The Journey and Excitement Following the Development of the First Peptide in a Pill: A Brief Overview of Pharmacology and Clinical Trials of Oral Semaglutide

Oral semaglutide is the newest discovery, the first in class peptide in a pill. Sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino)caprylate (SNAC), a small fatty acid, has been co-formulated with semaglutide, which facilitates its absorption from the gastric mucosa. It has 94% homology with human glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). It comes in three dose forms – 3 mg, 7 mg and 14 mg. It is given as once daily dosing and is recommended in adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients as monotherapy when metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated and in combination with other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). In a phase 3 trial, it has been shown to reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) up to 1.5%, with weight reduction up to 5 kg with a 14 mg dose. There was nonsignificant risk reduction of 21% in 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and 51% and 49% risk reduction in cardiovascular (CV) deaths and all-cause mortality, respectively. Oral semaglutide was found to be superior to empagliflozin, sitagliptin and liraglutide in both glycemic control and weight reduction. It also exhibits many pleiotropic effects – reduced energy intake, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effect, to name a few. Nausea was the most common side effect which was experienced by only 15% to 20% of patients. It was mild-to-moderate and transient. Overall, oral semaglutide has shown its efficacy both early and late in the management of diabetes, irrespective of renal and hepatic impairment.

Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics of Protein-lipid Interaction between CD3ε and PIP2 in Lipid Raft Nanodomains / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Lipid raft nanodomains of plasma membrane are rich in saturated lipids‚ cholesterol‚ sphingolipids‚ functioning as multimolecular platforms to recruit signaling and trafficking proteins involved in an array of physiological processes‚ which are critical for regulating signal transduction in cell. The staggering complexity of cell membranes and the transient formation of nanodomains greatly hinder research on lipid rafts by traditional experimental means. Molecular dynamics simulations have provided important insight into the organizational principles of cell membranes recently. Simulated membrane systems are under a transition from simple membrane models to multicomponent systems‚ culminating in realistic models of various cell types. Coarse-grained models have been extensively adopted as a powerful tool to explore membrane organization and interactions between lipids and proteins‚ providing efficient computational speed and enabling complex systems. In this work‚ coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with MARTINI force field were performed to build a raft-forming membrane with mixed lipids‚ including negatively charged lipid PIP2. Mixed lipids in this model were spontaneously partitioned into binary-phase membrane during 5 μs simulations by low temperature (295 K) treatment‚ forming lipid ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) nanodomains. Results of membrane thickness‚ lipid distribution‚ membrane fluidity‚ order parameters of the acyl tails‚ radial distribution functions were consistent with simulation and experimental data. Addition of small amounts of PIP2 did not affect the raft formation‚ and it showed remarkable affinity to lipid raft nanodomains. Simulations of the signaling transmembrane protein CD3ε in our raft-forming membranes were further performed to study the protein-lipid interaction as well. Results showed that the cytoplasmic tail of CD3ε was recruited to the Lo/ Ld boundary due to PIP2 binding‚ and this binding was regulated by Ca

Bioinformatics analysis and fluorescence quantitative PCR results of Ricinus communis PIP5Ks / 中草药

Objective To predict the expression of seven genes in the PIP5K gene family, and to determine the relative expression of PIP5Ks in different stages of type Lm gynoecious Ricinus communis aLmAB2. Method Bioinformatics analysis of online software protein physicochemical properties analysis, protein hydrophobicity analysis subcellular localization prediction, transmembrane region analysis, etc. Bioinformatics analysis of hemp PIP5K gene family and DNAMAN for sequence alignment and real-time PCR. Results The results showed that there were seven members in the R. communis PIP5Ks, which were PIP5K1, PIP5K2, PIP5K4, PIP5K6, PIP5K8, PIP5K9, and PIP5K11. The amino acid sequence homology of the corresponding protein of R. communis PIP5K reached 48.06%, and the protein of R. communis PIP5Ks all are hydrophilic proteins. Except that PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 were unstable proteins, the rest were stable proteins, and the corresponding proteins of PIP5Ks have no transmembrane domain, and all were non-transmembrane proteins. Subcellular localization results showed that the proteins PIP5K1, PIP5K4, PIP5K6, PIP5K9, and PIP5K11 were less likely to have a lead peptide, and there was no corresponding amino acid cleavage site, ie, localized in other organelles or possibly cytoplasmic proteins; Protein PIP5K2 was localized in chloroplasts, the chloroplast transit peptide has a higher value, and the protein PIP5K8 was located in the secretory pathway. From the perspective of the relative expression of PIP5Ks in the differential expression, except that no fluorescence was detected in PIP5K4, the other PIP5Ks had a certain differential expression. The changes of relative expression of PIP5Ks showed similar trends, the levels of PIP5K1, PIP5K2 relative expression were high, followed by the relative expression of PIP5K8, PIP5K9, and PIP5K6 and PIP5K11 only have fewer expressions. Conclusion It is concluded that PIP5Ks may have a certain effect on the inflorescence axis traits in ramie. The differential expression of PIP5K on the inflorescence axis has the certain regularity with the development of inflorescence.

