Evaluation of the Outcome of Modified Open Sandwich Technique and Conventional Composite Resin Restoration: For Managing Class II Cavity of Primary Molars Among 4- 8 years Old Children

Background: Dental caries is the most prevalent disease in humans, especially during early childhood. The restoration of such an extensive carious lesion should be done properly to reestablish their anatomy and hence their masticatory, phonetic, esthetic, and space-maintainer functions in the dental arches. Composite resins are the most commonly used tooth-colored restorative material, but many difficulties occur particularly when used directly in posterior restorations. The objective of the study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of the Modified Open Sandwich Technique and Conventional Composite Resin Restoration for managing class II caries on primary molars. Material & Methods: This was a randomized control trial and was conducted in the Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from October, 2021 to September, 2022. In our study we included 68 patients with proximal dental caries of primary molars with reversible pulpitis. The patients were divided by using random sampling technique into two groups – Group A (The modified open sandwich technique, n=34) and Group B (The conventional composite resin restoration, n=34). Results: In total 68 patients from both the groups completed the study. In our study we found mean±SD of age was 5.37±1.24 years. 76.5% of cases of the modified open sandwich technique restorations were & 82.4% of the conventional composite resin restoration were < 6 years. Mandibular primary molars were 64.7% and 53% for the modified open sandwich technique and conventional composite resin restoration respectively. Conventional composite resin restorations showed 32.4% postoperative sensitivity and the modified open sandwich technique restorations showed 11.8%. After 12 months of follow-up, no secondary caries developed. Good marginal adaptation in 100% of cases were found in the modified open sandwich technique and 88.2% for conventional composite restorations. Conclusion: In our study we found that postoperative sensitivity developed more in conventional composite restorations in comparison to the modified open sandwich technique. Initially marginal adaptation showed better in the modified open sandwich method technique. So, conventional and modified open sandwich composite resin techniques were acceptable for primary molar teeth considering secondary caries and marginal adaptation

Comportamiento de los parámetros diadococinéticos orales en escolares de primero básico y su relación con el nivel sociocultural y el desempeño fonético-fonológico / Behavior of the oral diadochokinetic parameters in primary school students and its relationship with the sociocultural level and phonetic-phonological performance

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el comportamiento de los parámetros diadococinéticos orales en una población de escolares de primero básico, pertenecientes a dos niveles socioculturales y con diferente desempeño fonético-fonológico. Para alcanzar este objetivo se evaluó el rendimiento diadococinético oral de los participantes a través de la repetición monosilábica de [pa], [t̪a] y [ka] utilizando el método de emisión de sílabas en un tiempo determinado. El análisis de las emisiones se llevó a cabo con el programa Motor Speech Profile, el cual entregó los valores de medición para cinco parámetros diadococinéticos (DDKavp, DDKavr, DDKcvp, DDKjit, DDKcvi). Por otra parte, el desempeño fonético-fonológico fue analizado a través de la Pauta de Clasificación de Ajustes Fonético-Fonológicos (CLAFF). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos socioculturales solo para los parámetros DDKcvp/%/ y DDKjit/%/, mientras que el resto de los parámetros diadococinéticos se comportó de manera similar. El grupo de niños del nivel sociocultural bajo tuvo una mayor variabilidad de la tasa DDK y mayor porcentaje de perturbaciones. Se observaron relaciones significativas entre algunos ajustes fonéticos-fonológicos y algunos parámetros diadococinéticos.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the behavior of the oral diadochokinetic parameters in first grade students, who belong to two different sociocultural environments and have different phonetic-phonological performance. To reach this objective, the oral diadochokinetic parameters were evaluated through monosyllabic repetition of [pa], [t̪a] and [ka] using the syllable emission method in a specific time. The syllable emission analysis was carried out through the Motor Speech Profile program, which provided with measurement values for five diadochokinetic parameters (DDKavp, DDKavr, DDKcvp, DDKjit, DDKcvi). On the other hand, the phonetic-phonological performance was analyzed through the Classification of Phonetic and Phonological Adjustments (CLAFF). The results showed differences between both sociocultural groups only for the parameters DDKcvp/%/ y DDKjit/%/, while the other diadochokinetic parameters behaved in a similar way. The low sociocultural children group had a higher variability in the DDK parameters and a higher percentage of disturbances. Significant relations could be seen between some phonetic-phonological adjustments and some diadochokinetic parameters.

