ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Pine (Pinus densiflora), Platanus (Platanus), and Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These were used as passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). METHODS: Tree barks were sampled from the same site. PBDEs were analyzed by highresolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer, and the lipid content was measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. RESULTS: Gingko contained the highest lipid content (7.82 mg/g dry), whereas pine (4.85 mg/g dry), Platanus (3.61 mg/g dry), and Metasequoia (0.97 mg/g dry) had relatively lower content. The highest total PBDEs concentration was observed in Metasequoia (83,159.0 pg/g dry), followed by Ginkgo (53,538.4 pg/g dry), Pine (20,266.4 pg/g dry), and Platanus (12,572.0 pg/g dry). There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in tree barks (R2=0.1011, p =0.682). Among the PBDE congeners, BDE 206, 207 and 209 were highly brominated PBDEs that are sorbed to particulates in ambient air, which accounted for 90.5% (84.3-95.6%) of the concentration and were therefore identified as the main PBDE congener. The concentrations of particulate PBDEs deposited on tree barks were dependent on morphological characteristics such as surface area or roughness of barks. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, when using the tree barks as the PAS of the atmospheric PBDEs, samples belonging to same tree species should be collected to reduce errors and to obtain reliable data.
Subject(s)
Ginkgo biloba , Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers , Plant Bark , TreesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This paper is to assess the current status of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contamination in the environment in China and estimate the exposure to PBDEs in non-occupational populations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 80 research papers published from January 2001 to October 2013 were selected. Geographic information system (GIS) was used in mapping PBDE concentrations and distributions in environmental media. Ni's model was applied to calculate ∑PBDE-intake via the intakes of contaminated food, water and air in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>BDE-209 was found to be the major PBDE congener in the environmental media and food in China. PBDE concentrations varied among different areas, among which the contamination in Guangdong Province was most serious. Daily intake of ∑PBDEs was 225.1-446.0 ng/d for adults in the Pearl River Delta, which was higher than the intake for those living in the Yangtze River Delta (148.9-369.8 ng/d).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Atorvastatin can attenuate LPS-induced TNF-α expression and production by activating HO-1 via the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways, suggesting that atorvastatin can be used in treatment of inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, especially in those with atherosclerotic diseases.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , China , Diet , Environmental Pollutants , Food Contamination , Geographic Information Systems , Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers , Inhalation ExposureABSTRACT
Los retardantes de flama bromados han sido muy usados en las últimas décadas en muchos productos de consumo. Su producción, uso, lipofilicidad y persistencia, los han vuelto contaminantes ambientales ubicuos. Han sido detectados en el ser humano en varios países y poco se conoce sobre susefectos tóxicos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar de manera preliminar los niveles de exposición a difeniléteres polibromados (PBDEs) en la población mexicana. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 5 mujeres de una zona urbana y muestras de leche materna a 7 de una zona rural. Los niveles de PBDEs en las mujeres de la zona urbana fueron de 21.5-37.5 ng/glípido y los de las mujeres rurales fueron 0.8-5.4 ng/g lípido.
The brominated flame retardants have been used in the last decades inmany products. Their production, use, lipofilicity and persistence, make them ubiquituos in the environment. They have been detected in humans in several countries and little is known about their toxics effects. The aim of this pilot study was to determine exposure levels of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in the Mexican population, blood samples were taken from five women living in an urban area, whereas breast milk samples were collected from seven rural women. The levels of PBDEs in theurban area were 21.5-37.5 ng/g lipid; whereas milk concentrations in rural women were 0.8-5.4 ng/glipid.