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Objective Multisystem infammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children is a febrile illness that has overlapping presentation with other locally prevalent illnesses. Clinicolaboratory profle of children admitted with MIS-C and dengue were compared to understand their presentation at the outset. Methods This was a retrospective study of children?12 y admitted with MIS-C (WHO defnition) or laboratory-confrmed dengue between August 2020 and January 2021 at a tertiary center in North India. Results A total of 84 children (MIS-C - 40; dengue - 44) were included. The mean (SD) age [83.5 (39) vs. 91.6 (35) mo] was comparable. Rash (72.5% vs. 22.7%), conjunctival injection (60% vs. 2.3%), oral mucocutaneous changes (27.5% vs. 0) and gallop rhythm (15% vs. 0) were seen more frequently with MIS-C, while petechiae [29.5% vs. 7.5%], myalgia (38.6% vs. 10%), headache (22.7% vs. 2.5%), and hepatomegaly (68.2% vs. 27.5%) were more common with dengue. Children with MIS-C had signifcantly higher C-reactive protein (124 vs. 3.2 mg/L) and interleukin 6 (95.3 vs. 20.7 ng/mL), while those with dengue had higher hemoglobin (12 vs. 10.2 g/dL) lower mean platelet count (26 vs. 140× 109 /L), and greater elevation in aspartate (607 vs. 44 IU/L) and alanine (235.5 vs. 56 IU/L) aminotransferases. The hospital stay was longer with MIS-C; however, PICU stay and mortality were comparable. Conclusion In hospitalized children with acute febrile illness, the presence of mucocutaneous features and highly elevated CRP could distinguish MIS-C from dengue. The presence of petechiae, hepatomegaly, and hemoconcentration may favor a diagnosis of dengue.
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Objectives To know the clinical presentation and outcome of children with pediatric infammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV- 2 (PIMS-TS) at a pediatric tertiary care center in Chennai. Methods Clinical and biochemical parameters of 65 children with PIMS-TS treated between July and October 2020 were studied. All children had their COVID RT-PCR and IgG COVID antibodies tests done. Results Mean age of the study group was 5.65±3.68 y. Fever with red eyes, rash, vomiting, abdominal pain, and shock were common presenting features. Sixty percent of the study group had Kawasaki/incomplete Kawasaki features. Sixty-seven percent of the study group had coronary dilatation, 41% presented with shock, and 25% had left ventricular dysfunction. Coronary aneurysms were documented in 58% of the study group (z score more than 2.5). Respiratory presentation with pneumonia was seen in 10%. Four children presented with acute abdomen. Acute kidney injury, acute liver failure, hemolysis, pancytopenia, macrophage activation syndrome, encephalopathy, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were other features. Forty-three percent required noninvasive oxygen support and 15.4% required mechanical ventilation. Intravenous immunoglobulin (73.8%) and methylprednisolone (49.8%) were used for therapy. Mortality in the study was 6%, which was due to MODS. Conclusions Acute febrile illness with mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations should have PIMS-TS as a possible diferential diagnosis and needs evaluation with infammatory markers and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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Abstract Objective: The clinical cases of patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) were analyzed via a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical findings, treatments, and possible outcomes of articles retrieved via database searches. Sources: The authors searched the PubMed, Scielo, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASA, EBSCO, and Scopus databases for articles containing the keywords "multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children" or "MIS-C" or "PIMS-TS" or "SIMP" and "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" published between December 1st, 2019 and July 10th, 2021. Patient characteristics, tissue and organ comorbidities, the incidence of symptoms after COVID-19 infection, treatment, and patient evolution in the articles found were evaluated. The data were abstracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Findings: In total, 98 articles (2275 patients) were selected for demographics, clinical treatment, and outcomes of patients diagnosed with MIS-C. The average age of children with MIS-C, 56.8% of whom were male, was of nine years. Fever (100%), gastrointestinal (GI) (82%), and abdominal pain (68%) were the decisive symptoms for the diagnosis of MIS-C. Shock and/or hypotension were common in patients with MIS-C. Cardiac symptoms (66%) predominated over respiratory (39%) and neurological (28%) symptoms. MIS-C treatment followed the common guidelines for treating children with septic shock and Kawasaki disease (KD) and proved to be effective. Conclusions: This meta-analysis highlights the main clinical symptoms used for the diagnosis of MIS-C, the differences between MIS-C and KD, and the severity of the inflammatory process and urgency for hospital care.
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La infección por SARS-CoV-2 es poco frecuente en niños, niñas y adolescentes, con manifestaciones clínicas leves o asintomáticos, pero desde abril del 2020, se han reportado niños gravemente enfermos en las zonas de mayor incidencia de infecciones por coronavirus, caracterizado por fiebre, síntomas gastrointestinales y marcadores de inflamación sistémica, compromiso cardiovascular importante (shock, disfunción miocárdica o miocarditis), con semejanzas a la Enfermedad de Kawasaki, tormenta de citoquinas y síndrome de activación macrofágica, denominado Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico (PIMS/MIS-C). La patogénesis no se conoce exactamente, pero una respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa alterada asociada a autoinmunidad podría ser el mecanismo. Si bien no existe una guía terapéutica estandarizada, la mayoría de los pacientes reciben gamaglobulina intravenosa y corticoides sistémicos, y en algunos casos se requiere el uso inhibidores de interleuquinas. Se ha reportado una buena respuesta y mejoría en casi todos los niños, con una baja letalidad de 1,7-2%.
