Analysis of gastrointestinal drugs in patients admitted in CCU and ICCU of a tertiary care hospital in Goa, India

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are a common problem worldwide. They are frequently encountered in non-critical as well as in critically ill hospitalized patients.Methods: This was a prospective and observational study conducted on patients admitted in CCU and ICCU of Goa Medical College and Hospital. Data was collected from the patients� case records and was analysed referring to WHO prescribing indicators. Data was represented as Mean盨D, number and frequency.Results: A total of 2250 drugs were prescribed, out of which 376 (16.71%) were gastrointestinal drugs. Most common route of administration was oral 323 (85.90%). Prescription patterns of GI drugs were: 275 (73.14%) from National List of Essential Medicines, 20 (5.31%) as fixed dose combinations and 4 (1.06%) by generic names. Pantoprazole 183 (48.67%) was the most frequently prescribed drug for peptic ulcer in present study.Conclusions: From the findings of this study we noted that among the GI drugs used, those for peptic ulcer were the most commonly prescribed. Also majority were from the essential drug list. But prescribing by generic names was low. Review of drug utilization trends is a necessary aid to formulate and modify existing protocols and guidelines to improve treatment outcomes in a given setting.

Effects of Provincial Pharmaceutical Quality Control Center in Key Monitoring Drugs Supervision / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To promote effective supervision of key monitoring drugs by provincial pharmaceutical quality control center,and to improve rational drug use. METHODS:The effects of No.2 district of Sichuan province pharmaceutical quality con-trol center on 3 categories of key monitoring drugs guidance and supervision,through urging medical institution in the area to estab-lish key monitoring drugs supervision system,formulating prescription review guideline for 3 categories of key monitoring drugs [TCM injection,adjunctive drug,proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)],developing baseline data survey,inspecting the application of key monitoring drug in medical instaurations on the spot and other measures,were introduced. Through collecting the reports of re-gional quality control center to the provincial quality control center,supervision system of medical institutions were analyzed statisti-cally. Key monitoring drugs of medical institutions in the area were analyzed statistically in respects of rational utilization ratio,uti-lization quantity,utilization amount,etc.,so as to evaluate supervision effects. RESULTS:Up to Apr. 2016,92.26%medical insti-tutions had been aware of the relevant requirements of the documents;84.25% had established the hospital supervision system. 3 categories of key monitoring drugs prescription(orders)comment guideline had been developed in Mar. 2016. 18 third-grade class-A general medical institutions were randomly selected;among 3 categories,irrational utilization ratio of TCM injection decreased by 12.35%(35.41% vs. 47.76%);that of adjunctive drugs decreased by 9.64%(20.95% vs. 30.59%);that of PPIs decreased by 7.44%(40.49% vs. 47.93%) in May 2016,compare to Jan. 2016. Average consumption sum of them decreased by 12.07%, 13.30%,9.49%,respectively in Apr. 2016,compared to Jan. 2016. 55.02% medical institutions had started to collect the baseline data. CONCLUSIONS:The provincial pharmaceutical quality control center has played an important role on establishing a supervi-sion system,it can promote the effective supervision by guiding and supervising the medical institutions evaluating the supervision of medical institutions and pointing out the problems.

Investigation and Analysis of the Application of Key Monitoring Varieties among Adjuvant Drugs in Medical Institutions of Yunnan Province / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the application of key monitoring varieties among adjuvant drugs in medical institu tions of Yunnan province,and to provide reference for the formulation of related policy and the promotion of clinical rational drug use.METHODS:The related data of key monitoring varieties in medical institutions of Yunnan province during Jan.1st-Mar.31st,2015 were investigated and analyzed statistically.RESULTS:The data with highest effective rate were reported by tertiary hospi tals,being 93.94％.Among top 10 drugs in the list of consumption sum,the number of key monitoring varieties was the highest in tertiary hospitals,being (5.50 ± 2.12) varieties averagely.The consumption sum of key monitoring varieties in tertiary hospitals took up the highest proportion in total consumption sum of hospitalization drug,being(31.94 ± 16.99)％ averagely;being(26.13 ± 11.93)％ and (22.14 ± 16.39)％ in second level hospitals and first level hospitals.Among top 10 drugs in the list of consumption sum,the consumption sum of key monitoring varieties in second level hospitals took up the highest proportion in total consumption sum of hospitalization key monitoring varieties,being (50.34 ± 26.87) ％ in average,up to 98.53 ％;being (39.13 ± 22.55) ％ and (27.38 ± 27.75)％ in tertiary hospitals and first level hospital.Among top 5 key monitoring types in the list of hospitalization con sumption sum,safflower yellow pigment and omeprazole were involved in hospitals at various levels.CONCLUSIONS:Adjuvant drug use are widespread in medical institutions of Yunnan province.Key monitoring varieties are given priority to TCM injection and proton pump inhibitors.It is necessary to take effective measures,formulate and implement the corresponding supervision sys tem so as to promote rational clinical drug use.

