3) is more compatible with the former construct. This expression system can be used to produce recombinant CTB in high yield which may enable us to study the oral tolerance or mucosal adjuvant properties of rCTB using animal models.

Nosocomial Infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU:Clinical Distribution and Drug Resistance / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate flora distribution and drug resistance status of nosocomial infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAE) in intensive care unit (ICU) and to provide the scientific reference for clinically reasonable use of antibiotics. METHODS PAE was isolated,cultured and identified according to the National Clinical Laboratory Operation Rules. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by K-B method and the results were read according to CLSI 2004-2006. RESULTS Among 254 PAE strains,the isolating rate in the lower respiratory tract samples was the highest (rriving 59.4%). Then the isolating rate in the wound and soft tissue infection samples was 13.8%. The drug-resistance supervision in vitro accounted for 17.3% and 19.7%,respectively,of PAE were resistant to imipenem and meropenem in ICU. The drug resistance rate to aztreonam,trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin,gentamicin,cefotaxime,cefepime and piperacillin was all over 60.0%. CONCLUSIONS PAE in ICU is the mostly multi-resistant strain. We should strengthen its monitoring and controlling.

Detection of areas of endemism on two spatial scales using Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE): the Neotropical region and the Atlantic Forest / Detecção de áreas de endemismo em duas escalas espaciais utilizando a Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismos: região Neotropical e Mata Atlântica

An important biological challenge today is the conservation of biodiversity. Biogeography, the study of the distribution patterns of organisms, is an important tool for this challenge. Endemism, the co-occurrence of several species unique to the same area, has important implications for the preservation of biodiversity, since many areas of endemism are also areas with large human impact. More rigorously defined, areas of endemism are historical units of distributional congruence of monophyletic taxa. These areas often assumed to be due to nonrandom historical events that favored conditions associated with high rates of speciation. Thus, understanding endemism and the delimitation of endemic areas has important implications for conservation. Today, most studies delimit areas of endemism by superimposing maps of distribution for various species. This approach suffers from arbitrary delimitations, however, when a great distributional data is used. In this paper we used the method of Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) based on georeferenced quadrats in order to delimit areas of endemism. This modality of the method is important due to its testable nature and can also be used to infer area relationships. We applied the method to raw distributional data from 19 unrelated taxa to delimit general patterns of endemism in the Neotropical Region and in the Atlantic forest domain using different grid scales. Neotropical areas found are comprised over the Panama region, northern Andean region and the Atlantic forest. Atlantic forest showed a major division into two distinct components (northern x southern). Endemic areas delimited using smaller scale grids on the Atlantic forest should be considered for conservation priorities once they showed endemism at regional and local scales. The results were also compared to other studies using different taxa and methods. Finally, some considerations on the analysis scale and future perspectives of the...

Um dos principais desafios para este século reside em impedir a perda de biodiversidade. A biogeografia é o campo das ciências biológicas que busca desvendar os padrões de distribuição dos organismos. Um conceito básico em biogeografia diz respeito à existência de áreas de endemismo, caracterizadas pela presença de espécies de distribuição restrita. Áreas de endemismo são definidas como unidades históricas de congruência distribucional entre dois ou mais táxons monofiléticos, provavelmente formadas por fatores históricos não aleatórios que definem condições específicas para elevadas taxas de especiação. Conseqüentemente, a delimitação de áreas de endemismo possui importantes implicações para a eficácia dos esforços conservacionistas. Até o momento, a maioria dos estudos tem delimitado estas áreas por meio da sobreposição de mapas de distribuição das espécies. Entretanto, esta abordagem pode acarretar delimitações arbitrárias quando analisado um amplo conjunto de dados distribucionais. No presente estudo foi utilizado método da Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismos (PAE) baseada em quadrículas georeferenciadas a fim delimitar áreas de endemismo. Este método é importante devido a sua natureza empiricamente testável, além da possibilidade de inferência dos relacionamentos históricos entre áreas endêmicas. O método foi aplicado aos dados distribucionais de 19 táxons não relacionados, de modo a definir os padrões gerais de endemismo na região de Neotropical e na Mata Atlântica utilizando diferentes tamanhos de quadrícula. Foram encontradas 13 áreas endêmicas Neotropicais, situadas sobre as regiões do Panamá, norte dos Andes e Mata Atlântica, sendo esta última composta por dois componentes distintos (Norte e Sul). As áreas de endemismo delimitadas na Mata Atlântica por meio de quadrículas menores devem ser consideradas prioritárias para conservação, uma vez que demonstraram endemismo tanto em escala regional quanto local. Os resultados foram...

