Evaluation of the prevalence and factors associated with acute kidney injury in a pediatric intensive care unit

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of acute kidney injury in pediatric intensive care unit according to diagnostic criteria - pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease, Acute Kidney Injury Network and Acute Kidney Injury Work Group, or Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes -, and determining factors associated with acute kidney injury as well as its outcome. Methodology This was a cross-sectional monocentric observational study, including patients aged between 29 days and 17 years who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016. To evaluate the association between the study variables and acute kidney injury, the log-binomial generalized univariate and multivariate linear models were adjusted. Results The study included 1131 patients, with prevalence of acute kidney injury according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria of 12.6% and of 12.9% according to the pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease. In the multivariate analysis of older children (PR 1.007, 95% CI: 1.005-1.009), sepsis (PR 1.641, 95% CI: 1.128-2.387), demand for ventilatory support (PR 1.547, 95% CI: 1.095-2.186), and use of vasoactive amines (PR 2.298, 95% CI: 1.681-3.142) constituted factors associated with statistical significance to the development of acute kidney injury. The mortality rate among those with acute kidney injury was 28.7%. Conclusion Older children, diagnosis of sepsis, demand for ventilatory support, and use of vasoactive amines were correlated with a higher risk of developing acute kidney injury. The mortality associated with acute kidney injury was elevated; it is crucial that all measures that ensure adequate renal perfusion are taken for patients with risk factors, to avoid the installation of the disease.

Acute kidney injury applying pRifle scale in Children of Hospital Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia: clinical features, management and evolution / Injuria renal aguda, aplicando la escala de pRIFLE en niños del hospital universitario del Valle en Cali, Colombia: características clínicas, manejo y evolución

Objective: to know the epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in the pediatric population at Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV), a tertiary University Hospital in Cali, Colombia. Methods: We obtained a series of cases through daily surveillance for a seven-month period (June 1 to December 31, 2009) in patients older than 30 days and under 18 years at HUV. We excluded patients with previous diagnosis of chronic renal failure. The new pRIFLE scale was used to define AKI. Results: 27 patients were detected, with mean age of 36 months. Incidence of AKI was 0.38% from pediatric admissions and 6.2% from the pediatric intensive care unit (pICU) admissions. The pRIFLE scale at study entrance was: Risk: 2 patients, Injury: 8, Failure: 17. Etiology of AKI was: pre-renal in 89%, primary renal disease in 3.7%, and post-renal in 7.4%. There was an association of AKI with sepsis in 66.7% and 48.2% progressed to septic shock. Six patients required renal replacement therapy, all required peritoneal dialysis. The AKI was multi-factorial in 59.3% and associated with systemic multi-organ failure in 59.3%. At study entry, 63% patients were in pICU. The average hospital stay was 21.3 ± 9.2 days. Six children died, 16 resolved AKI, and nine were left with renal sequelae. Conclusions: We recommended pRIFLE scale for early diagnosis of AKI in all pediatric services. Education in pRIFLE scale, prevention of AKI, and early management of sepsis and hypovolemia is recommended.

Objetivo: conocer la epidemiología de la injuria renal aguda en la población pediátrica en el Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV), un hospital de referencia de III nivel en Cali, Colombia. Metodología: Se obtuvo una serie de casos por medio de vigilancia diaria por un periodo de 7 meses (1 de Junio a 31 de Diciembre del 2009), en pacientes mayores de 30 días y menores de 18 años del HUV. Se excluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico previo de insuficiencia renal crónica. Para definirla IRA se utilizó la escala pRIFLE. Resultados: Se detectaron 27 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 36 meses. La incidencia de IRA fue 0,38% de las admisiones de pediatría y 6,2% en la unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico (UCIp). El pRIFLE al ingreso del estudio fue: Riesgo 2 pacientes, Injuria 8, Falla 17. La etiología de la IRA fue pre renal en el 89%, enfermedad renal primaria 3,7% y 7,4% post renales. La IRA se asoció a sepsis en 66,7% y evolucionaron a shock séptico 48,2%. Seis pacientes requirieron terapia de remplazo con diálisis peritoneal. La IRA fue multifactorial en el 59,3% y estuvo asociada a falla orgánica multisistémica en 59,3%. Al ingreso del estudio 63% se encontraban en UCIp. Fallecieron 6 niños, resolvieron la IRA 16, quedando 9 con secuelas renales. Conclusiones: Se recomienda aplicar la escala pRIFLE para el diagnóstico temprano en todos los servicios pediátricos. Se deben implementar educación en la escala de pRIFLE, prevención y manejo temprano de sepsis e hipovolemia.