A review about the application of phonetic methods in deciding the jaws relation of complete denture / 华西口腔医学杂志

Speech could be used, because it was a neuromuscular movement without teeth contact. The method was stable, however it was used more in vertical relation deciding. More study was needed in the horizontal relation deciding. This article was to explain why and how to use phonetic method to decide jaws relation, through literature review.

Estudio de la validez y fiabilidad del Test de Repetición Fonético-Fonológica (TREFF) como instrumento para evaluar el desempeño fonético-fonológico en niños chilenos / Study of the validity and reliability of the Phonetic-Phonological Repetition Test (TREFF) as an instrument to evaluate the phonetic-phonological performance in Chilean children

En la actualidad, se requiere un mayor repertorio de pruebas válidas y confiables que evalúen el desempeño fonético-fonológico en niños chilenos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la validez y fiabilidad del Test de Repetición Fonético-Fonológica (TREFF). La validación fue llevada a cabo mediante un juicio de expertos y la fiabilidad fue determinada mediante el análisis estadístico de la estabilidad temporal y la concordancia intra-e interjueces. Para este proceso, se aplicó el instrumento en una población infantil perteneciente al nivel sociocultural medio alto, con un desarrollo fonético-fonológico acorde a lo esperado para su edad. El análisis de las respuestas fue realizado por tres jueces evaluadores, quienes determinaron si el niño o la niña lograba producir los elementos evaluados. Respecto a la validación, el instrumento fue modificado considerando las sugerencias de los expertos. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, los resultados obtenidos demostraron estabilidad temporal y un alto grado de concordancia a nivel intra-e interjueces. El estudio permite concluir que el test TREFF cumple con los criterios devalidez y fiabilidad.

At present, a greater repertoire of valid and reliable tests is required to evaluate the phonetic-phonological performance in Chilean children. The objective of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of the Phonetic-Phonological Repetition Test (TREFF). Validation was carried out by expert judgment and reliability was determined by statistical analysis of temporal stability and intra and inter-judge agreement. Forthis process, the instrument was applied in a medium-high sociocultural level child population, with a phonetic-phonological development according to what was expected for their age. The analysis of the responses was carried out by three evaluating judges, who determined if the boy or girl achieved to produce the elements evaluated. In terms of validation, the instrument was modified considering the experts' suggestions. Concerning to reliability, the results obtained demonstrated temporal stability and a high degree of concordance at the intra-judge and inter-judge levels. The study allows us to conclude that the TREFF test meets the validity and reliability criteria.

Preliminary study on phonetic characteristics of patients with pulmonary nodules / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Pulmonary nodules (PNs) are one of the imaging manifestations of early lung cancer screening, which should receive more attention. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that voice changes occur in patients with pulmonary diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore the differences in phonetic characteristics between patients with PNs and able-bodied persons.@*METHODS@#This study explores the phonetic characteristics of patients with PNs in order to provide a simpler and cheaper method for PN screening. It is a case-control study to explore the differences in phonetic characteristics between individuals with and without PNs. This study performed non-parametric statistics on acoustic parameters of vocalizations, collected from January 2017 to March 2018 in Shanghai, China, from these two groups; it explores the differences in third and fourth acoustic parameters between patients with PNs and a normal control group. At the same time, computed tomography (CT) scans, course of disease, combined disease and other risk factors of the patients were collected in the form of questionnaire. According to the grouping of risk factors, the phonetic characteristics of the patients with PNs were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#This study was comprised of 200 patients with PNs, as confirmed by CT, and 86 healthy people that served as a control group. Among patients with PNs, 43% had ground glass opacity, 32% had nodules with a diameter ≥ 8 mm, 19% had a history of smoking and 31% had hyperlipidemia. Compared with the normal group, there were statistically significant differences in pitch, intensity and shimmer in patients with PNs. Among patients with PNs, patients with diameters ≥ 8 mm had a significantly higher third formant. There was a significant difference in intensity, fourth formant and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) between smoking and non-smoking patients. Compared with non-hyperlipidemia patients, the pitch, jitter and shimmer of patients with PNs and hyperlipidemia were higher and the HNR was lower; these differences were statistically significant.@*CONCLUSION@#This measurable changes in vocalizations can be in patients with PNs. Patients with PNs had lower and weaker voices. The size of PNs had an effect on the phonetic formant. Smoking may contribute to damage to the voice and formant changes. Voice damage is more pronounced in individuals who have PNs accompanied by hyperlipidemia.