Panbiogeographical analysis of Costa Rican freshwater fishes

Track analysis and Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) were performed to analyze the distribution pattern of Costa Rican freshwater fishes. A basic matrix (presence/absence) was prepared using the distribution of 77 freshwater fish. The data were analyzed with CLIQUE software in order to find generalized tracks (cliques). Data also were analyzed with the software NONA and Winclada version 1.00.08 in order to perform the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE). Fourteen equally probable cliques were found with 31 species in each and the intersection of the amount was selected as a generalized track dividing the country in two main zones: Atlantic slope from Matina to Lake Nicaragua and Pacific slope from the Coto River to the basin of the Tempisque River connected with some branches oriented to the central part of the country. PAE analysis found ten cladogram areas (72 steps, CI=0.45, RI=0.64), using the "strict consensus option" two grouping zones were identified: Atlantic slope and Pacific slope. Both PAE and Track Analysis show the division of the two slopes and the orientation of the generalized track suggests new biogeographical evidence on the influence of both old and new southern elements to explain the migrations of freshwater fish into Central America during two different geological events.

Con el objetivo de analizar el patrón de distribución de peces de agua dulce de Costa Rica se aplicó un análisis de trazos y de parsimonía de endemismos (PAE). Se construyó una matriz básica utilizando la distribución de 77 especies. Se utilizó el programa CLIQUE con la intención de encontrar los trazos generalizados y NONA y Winclada, versión 1.00.08, con el fin de llevar a cabo el PAE. Se encontró un total de 14 cliques igualmente probables con 31 especies. De esta cantidad se construyó un trazo generalizado que constituye la intersección del total, dividiendo el país en dos zonas: Atlántico, desde Matina hasta el Lago de Nicaragua y Pacífico desde el río Coto hasta el río Tempisque conectado con la región central del país. El PAE encontró diez cladogramas de áreas (72 pasos, CI=0.45, RI=0.64), cuyo consenso estricto identificó dos zonas de agrupamiento: Atlántico y Pacífico. Ambos análisis muestran la división entre las dos vertientes y la orientación de los trazos generalizados sugiere nueva evidencia de la influencia biogeográfica de los denominados elementos de migración antiguo y nuevo del sur, los cuales se habían sugerido empíricamente en el pasado para explicar las migraciones hacia Centroamérica en dos periodos geológicos diferentes.

Cell-type specific regulation of thrombospondin-1 expression and its promoter activity by regulatory agents

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a multifunctional protein that is able to function as a negative regulator of solid tumor progression and angiogenesis, is normally present at a very low level but rapidly elevated in pathological tissues. To understand the cellular regulation of TSP-1 expression, the mode of it's expression in Hep3B, SK-HEP-1, and porcine aortic endothelial (PAE) cells was examined in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). ATRA or IL-6 induced a dose-dependent increase of TSP-1 protein and mRNA levels in PAE cells, while they negatively regulated TSP-1 expression in the Hep3B and SK-HEP-1 cells. In contrast, PMA showed just the opposite effects on the TSP-1 expression in the same cells. IFN-gamma had little effect on TSP-1 level in Hep3B and PAE cells. The TSP-1 expression in SK-HEP-1 cells by these agents showed a close resemblance to that of liver cells rather than that of the endothelial cell line. Possible TSP-1 promoter-mediated responses by ATRA, IL-6, IFN-gamma, or PMA in Hep3B and PAE cells examined with luciferase activity of TSP-LUC reporter plasmid showed that levels of TSP-1 promoter activity were lower than that of the expressed TSP-1 protein and mRNA levels. Transfection of c-Jun and/or RARalpha expression vectors into Hep3B and PAE cells resulted in the enhanced TSP-1 promoter activity as well as the increments of of its protein and mRNA level. These results suggest that regulatory agents-induced TSP-1 expression may be attributed to mRNA stability and/or translational activation in concert with transcriptional activation and TSP-1 expression may be independently controlled via each signal pathway stimulated by PMA or ATRA.

The comparing studies on protective effects of TGM ang TGP on erythrocytes / 中国药理学通报

The inhibitory effects of total glucosides of Moutan Cortex (TGM) and to talglucosides of Paeony Lactiflora (TGP) on osmotic hemolysis and oxidative hemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide were studied. TGM at lower concentration and TGP could inhibit osmotic hemolysis significcantly, but higher concentration (100mg ? L-1) of TGM had a hemolytic activity. TGM and TGP could inhibit hemolysis induced by H2O2 significantly,but TGM was more effective than TGP. TGM .TGP and Vit E all could inhibit lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion, induced by H2O2, on erythrocytes.