The Effect of Pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position on respiratory mechanics under general anesthesia during gynecological laparoscopic surgery / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background@#Gynecological laparoscopic surgery requires pneumoperitoneum(PP) with CO₂ gas insufflation and Trendelenburg position. Pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position may impact intraoperative respiratory mechanics in anesthetic management.The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of Pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position on respiratory mechanics and ventilation. @*Methods@#Twenty one patients scheduled for elective gynecological laparoscopy were evaluated. The patients had no preexisting lung and heart disease or pathologic lung function. Conventional general anesthesia with thiopental sodium, fentanyl, аtracrium and isoflurane was administered. The peak inspiratory pressure, plateau pressure, and end-tidal CO₂ were compared before after creation of pneumoperitoneum with an intraabdominal pressure of 15 mmH₂O, then after PP10, PP20, PP30 minutes in the 20° Trendelenburg position, and after deflation of pneumoperitoneum. The dynamic lung compliance was calculated.@*Results@#During of pneumoperitoneum, there were a significant increase in peak inspiratory pressure by 6 cmH₂O, plateau pressure by 5 cmH₂O, while dynamic lung compliance decreased by 11 ml/cmH₂O. General, the Trendelenburg position induced no significant hemodynamic and pulmonary changes.@*Conclusion@#The effects of pneumoperitoneum significantly reduced dynamic lung compliance and increased peak inspiratory and plateau pressures. The Tredelenburg position did not change these parameters. The end-tidal CO₂ significantly increased after pneumoperitoneum and CO₂ deflation.

The therapeutic effect of piperacillin sodium and sulbactum sodium(PIP/SBT)for injection in children bronchopneumonia / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To analyzed the therapeutic effect of piperacillin sodium and sulbactum sodium(PIP/SBT)for injection in children bronchopneumonia.Methods 162 bronchopneumonia children who were admitted to pediatrics department during January 2014 to January 2016 were enrolled for this study and randomly divided into the observation group and the control group.The observation group received piperacillin sodium and sulbactum sodium therapy, while the control group received azithromycin.The symptom scores of coughing, wheezing, wheezing sound and the difficulty of expectoration in the 3rd day and 7th day were compared.The therapeutic effect of the two groups were evaluated.Results The observation group and the control group could both improve the symptom scores of coughing, wheezing, wheezing sound and the difficulty of expectoration in the 3rd day and 7th day, while the scores of observation group were significantly lower than the control ones.And the effective rate of observation group(97.5%)was significantly higher than the control one(90.1%).Conclusion Piperacillin sodium and sulbactum sodium(PIP/SBT)for injection had significantly clinical effect applying in children bronchopneumonia treatment, which was worthy of further popularization and application.

Resultados de un programa de seguimiento de las prótesis mamarias pip (poly-implant-prothese) / Results of a program to monitor the pip breast prostheses (poly-implant-prothese)

Objective: The rupture of mammary protheses PIP (poly-implant-prothese) caused an alarm, settling in Spain a protocol for the management of patients. As hospital unit of reference for the management, monitoring and treatment of patients carrying PIP breast implants, we propose objective to make a descriptive study of the current situation in our country and compare it to the hitherto described in the literature. Method: We conducted a transversal study of all patients who came during the years 2012 and 2013, to the Unit of Mammary Pathology of the Universitary General Hospital of Elche. Results: With a total of 285 women, we observed a high rate of implant rupture (50.2 percent) asymptomatic most (84.6 percent). Fact that the year 2006 had the highest percentage of breakage and the appearance of siliconomas. Conclusions: Our series confirms rupture rate similar to that described in the literature for PIP breast implants. We observed a higher percentage of breakage from the year 2006, coinciding with the period of manufacture described poorer quality of these implants. Axillary siliconomas were evident in 35.1 percent of patients, the only locally axillary symptoms.