Ultrasonographic analysis of lateral liquids and coronal fricatives: judgment of experienced and non-experienced judges / Análise ultrassonográfica das líquidas alveolares e fricativas coronais: julgamento de juízes experientes e não experientes

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify if the accuracy in the judgment of the ultrasound (US) images varies according to the experience of the judges and the sound class - alveolar liquids and coronal fricatives. Methods: ultrasound images related to the production of liquids and fricatives in the intervocalic context of the vowel /a/, produced by 20 typical adults, were judged by 15 experienced judges and 15 non-experienced judges. A previous analysis of the images was performed to establish the typical ultrasound pattern of the liquids and fricatives. The accuracy (% of correctness and errors) of the judgments performed by the judges was considered in the analysis. Factorial ANOVA statistical test was used, considering as factors the sound class and the experience of the judges. Results: the Factorial ANOVA showed a significant effect for the accuracy of the judgment only for the sound class, with no significance for the judges' experience or for the interaction between the experience of judges and the sound class. The liquids had a lower accuracy in the judgment, as compared to the fricatives, confirming their articulatory complexity, since they involve the production of two simultaneous gestures. Conclusion: the accuracy in the judgment of the US images did not vary according to the experience of judges, but it was dependent on the sound class. It should be noted, however, that all judges presented previous knowledge about the processes of speech production which may have favored image interpretation.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar se a acurácia no julgamento das imagens ultrassonográficas (US) varia em função da experiência dos juízes e da classe sonora - líquidas alveolares e fricativas coronais. Métodos: imagens ultrassonográficas relativas à produção das líquidas e fricativas no contexto intervocálico da vogal /a/, produzidas por 20 adultos típicos, foram julgadas por 15 juízes experientes e 15 inexperientes. Uma análise prévia das imagens foi feita para estabelecer o padrão ultrassonográfico típico das líquidas e fricativas. Considerou-se na análise a acurácia (% de acertos e erros) dos julgamentos feito pelos juízes. Utilizou-se o teste estatístico Anova Fatorial, considerando como fatores a classe sonora e a experiência dos juízes. Resultados: a ANOVA Fatorial mostrou um efeito significante para a acurácia do julgamento apenas para a classe sonora, não havendo significância quanto à experiência dos juízes nem quanto à interação entre experiência dos juízes e classe sonora. As líquidas tiveram uma menor acurácia no julgamento comparando às fricativas, confirmando sua complexidade articulatória, uma vez que envolve a produção de dois gestos simultâneos. Conclusão: a acurácia no julgamento das imagens US não variou em função da experiência dos juízes, mas foi dependente da classe sonora. Destaca-se, no entanto, que todos os juízes apresentavam conhecimento prévio sobre os processos de produção de fala o que pode ter favorecido a interpretação das imagens.

Resultados na aprendizagem de uma escola especial do Paraná com metodologia fonovisuoarticulatória / Results found in learning with a phonic-visual-articulate methodology at a school for people with intellectual deficiencies in the state of Paraná (Brazil)