Utilización de AINES y uso de IBP profilácticos en pacientes de medicina interna / The Use of NSAIDs Combined with Prophylactic Use of PPIs for Internal Medicine Patients

Introducción: los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) son prescritos con frecuencia en la práctica médica y sus eventos adversos gastrointestinales aumentan la morbimortalidad, la cual puede disminuir utilizando profilácticamente inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP), misoprostol o anti H2. Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de consumo de AINES en una población de consulta externa de Medicina Interna y, en ellos, determinar la frecuencia de prescripción profiláctica de IBP en pacientes con riesgo de sangrado gastrointestinal.Métodos: estudio prospectivo de prevalencia analítica con pacientes mayores de 18 años de la consulta externa de Medicina Interna de la Fundación Hospital San Carlos de Bogotá. Los pacientes consumidores de AINES fueron clasificados en tres grupos de riesgo de sangrado gastrointestinal con base en los factores de riesgo tradicionalmente descritos. Resultados: de 140 pacientes incluidos, el 30% tomaban AINES. El 47,6% (n=20) fueron clasificados en el grupo de bajo riesgo, el 28,5% (n=12) en el grupo de riesgo intermedio y el 23,8% (n=10) en el grupo de alto riesgo. El 47% (20 pacientes) de los que consumían AINES tomaban simultáneamente IBP. Con respecto a los grupos de riesgo, consumían IBP el 80% de alto riesgo, el 50% de riesgo intermedio y el 30% de bajo riesgo. Conclusión: en la población estudiada, la prescripción de IBP en pacientes de alto riesgo es superior a la informada en trabajos internacionales (80% versus menos del 50%). Hay formulación de IBP innecesaria en el 30% de los pacientes de bajo riesgo.

Introduction: Adverse gastrointestinal events related to non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are frequently prescribed in medical practice increase morbidity and mortality. These can be reduced through prophylactic use of proton pump inhibitors proton pump (PPIs) or misoprostol anti H2. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of NSAIDs use in a population of internal medicine outpatients and to determine the frequency of prophylactic prescriptions of PPIs for patients at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: This was a prospective and analytical study of prevalence among patients over 18 years of age in the Internal Medicine outpatient service at the Hospital San Carlos in Bogota. Patients who consume NSAIDs were classified into three risk groups based on traditionally described risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding. Results: Thirty percent of the 140 enrolled patients were taking NSAIDs. 47.6 % (n = 20) were classified in the low risk group, 28.5 % (n = 12) in the intermediate-risk group and 23.8 % (n = 10) in the high risk group. 47% (20 patients) of those taking NSAIDs were simultaneously taking PPIs. Eighty percent of the high risk group, 50% of the intermediate-risk group, and 30% of the low risk group were taking PPIs. Conclusion: PPIs were prescribed more frequently for high risk patients in this study population (80%) than has been that reported in international publications (less than 50%). The prescription of PPIs for 30% of the low risk patients is unnecessary.