Objetivo: La rotura de las prótesis mamarias PIP (poly-implant-prothese) ha supuesto una alarma, estableciéndose en España un protocolo para el manejo y seguimiento de las pacientes. Como unidad hospitalaria de referencia para el manejo, seguimiento y tratamiento de las pacientes portadoras de prótesis mamarias PIP, nos proponemos como objetivo realizar un estudio descriptivo de la situación actual en nuestro medio y compararlo con lo hasta ahora descrito en la literatura. Método: Realizamos un estudio transversal de todas las pacientes que acudieron durante los años 2012 y 2013, a la Consulta de la Unidad de Patología Mamaria del Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Resultados: Con un total de 285 mujeres, observamos la elevada tasa de ruptura de los implantes (50,2 por ciento) la mayoría asintomáticos (84,6 por ciento). Siendo el año 2006 el de mayor porcentaje de rotura y la aparición de siliconomas. Conclusiones: Se confirma una tasa de ruptura similar a la descrita en la literatura para los implantes mamarios PIP. Observamos un mayor porcentaje de rotura a partir del año 2006, coincidiendo con el período de fabricación descrito de peor calidad de estos implantes. Se evidenciaron siliconomas axilares en el 35,1 por ciento de las pacientes, siendo la única sintomatología a nivel local axilar.

Inactivation of Tor proteins affects the dynamics of endocytic proteins in early stage of endocytosis.

Tor2 is an activator of the Rom2/Rho1 pathway that regulates α-factor internalization. Since the recruitment of endocytic proteins such as actin-binding proteins and the amphiphysins precedes the internalization of α-factor, we hypothesized that loss of Tor function leads to an alteration in the dynamics of the endocytic proteins. We report here that endocytic proteins, Abp1 and Rvs167, are less recruited to endocytic sites not only in tor2 but also tor1 mutants. Furthermore, we found that the endocytic proteins Rvs167 and Sjl2 are completely mistargeted to the cytoplasm in tor1Δtor2ts double mutant cells. We also demonstrate here that the efficiency of endocytic internalization or scission in all tor mutants was drastically decreased. In agreement with the Sjl2 mislocalization, we found that in tor1Δtor2ts double mutant cells, as well as other tor mutant cells, the overall PIP2 level was dramatically increased. Finally, the cell wall chitin content in tor2ts and tor1Δtor2ts mutant cells was also significantly increased. Taken together, both functional Tor proteins, Tor1 and Tor2, are essentially required for proper endocytic protein dynamics at the early stage of endocytosis.

Role of PLC/PIP2 signaling pathway in radiation-induced NRP1 + Treg cells / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To explore the role of PLC/PIP2 signal pathway in the changes of mouse thymus CD4 + CD25 + NRP1 + Treg and TGF-β1 after different doses of X-ray irradiation Methods 36 ICR mice were randomly divided into 6 groups according to the irradiation doses of 0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 and 6.0 Gy,respectively.Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of NRP1 + Treg,and ELISA was used to detect the expression of TGF-β1 in mouse thymocytes at 16 h post-irradiation.The EL-4 cells were irradiated by X-rays at the dose of 4.0 Gy after co-cultured with the PMA and TMB-8 for 2 hours.Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of NRP1 + Treg,and ELISA was used to detect the changes of TGF-β1 at 48 h post-irradiation.Results The NRP1 + Treg appeared a transient decrease at both 0.5 and 1.0 Gy irradiation and reached its valley value at 1.0 Gy (t =6.96,P ＜ 0.01),then showed a dosedependent increase and reached its peak at 6.0 Gy (t =6.70,P ＜ 0.01).The TGF-β1 level decreased after 0.5 Gy X-rays (t =12.53,P ＜0.01),then increased at a dose-dependent manner and reached its peak at 4.0 Gy (t =10.40-19.56,P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the sham-irradiation,NRP1 + Treg was decreased significantly after PMA treatment (t =3.06,P ＜ 0.01),while it was up-regulated significantly after irradiation in the presence of PMA (t =8.27,P ＜ 0.01).TGF-β1 was reduced in the presence of PMA with or without irradiation (t =10.46-39.69,P ＜ 0.01).NRP1 + Treg and TGF-β1 were increased significantly after TMB-8 treatment (t =5.53-44.26,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions NRP1 + Treg cells and TGF-β1 were up-regulated after a high dose radiation,and the PLC/PIP2 signal pathway may participate in the regulation.