Diante das inúmeras situações de exclusão, descaso e descrença quanto à alfabetização da pessoa com deficiência intelectual e da falta de método de alfabetização da escola e dos educadores, surge a necessidade de pesquisa, procurando entender uma forma adequada de ensinar a pessoa com deficiência intelectual, considerando o despreparo dos educadores em relação à falta de um método de ensino como um dos fatores que impedem essa aprendizagem, não deixando de considerar que a triste trajetória do histórico que acompanha a pessoa com deficiência intelectual e que a rotula como incapaz, torna-se outro fator preponderante nessa não ensinagem. Pretende-se refletir se a falta de capacitações frequentes e dirigidas em cada escola em relação ao método de ensino da escola também contribui para esse fracasso escolar do deficiente intelectual, pois, dessa forma, o professor encontra-se sem um caminho seguro a trilhar. Por outro lado, mostra que o dinamismo em sala de aula, proporcionado por um bom planejamento com objetivos centrados e focados na necessidade do sujeito, pode influenciar nesse processo, e, com isso, pretende-se mostrar como a escola especial está agindo frente a essa demanda. O presente artigo pretende levantar situações reais no processo ensino aprendizagem na escola especial com a pessoa com deficiência intelectual, realizando um trabalho de intervenção junto ao aluno e ao educador, propondo um trabalho de estudo pelo educador, desafiando-o a aprender e a aplicar um método de alfabetização multissensorial, capaz de alcançar o deficiente intelectual na sua alfabetização e mudando a visão da sociedade quanto às escolas especiais. Pensando nessas inúmeras dificuldades, a Escola Ana Paula Nunes, mantida pela APAE em Mangueirinha, PR, escolheu fazer a diferença quando optou por ir em busca de algo novo, que viesse de encontro ao anseio latente da equipe gestora e pedagógica da escola, juntamente com os educadores, em realmente buscar uma aprendizagem exitosa e, fazendo a sua parte, mudar a visão que a sociedade tem das escolas especiais quando a enxergam como um depósito de crianças e adultos sem grandes ambições de sucesso. A equipe da APAE de Mangueirinha mostrou que o método multissensorial fonovisuoarticulatório escolhido para seu trabalho diário na escola proporciona segurança e direciona os educadores para a aplicação das atividades, sem ficarem perdidos procurando atividades aleatórias só para preencher tempo; ao contrário, que possam, por meio desses, sanar e mediar as diversas falhas cognitivas de seus alunos. A escola espera, com esse trabalho, mostrar a outras escolas e educadores resultados eficientes, permitindo reciclagens e aprendizagens continuadas. Assim, trazer benefícios a todos os envolvidos, alunos com bons resultados na alfabetização, respondendo aos anseios familiares, e corpo docente como um todo.

There are countless situations of exclusion, lack of interest and disbelief regarding the teaching of reading and writing to those with intellectual impairments. Such situations are denoted by either the absence or the lack of efficiency of methodologies, be it related to the school or to the teachers. It raises the need of researching the matter in order to understand its consequences, as well as being able to achieve better results. One should consider the sad trajectory that follows the registers of people with intellectual deficiencies and label them as incapable. This fact becomes another preponderant factor for this nonteaching/learning process. The present work aims at reflecting whether the lack of directed and frequent capacitation processes at schools, regarding the used method of teaching, can possibly add to this learning failure. This reflection aims at making it possible to achieve a greater degree of commitment and awareness concerning effective changes that need to take place. Another goal of this work is reflecting whether the attitudes of teachers; such as the dynamism of the classroom achieved by the means of good planning focused upon the needs of the subjects; can set any influence upon the process. The Ana Paula Nunes school, kept by APAE in Mangueirinha/PR, has chosen to make a difference by looking for something new. It proposes the breaking of paradigms that used to see schools for people with intellectual deficiencies as areas for children and adults with no great ambitions of success. The institution has chosen to cast a new look upon such schools, a look beholding students and individuals as capable of great chances of success on their learning processes. So, this work presents the successful results of 46 students, achieved during six years of activities carried out with the use of a multi-sensorial, phonetic-visual-articulatory method that minimizes the loss of focus and the out of measure use of random activities.

Phonetic Characteristics and Speech Treatment of Patients with Abnormal Plosive Consonant of Functional Articulation Disorders / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To study the phonetic characteristics of patients with abnormal plosive consonant of functional articulation disorders (FAD) and the possible treatment approaches.Methods A total of patients of 4~26 years old with abnormal plosive consonant of FAD received speech assessment and the phonetic characteristics.Incorrect articulation patterns and forms of plosive consonant /b/,/p/,/d/,/t/,/g/ and /k/ were analysed.The targeted speech treatment was established to correct the erroneous places and types of pronunciation.Results The error rate of /t/ (82/87)was the highest,followed by /k/(77/87),/d/(67/87),/g/(60/87),/p/(59/87) and /b/(3/87) which was the lowest.The error rate of fricative was 65.52% as the highest among all the erroneous patterns,followed by unaspiration(63.22%),forward movement of the tongue(54.02%),distortion(33.33%),bilabial(32.18%),and backward movement of the tongue(18.39%).Seventy-one cases were completely cured,and 16 cases partially cured after 2 to 10 times of treatment.The number of incorrect words of plosives decreased to 4.03±2.71 after the speech therapy from 67.97±18.56 prior to that.The differences were statistically significant (t =34.301,P<0.001).Conclusion The articulation errors of plosives occur mainly on /t/,/k/,/d/,/g/and /p/,/b/.The incorrect types of pronunciation are fricatives,unaspiration,distortion and omission.The incorrect places of articulation are forward movement of the tongue,bilabial and backward movement of the tongue.The targeted speech therapy established according to the erroneous places and types of articulation is significantly effective.