SARS-CoV-2 infection is rare in children and adolescents, with mild or asymptomatic clinical manifestations, but since April 2020, seriously ill children have been reported in areas with the highest incidence of coronavirus infections, characterized by fever, gastrointestinal symptoms and markers of systemic inflammation, significant cardiovascular compromise (shock, myocardial dysfunction or myocarditis), with similarities to Kawasaki disease, cytokine storm and macrophage activation syndrome, called Pediatric Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome (PIMS / MIS-C) ). The pathogenesis is not exactly known, but an altered innate and adaptive immune response associated with autoimmunity could be the mechanism. Although there is no standardized therapeutic guide, most patients receive intravenous gamma globulin and systemic corticosteroids, and in some cases the use of interleukin inhibitors is required. A good response and improvement has been reported in almost all children, with a low fatality rate of 1.7-2%.
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Humans , Child , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , COVID-19 , Prognosis , Signs and Symptoms , Clinical Evolution , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/diagnosisABSTRACT
Desde la aparición de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, la población pediátrica ha sido menos afectada por la enfermedad tanto en frecuencia como en severidad. Sin embargo, desde abril de este año se han reportado casos de presentación y gravedad variables, caracterizados por fenómenos inflamato rios que afectan múltiples órganos, condición denominada Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico (PIMS). La literatura describe frecuente compromiso cardíaco, hasta en un 80%. Este se caracteriza por injuria miocárdica con significativa elevación de biomarcadores: Troponinas séricas I/T, BNP o NT-ProBNP, unido a diversos grados de disfunción ventricular, pericarditis, valvulitis y arritmias. Además, se ha evidenciado la presencia de compromiso coronario el cual puede ocurrir hasta en un 23% de los casos, en un rango que va desde dilataciones hasta aneurismas. El seguimien to cardiológico hospitalizado y ambulatorio se ha sistematizado en base a los fenotipos clínicos de presentación: injuria miocárdica (miocarditis, valvulitis, pericarditis), shock (habitualmente de tipo "vasopléjico"), manifestaciones tipo Enfermedad de Kawasaki y aquellos casos PIMS que no cumplen con la clínica de los tres precedentes. Este último grupo es el que representa el mayor desafío en el cor to, mediano y seguimiento a largo plazo. Por esta razón se requiere un equipo multidisciplinario para su manejo. Considerando la alta frecuencia del compromiso cardíaco en el PIMS y la importancia de lograr un consenso en su manejo y seguimiento, se presentan estas recomendaciones según el estado actual del conocimiento de esta patología recientemente descrita.
Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the pediatric population has been less affected by the disease both in frequency and severity. However, since April cases of variable presentation and severity characterized by inflammatory phenomena that affect multiple organs have been reported, a condition called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). The literature has reported frequent cardiac involvement, up to 80%. This is characterized by myocardial injury with a significant increase of biomarkers such as serum troponins I and T, BNP, or NT-ProBNP coupled with varying degrees of ventricular dysfunction, pericarditis, valvulitis, and arrhythmias. Coronary compromise has also been described, which can occur in up to 23% of cases, and ranges from dila tations to aneurysms. Inpatient and outpatient cardiology follow-up has been systematized based on the clinical phenotypes such as myocardial injury (myocarditis, valvulitis, pericarditis), shock (usua lly vasoplegic), Kawasaki disease-type manifestations, and those MIS-C that do not comply with the clinic of the previous three. This last group represents the main challenge in the short-, medium- and long-term follow-up, therefore, it is necessary a multidisciplinary team for managing these patients. Considering the high frequency of cardiac compromise in MIS-C, and the importance of reaching a consensus regarding its management and follow-up, we present these recommendations according to the current state of knowledge regarding this recently described pathology.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Cardiovascular Diseases/virology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy , COVID-19/therapy , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Shock/therapy , Shock/virology , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Chile , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/physiopathology , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/therapy , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/virologyABSTRACT
Introduction: Polypharmacy is the practice of prescribing many medications. In this study, we assessed the current status of polypharmacy among elderly patients and cases of inappropriate prescription (IP) at the Department of General Internal Medicine (GIM) at Sendai Medical Center.Methods: We retrospectively surveyed 136 inpatients who were over 65 years old between April 2015 and March 2016 at the Department of GIM.We examined the patient's current medications and used the STOPP (screening tool of older person's potentially inappropriate prescriptions) criteria version 2 to analyze potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) cases.Results: Of 136 study patients, 77 (56.6%) patients were taking more than 6 medications. For patients over 75 years old, the average number of current medications increased.In addition, 33 cases of PIM were confirmed and the number increased in proportion to the number of current medications. Furthermore, there were 4 cases of adverse reactions in which the STOPP criteria version 2 were not applied.Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed polypharmacy in the examined patients.In order to solve the problem of polypharmacy, all medical staff must cooperate and review the prescriptions of individual patients.General physicians should assume the leading role in the distribution and improvement of polypharmacy and IP.
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0.05).But PMA increased and SC-3088 decreased cAMP content and PKA activity in LPS-stimulated rat PIMs(P
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0.05); but significantly increased cAMP content and PKA activity at high concentration [(10-9~10-5) mol?L-1] (compared with normal control group:P