The Comparison of SP-AP Elicited by Tone Pip and Click in Guinea Pig / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To compare the characteristics of the SP-AP compound wave elicited by click and tone pip.Methods The electrocoehleogram was recorded with round window electrode,and waves were elicited by click and tone pips,respectively.Results The SP-AP compound waves were elicited 1,2,3,4 and 8 kHz tone pip and click.The amplitude of SP at each frequency was-13.56±8.7,-16.61±10.53,-10.13±14.75,-3.71±14.49,-2.99±5.4 and -4.44±10.81 μv,respectively.Conclusion Tone pip at 1,2,3,4,8 kHz can elicit SP,and produce frequency specific SP wave.This is helpful to identify the lesion site of auditory neuropathy.

Regulation of Adenosine-activated GIRK Channels by Gq-coupled Receptors in Mouse Atrial Myocytes

Adenosine (Ado) is an important mediator of the endogenous defense against ischemia-induced injury in the heart. The action of Ado is mediated by activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels. In turn, GIRK channels are inhibited by reducing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) through Gq protein-coupled receptors (GqPCRs). We previously found that GIRK channels activated by acetylcholine, a muscarinic M2 acetylcholine receptor agonist, are inhibited by GqPCRs in a receptor-specific manner. However, it is not known whether GIRK channels activated by Ado signaling are also regulated by GqPCRs. Presently, this was investigated in mouse atrial myocytes using the patch clamp technique. GIRK channels were activated by 100 micrometer Ado. When Ado was repetitively applied at intervals of 5~6 min, the amplitude of second Ado-activated GIRK currents (I(K(Ado))) was 88.3+/-3.7% of the first I(K(Ado)) in the control. Pretreatment of atrial myocytes with phenylephrine, endothelin-1, or bradykinin prior to a second application of Ado reduced the amplitude of the second I(K(Ado)) to 25.5+/-11.6%, 30.5+/-5.6%, and 96.0+/-2.7%, respectively. The potency of I(K(Ado)) inhibition by GqPCRs was different with that observed in acetylcholine-activated GIRK currents (I(K(ACh))) (endothelin-1>phenylephrine>bradykinin). I(K(Ado)) was almost completely inhibited by 500 micrometer of the PIP2 scavenger neomycin, suggesting low PIP2 affinity of I(K(Ado)). Taken together, these results suggest that the crosstalk between GqPCRs and the Ado-induced signaling pathway is receptor-specific. The differential change in PIP2 affinity of GIRK channels activated by Ado and ACh may underlie, at least in part, their differential responses to GqPCR agonists.

Prevention of Fat Liquefaction Following Cesarean Section Using Povidone lodine in Obese Pregnant Women:A Clinical Observation of 300 Cases / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To explore clinical results of fat liquefaction of incision wound following cesarean section for obese pregnant women.METHODS Totally 300 obese pregnant women with cesarean section were randomly divided into three groups: group A,iodine(PVP-Ⅰ) group(using PVP-Ⅰ(0.5%) after suturing the abdominal rectus sheath);group B(normal saline group);group C(control group without any liquid).All patients were preoperatively used antibiotics to control the infection.The rate of puerperal morbidity,white cell count and wound infection were observed.RESULTS All parameters of group A were lower than group B or C.There were significant differences among three groups(P

Treatment of Unstable Dorsal Proximal InterphalangealFracture/Dislocation using a Hemi-Hamate Autograft / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical and radiology assessments of the treatment outcomes of an unstable dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) fracture and dislocation by hemi-hamate autograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients underwent a hemi-hamate autograft for the treatment of an unstable dorsal PIP fracture dislocation of which the articular involvement of the PIP joint was >50%, or an unstable joint despite the lesser degree of involvement. The clinical results were evaluated from the following: postoperative patient satisfaction, range of motion, stability and grip strength. The radiographs were evaluated for the union, and graft incorporation, and/or collapse. RESULTS: All patients were satisfied with the results and the range of motion of the PIP joint was 81 degrees (75-100 degrees). In all cases, stability of the PIP joint was restored. The average grip strength was 82% (75-90%) of the uninjured side. Bone union was achieved in all patients. CONCLUSION: A hemi-hamate autograft is effective for reconstructing the cup-shaped contour of the articular surface, and for recovering the functional range of motion of the PIP joint after an unstable dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) fracture and dislocation. However, more study will be needed through a mid-term and long-term follow up.