PERCEFAL: instrumento de avaliação da identificação de contrastes fonológicos / PERCEFAL: an instrument to assess identification of phonological contrasts in Brazilian Portuguese

RESUMO Introdução Verifica-se um crescente interesse de pesquisadores por instrumentos designados para avaliação da percepção da fala. Objetivo Construir um instrumento de identificação perceptual de contrastes fônicos do Português Brasileiro para crianças a partir de 4 anos de idade. Métodos A construção do instrumento envolveu quatro procedimentos: a) delineamento da tarefa experimental; b) seleção dos estímulos que constituíram o instrumento; c) operacionalização do teste; d) estabelecimento dos critérios de análise. Foi utilizado um computador acoplado a um fone de ouvidos e o software PERCEVAL. Resultados O instrumento proposto compreende um subconjunto de quatro experimentos que avaliam, separadamente, a identificação de contrastes entre segmentos vocálicos e entre segmentos consonantais oclusivos, fricativos e soantes. O teste envolve três etapas: fase de reconhecimento de palavras, fase treino e fase teste, com duração total de 15 minutos, aproximadamente. A análise do desempenho perceptivoauditivo das crianças é feita a partir de três critérios: acurácia, tempo de reação e padrão de identificação dos contrastes fônicos, sendo registrada em um protocolo específico. Conclusão Estudos que têm utilizado o PERCEFAL em sua metodologia reportam baixa porcentagem de não resposta por parte das crianças (entre 2% e 5%), o que indica que a tarefa mostra-se apropriada para a sua finalidade. Encoraja-se o uso do instrumento nas diversas regiões do país, para averiguar, não somente sua aplicabilidade, dada à diversidade linguística do país, como também para verificar sua sensibilidade e especificidade.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is a growing interest of researchers in instruments designed for assessment of speech perception. Purpose: To develop an instrument to perceptual identification of phonemic contrasts in the Brazilian Portuguese for children over 4 years of age. Methods: The construction of the instrument involved four procedures: a) design of the experimental task; b) stimuli selection which constituted the instrument; c) operationalization of the test; and d) establishing the analysis criteria. It was used a computer attached to a headphone and PERCEVAL software. Results: The proposed instrument comprises a subset of four experiments that evaluate separately the identification of contrasts between vowel segments and between stops consonant segments, fricative and sonorant consonant segments. The test presents includes three stages: word recognition stage, training stage and testing stage, with an approximate 15-minute overall duration. The analysis of children's auditory perceptual performance is carried out based on three criteria: accuracy, reaction time and pattern of phonic contrasts identification, being recorded following a specific protocol. Conclusion: Studies that have used the PERCEFAL in their methodology have reported a low percentage of non-response by children (between 2 and 5%), which indicates that the task is appropriate for its purpose. It is encouraged the use of the instrument in different regions of the country in order to inquire not only its applicability, due to the existing linguistic diversity in the country; but also, to determine its sensitivity and specificity.

The Role of Lip-Reading for Hearing-impaired Children in Phonetic Identification / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective Use McGurk effect paradigm materials to explore the role of lip-Reading for hearing-impaired children in phonetic identification.Methods Thirty-six severe prelingually hearing-impaired children and thirty-six normal healthy children(binaural PTA≤20 dB HL)were recruited in the study.The test material was composed of audio and video,including/ba/,/da/,/bi/,/di/,/bu/,/du/six stimulation sounds which were video recorded as pronounced.Under 3 different conditions,the two groups were evaluated for the accuracy of audi-tory responses.Results The accuracy of auditory responses of hearing-impaired children group was 0.71 ±0.19, 0.96±0.07,0.11 ±0.16 for auditory-only mode,audio -visual consistent mode and audio -visual inconsistent mode,respectively,0.93±0.10,0.96±0.11,0.54±0.23 for normal hearing children in auditory-only mode,audi-o-visual consistent mode and audio-visual inconsistent mode,respectively.Conclusion The Audio-visual con-sistent mode is the best one and the lip-reading can help hearing-impaired children in phonetic identification.