Non-Helicobacter pylori, Non-NSAID Peptic Ulcer Disease / 대한내과학회지

Non-Helicobacter pylori, non-NSAID peptic ulcer disease, termed idiopathic peptic ulcer disease (IPUD), is being increasingly recognized. Current data suggest that the relative proportion of patients with IPUD among those with peptic ulcers has been increasing for the past decade in both the West and East, while the prevalence of H. pylori ulcers has decreased. Potential causative or risk factors of IPUD include cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, psychological factors, infections other than H. pylori, non-NSAID drugs or toxins, systemic inflammatory disease, and local mucosal defects. Diagnosis is made after confident exclusion of H. pylori infection by at least two different standard tests and accurate exclusion of unrecognized or surreptitious NSAID use by careful history taking and serologic assay. IPUD is characterized by higher complication and recurrence rates than other forms of peptic ulcer disease and has become a main cause of refractory ulcer disease. Maintenance therapy using proton pump inhibitors may be required at higher doses and for longer durations than in H. pylori- or NSAID-associated peptic ulcer diseases. Well-designed nationwide epidemiologic studies are required to fully elucidate this emerging condition.

Laringitis crónica asociada a reflujo gastroesofágico: La perspectiva del gastroenterólogo / Reflux laryngitis: a Gastroenterologist's perspective

La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) es una causa frecuente de consulta en gastroenterología. La ERGE tiene manifestaciones digestivas y extradigestivas. Las manifestaciones extradigestivas que con mayor frecuencia se asocian a ERGE son la tos crónica, laringitis crónica y dolor torácico. La laringitis crónica, definida como la inflamación de la laringe que persiste por más de unas semanas, se asocia de manera frecuente a ERGE en la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, en varios estudios donde se utilizó la monitoría de pH esofágico como herramienta diagnóstica, no se encontró una clara asociación entre laringitis crónica y reflujo. Además, estudios en los que se manejaron inhibidores de bomba de protones en pacientes con sospecha de laringitis crónica por reflujo, mostraron una alta tasa de fracaso terapéutico, ya que en la gran mayoría de los casos, los síntomas persistían a pesar de una adecuada inhibición de la secreción ácida. Consideramos que aunque la ERGE puede ser la responsable de algunos episodios de laringitis crónica, no es la enfermedad que está asociada con mayor frecuencia, y en muchos de los casos en los que se ha descartado razonablemente la ERGE como responsable de los síntomas, deben investigarse de manera exhaustiva otras causas.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a frequent cause of consultations with gastroenterologists. Extra-digestive symptoms such as chronic coughing, laryngitis and chest pain are frequently associated with GERD. Chronic laryngitis is one of the symptoms most often associated with GERD, yet various studies which have used monitoring esophageal pH as a diagnostic tool have not found any clear association between chronic laryngitis and reflux. Moreover, studies which have treated patients suspected of having chronic laryngitis caused by reflux with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have had had rates of therapeutic failures. Symptoms continue to persist in these patients despite adequate inhibition of acid secretion. To date, no evidence exists of the association between chronic laryngitis and GERD, much less evidence of a causal relation. We consider that, although GERD may be responsible for some episodes of chronic laryngitis, it is not the illness most frequently associated with it, and in the many cases in which GERD has been reasonably ruled out, other potential causes must be investigated.

Risk Factors for Development and Recurrence of Peptic Ulcer Disease / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the common gastrointestinal diseases, and its medical management has been developed so much that the incidence of its serious complications, such as bleeding and perforation, are declining significantly. Its prevalence in Korea is not definitely decreased, probably due to increasing proportion of elderly patients and their rising usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirins. This study was conducted to identify the risk factors for development and recurrence of peptic ulcer disease in Korea. METHODS: From 2003 to 2008, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and detailed personal questionnaires were performed for patients who visited Department of Gastroenterology at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. In total, 475 PUD patients and 335 non-ulcer dyspepsia patients were included. The results of questionnaires and repeated upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at initial diagnosis time and follow-up periods were analyzed. RESULTS: Multivariable analysis showed that male, H. pylori infection, NSAIDs use and smoking were risk factors for the development of PUD. The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists has significantly reduced the risk of PUD in patients who had taken NSAIDs and/or aspirins. H. pylori infection was found as the only risk factor for the recurrence of PUD. CONCLUSIONS: For the old patients who are taking drugs, such as NSAIDs and aspirins, concomitant use of PPIs or H2 receptor antagonists should be considered to protect from the development of PUD. H. pylori eradication has been confirmed again to be essential for the treatment of PUD patients infected with H. pylori.