Up-regulation of P13K/Akt Signaling by 17 beta-estradiol through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-alpha in Breast Cancer Cells / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: Estrogen stimulates cell proliferation in breast cancer, the biological effects of which are mediated through two intracellular receptors: estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta). However, the actual role of ERs in the proliferative action of estrogen remains to be established. It was recently found that ER activates phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K), via its binding with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K. Therefore, possible mechanisms may include ER-mediated phosphoinositide metabolism, with the subsequent formation of phosphatidylinositol-3, 4, 5-trisphosphate (PIP(3)), which is generated from phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) via PI3K activation. The present study has demonstrated that 17b-estradiol (E2) up-regulates PI3K in an ERalpha, but not an ERbeta dependent manner, and also stimulates cell growth in breast cancer cells. METHODS: To study this phenomenon, we treated ER-positive MCF-7 cells and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells with 10 nM E2. RESULTS: The treatment of MCF-7 cells with E2 resulted in a marked increase in the expression of PI3K (p85), which was paralleled by increases in the levels of phospho-Akt (Ser-473) and PIP3. These observations were also correlated with increased E2-induced cell proliferation activity. However, no effects of E2 on breast cancer cells were observed in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, indicating the pathway of E2-mediated up-regulation of PI3K/Akt is ERalpha-dependent. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that estrogen activates PI3K/Akt signaling via an ERalpha-dependent mechanism in MCF-7 cells.

Clinical Observation on Oral Use of Herbal Medicine Combined with Ultrasonic Wave and Herbal Medicine Mask for Acne Simplex / 广州中医药大学学报

[Objective] To observe the therapeutic effect of oral use of heat-clearing, damp-removing and toxicity-clearing herbal medicine combined with ultrasonic wave and herbal medicine mask treatment in treating acne simplex (AS). [Methods] Two hundred and ten cases of AS were randomized into groups A and B. Group A ( n=113) was treated with modified Yinchenhao Decoction and Qingfei Decoction for oral use and added with ultrasonic wave and mask prepared with herbal medicine including Borneolum Syntheticum, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Fructus Forsythiae; group B ( n=97) was treated with metronidazole 0.2 g, tid, and vitamin Bg 20mg, tid, as well as erythromycin ointment for external application. After a 4-week treatment, the therapeutic effect was compared. [Results] The total effective rale was 80.6% in group A and 41.3% in group B, and the markedly effective rate was 50.5% in group A and 28.9% in group B, the difference being significant (P

Study of the mechanism of different regulation of Kir current in two expressions systems by PKC / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the regulatory effects of PMA,a PKC activator,on Kir 2.3 channel function expressed in Xenopus oocytes and COS-7 cells,and PIP2 involvement in these regulations.Methods Kir 2.3 channel was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and COS-7 cell by RNA microinjection and DNA transfection using calcium phosphate precipitate,respectively.Two-electrode-voltage-clamp and whole-cell patch clamp were used to record the Kir 2.3 current in Xenopus oocytes and COS-7 cell.The PIP2 hydrolysis was detected by confocal microscopy.Results PMA significantly inhibited Kir 2.3 current in Xenopus oocytes.But PMA had no effect on the Kir 2.3 current expressed in COS-7 cell,in which activation of M1 receptor,however,induced a significant inhibition of Kir 2.3 current.It was reported recently that PMA could trigger the PIP2 hydrolysis in membrane of oocytes.Thus PKC inhibition of Kir 2.3 current seen in oocytes could be the result of PIP2 hydrolysis.Following the same line,the inability of PKC inhibition of Kir 2.3 current seen in COS-7 cells would suggest PKC could not induce PIP2 hydrolysis in these cells. This hypothesis was tested by monitoring the PIP2 level in COS-7 cell membrane by confocal microscopy.Dynamic changes in membrane PIP2 level were imaged using GFP fluorescence signal that had been tagged to the PLC?1PH domain known to be able to bind PIP2 specifically. There was no significant change of PIP2 level on COS-7 cell membrane after longtime treatment of PMA,whereas again,the activation of M1 receptor by ACh induced a significant change in the PIP2 level.These results were in perfect agreement with the electrophysiological results.Conclusions PMA,through activation of PKC,inhibited Kir 2.3 current expressed in Xenopus oocytes but not in COS-7 cells.Similarly PMA induced significant reduction in membrane PIP2 level in Xenopus oocytes but not in COS-7 cells. PIP2 hydrolysis plays an important role in PKC-induced inhibition of the Kir channel currents.