La relación entre los procesos de lecto-escritura y la música desde la perspectiva neurocognitiva / The relationship between reading and writing and music processes from neurocognitive perspective

La relación entre la música y el lenguaje ha sido ampliamente estudiada desde diversas perspectivas y en general se atribuyen a la música efectos sobre los procesos cognitivos, aunque no queda claro el porqué de dichos efectos, encontrando relaciones específicas con otros aspectos como la prosodia, la memoria, la percepción tonal, a lo cual se agrega que ambos procesos comparten características fonético-fonológicas y visuales que se encuentran alojados en estructuras cerebrales compartidas. El presente artículo es un estudio documental, a partir de estudios neurocientíficos, evolutivos y psicológicos que tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones neuro-anatómicas, fonológicas y visuales del procesamiento del lenguaje que intervienen en la música, buscando conocer si existen vías compartidas, producto del proceso evolutivo que expliquen el desarrollo del proceso de la lecto-escritura, y su relación con características musicales y con ello reconocer los efectos cognitivos de la música sobre los procesos lingüísticos con una base neurocognitiva. Para ello se analiza en primer lugar la relación entre la música y el lenguaje como antecedente acústico a la representación visual del lenguaje. La conclusión es que el procesamiento acústico del ambiente dio paso tanto al lenguaje como a la música, generando estructuras complejas, pero debido a la necesidad de representación gráfica y con fines prácticos, se desarrollaron alfabetos distintos, aunque bajo los mismos principios, lo cual permite comprender el porqué las vías neuronales se comparten tanto en los procesos lingüísticos como en la música, por lo que se encuentran relaciones estrechas en su desarrollo a nivel cerebral...

The relationship between music and language has been extensively studied from different perspectives, and generally have been attributed effects of music on cognitive processes, although it is unclear why these effects are produced, more than finding specific relations with other aspects such as prosody, memory, tonal perception, which is added that both processes share phonetic- phonological and visual features that are hosted on brain structures. This article is a documentary study from neuroscientists, evolutionary and psychological studies, to analyse the neuro - anatomical and visual - phonological processing relationships with the music shared with language, seeking to know if there are common pathways, product of the evolutionary practice of reading and writing, and their relationship to musical characteristics which can allow to recognize cognitive effects of music on language processes with neurocognitive basis to recognize a clear relationship between music and language as acoustic background to the visual representation of language. The conclusion is that acoustic environmental processing ushered in both language and music, creating complex structures due to the need for graphical representation for practical purposes, human beings developed different alphabets, but under the same principles that allow us to understand why the neural pathways are shared both linguistic processes like music, are close relationships in their development in the brain...

An In depth Study of a Song of Tagore HL¢V lh£¾cÊp‰£a : a¢æù f¡W.

The aim of the present paper is to explore the linguistic aspects of one of the most popular song of Tagore : ami chini go chini tomare ogo bideshinee. It should be noted that this study is limited to the poetical framework of the song; the musical aspect is excluded The song pivots on the theme of bideshinee (foreign woman). Contrary to the widespread popular belief, the lady evoked here is not Victoria Ocampo, as is evident from Tagore’s own remarks about the composition of the song as well as all other relevant biographical data. Our objective however is not to establish the identity of this lady who dwells in a distant land, whose image the poet contemplates against the background of an autumn morning or a spring night. Through an in depth study of the salient linguistic features of this song we have tried to demonstrate how the theme of bideshinee had been developed at various levels of the song : phonetic, lexical, morpho-syntactic and semantic levels.

"Strategies of teaching listening in ""medical humanities: viewing, listening and speaking""" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The paper briefly describes the current listening teaching in college English and medical humanities:viewing,listening and speaking,analyses and explores the strategies of teaching listening in this course in three aspects,namely training of reasoning ability-to train students to speculate about the main idea according to a number of key sentences and words ; teaching of notetaking skills-to teach students to take down key points of listening materials by applying certain notetaking format,simplified symbols and words of logical relation; teaching of phonetic knowledge-to teach students phonetic knowledge such as liaison,reduction,loss of plosive,assimilation,stress and intonation specifically according to the listening materials.