Perinatal Risk Factors for the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Premature Infants Less Than 32 Weeks' Gestation

OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical characteristics and perinatal risk factors of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) among premature infants less than 32 weeks' gestation and access the role of ventilatory indices and maternal factors that may predispose preterm infants to the development of chronic lung disease (CLD). METHODS: Clinical data was collected retrospectively from the 256 premature infants less than 32 weeks' gestation and their mothers during 3-year study period. RESULTS: Among 212 preterm infants less than 32 weeks' gestation who survived to 28 days of life, 58 (27.4%) had CLD. Predisposing neonatal factors for developing CLD included lower gestational age, lower birth weight, Apgar score at 1 and 5 minute, occlusion of PDA after day 4 of age, birth weight nadir and the duration reached to it, serum level of total white blood cell (WBC) at birth, and the level of IgM over 30 mg/dL within 7 days after birth. Maternal factors for developing CLD in their infants included maternal age, mode of delivery, use of antenatal corticosteroid, and the level of WBC count in amniotic fluid (>50/mm3). FiO2 at day 2, PIP at day 2-7 and 10, MAP at day 2, 3, 5 and 10, and oxygenation index at day 2, 3, 5-7, and 10 were significant risk factors in development of CLD. Furthermore, PIP per birth weight, MAP per birth weight, and modified oxygenation index far better predicted the development of CLD than PIP, MAP and oxygenation index per se at any ages of all infants included in the study. CONCLUSION: In addition to neonatal factors, maternal factors including age, mode of delivery, use of antenatal corticosteroid, and the level of WBC count in amniotic fluid (>30/mm3) can be used as risk factors in predicting the development of CLD in their infants. Variable ventilatory indices (PIP, MAP, oxygenation index) in relation to birth weight could better predict the development of CLD in infants less than 32 weeks' gestation.

Phospholipase C signaling pathway and M channel modulation / 第二军医大学学报

As an outward,voltage-dependent potassium channel,M type channel is crucial in the regulation of neuronal excitability;it is modulated by a variety of factors in vivo and its dysfunction often results in neuronal system diseases.Great efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanism underlying M channel modulation since its discovery decades ago.It is generally accepted that the Phospholipase C(PLC) signaling pathway plays a significant role in the M channel modulation.This review highlights the relationship between PLC signaling pathway and M channel modulation,as well as some recent progresses in the research of this field.

Effect of the Duration of Tone Pip with Blackman Windows on auditory Brainstem Response / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between the duration of tone pip with Blackman envelop and morphology or latency of auditory brainstem responses.Methods ABRs were recorded using 0.5,1,2,4 and 8 kHz tone pips with Blackman envelope at different intervals.Results The longer the duration of stimulus was,the better the frequency specificity of stimulus was.However,the ABR morphology were affected and the latencies of wave Ⅲ were prolonged.Conclusion When using tone pips to evokes ABR,stimuli should be well considered in order to produce better frequency specificity and transient state.

Mathematical model of the hydrolization of PIP2 with the stimulation of EGF / 医疗卫生装备

To investigate dynamic characteristics of the hydrolization lipid phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate(PIP 2 )with the stimulation of epidermal growth factor(EGF),the mathematical model to simulate the metabolizability of PIP 2 is established based on Law of Mass Action and Law of the Quasi-steady-State Approximation.Differential equations of concentration relations between PIP 2 and EGF receptor are formulated,and the effect of the parameters on the changing trend of PIP 2 is analyzed.This mathematical model describes biology characteristics of metabolized PIP 2 and dependency relationships of concentration between key signal producuts.