Phonetic analysis of Korean elementary students who had overseas study at early ages / 소아과

PURPOSE: The number of the repatriated Korean students who had overseas study at early ages is increasing. They received foreign education, they can speak international languages, but they have many difficulties in articulation and intonation of the Korean language. This study aims to measure closure and aspiration duration, length of consonants, length of subsequent vowels, and ratio of consonants against subsequent vowels in vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) syllables. METHODS: This study compares the acoustic and phonetic characteristics of repatriated and native students, the ratio of articulation error of Korean plosives, the closure and aspiration duration, and the ratio of the aspiration duration against the closure duration. RESULTS: The ratio of articulation error of Korean plosives between repatriated and native students is 19% and 2%, respectively. The closure duration was significantly longer in repatriated students than in native students. The aspiration duration was significantly longer in repatriated students than in native students. No difference was found in the ratio of aspiration duration against closure duration between the native and repatriated students. CONCLUSION: This study can be a good reference for estimating the phonetic difficulties of Korean elementary students who had overseas study at early ages.

Open-Set Monosyllabic Speech Perception Test for Preschool Children / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An open-set monosyllabic speech perception test is necessary, not only to devise habilitation programs but to select candidates and estimate performance in pediatric cochlear implant program. The purpose of this study is to develop a validated open-set monosyllabic speech perception test for preschool children. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Qualitative test development was based on vocabulary familiarity, syllabic and phonemic frequency, and phonetic balancing between the lists. The devised test lists were applied to 138 normal hearing children and 46 children with cochlear implant to examine the validity and reliability. RESULTS: The final two test lists were made up of 100 items with 260 phonemics. The consequential validity of this devised test was proven by the applied results that the speech perception score of children with implanted devices was significantly lower than that of normal children, when controlling for the length of auditory experience. CONCLUSION: The developed monosyllabic speech perception test is the validated instrument for preschool children. It is sensitive to perceptual characteristics of articulatory function in cochlear implanted children. The validity of this test needs to be enhanced by clinical application and further item analysis.

Design and application of a digital thermometer for channels and acupoints based on SPCE061A / 医疗卫生装备

In this paper, a digital phonetic thermometer for channels and acupoints is designed with the SPCE061A SCM (Single Chip Microprocessor). Such of the thermometer are introduced as its design principle, hardware connection, software design flow, main characteristics and application.

Algunas consideraciones sobre la aplicación de la fonética a la enseñanza del idioma inglés / Some considerations about the application of phonetics to the teaching of the English Language

La fonética es una ciencia que estudia la producción, transmisión y recepción de los sonidos del lenguaje por lo que está estrechamente vinculada a la enseñanza de idiomas extranjeros. Su uso práctico en la clase de inglés está ligado con la didáctica y la metodología de la asignatura. Así cuando se utiliza deben tener presente los aspectos lingüísticos y pedagógicos que la integran para llevar a cabo un buen proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. No es lo mismo que el profesor debe conocer respecto a un determinado sonido o fonema que lo que el alumno o estudiante debe conocer del mismo. Los aspectos que atentan contra la buena recepción e incorporación de la pronunciación de los fonemas de una lengua extranjera se aplican en este artículo, lo mismo que algunas consideraciones y principios físicos que rigen esta rama de la ciencia. El uso de las técnicas de corrección fonética es indispensables entonces para corregir el sistema de errores creado como resultado de estos aspectos.

Phonetics is a science that studies the production, transmisión and reception of languaje sounds, thus it is clasely related to the teaching foreing languages. Its practica use in the English class is linked to didactics and methodology of the subject. So, when it is used it it should be bear in mind the linguistic and pedagogic aspects that integrate it for carrying out a goog learning -teaching process. It is not the same what the professor should know as to a certain sound or phonema and what the student should know about it. The aspects that affect the good reception and incorporation of the phonemic pronunciation of a foreing language are expleained in this study, and also some considerations and physical principles that guide in this branch of the science. The use of the phonetic correction techeniques is indispensable then for correcting the mistake systern created in the students as a result of those aspects.

Development and application of Chinese phonetic laboratory system / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To design a Chinese phonetic laboratory system for clinical blood and urine analysis with Chinese pronunciation. Methods The database/table for saving data of patients is established on the basis of Microsoft Access 2000. The Windows Chinese speech function API is used for Chinese pronunciation. The codes of all objects are translated to an executive file which is set up with Visual Basic 6.0 tool kit. Results All data received from 100,000 samples are saved without error in the program running. The Chinese pronunciation is clear. Conclusion This Chinese phonetic laboratory system is effective and flexible in managing the data from blood analyzer and urine analyzer, which helps to improve the standardization of laboratory data report in Out-patient Department.