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To screen the available tomato pollution-safe cultivar varieties and reduce the potential food safety risks in Cd-polluted areas, the differences of Cd accumulation in different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) varieties in southern China were studied by soil culture and hydroponic experiments. Firstly, the high and low accumulation varieties were selected from 25 tomato varieties under 2.94 mg/kg Cd stress by soil culture test, and then the responses of high and low accumulation tomato varieties to Cd stress were determined by hydroponic experiments. The results of soil culture test show that under 2.94 mg/kg Cd stress, there were significant differences in plant height, total biomass and yield among 25 tomato cultivars, and the Cd contents of fruits of all 25 tomato cultivars exceeded the highest limit value (0.05 mg/kg) of CAC (Codex alimentarius commission). Through cluster analysis, 7, 4 and 14 varieties accumulating relatively high, medium, and low concentrations of Cd in the fruits were screened, among which the highest, the lowest, and the average Cd contents in the fruits were 3.06 mg/kg DW, 1.47 mg/kg DW, and 2.21 mg/kg DW, respectively. The results of hydroponic experiment show that under the same concentration of Cd stress, Qiantangxuri F1, a high Cd accumulating variety, absorbed Cd faster, accumulated more Cd, used shorter oxidative stress response time and had stronger tolerance to Cd than Zhefen 3053, a low Cd accumulating variety. The typical high and low Cd accumulating varieties can provide a reference for agricultural production in heavy metal polluted areas and the development of molecular-assisted breeding methods of PSC. At present, cultivating low Cd accumulating PSC varieties and dynamic monitoring of Cd contents in tomato fruits are feasible methods in medium and light Cd-polluted areas.
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Antioxidants , Cadmium/toxicity , China , Solanum lycopersicum , Plant Breeding , Plant Roots/chemistry , Soil Pollutants/toxicityABSTRACT
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can immortally self-renew in culture with a high proliferation rate, and they possess unique metabolic characteristics that facilitate pluripotency regulation. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that link cellular metabolism and homeostasis to pluripotency regulation, with particular emphasis on pathways involving amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Metabolism of amino acids and lipids is tightly coupled to epigenetic modification, organelle remodeling and cell signaling pathways for pluripotency regulation. PSCs harness enhanced proteasome and autophagy activity to meet the material and energy requirements for cellular homeostasis. These regulatory events reflect a fine balance between the intrinsic cellular requirements and the extrinsic environment. A more complete understanding of this balance will pave new ways to manipulate PSC fate.
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Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can immortally self-renew in culture with a high proliferation rate, and they possess unique metabolic characteristics that facilitate pluripotency regulation. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that link cellular metabolism and homeostasis to pluripotency regulation, with particular emphasis on pathways involving amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Metabolism of amino acids and lipids is tightly coupled to epigenetic modification, organelle remodeling and cell signaling pathways for pluripotency regulation. PSCs harness enhanced proteasome and autophagy activity to meet the material and energy requirements for cellular homeostasis. These regulatory events reflect a fine balance between the intrinsic cellular requirements and the extrinsic environment. A more complete understanding of this balance will pave new ways to manipulate PSC fate.
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Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can immortally self-renew in culture with a high proliferation rate, and they possess unique metabolic characteristics that facilitate pluripotency regulation. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that link cellular metabolism and homeostasis to pluripotency regulation, with particular emphasis on pathways involving amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Metabolism of amino acids and lipids is tightly coupled to epigenetic modification, organelle remodeling and cell signaling pathways for pluripotency regulation. PSCs harness enhanced proteasome and autophagy activity to meet the material and energy requirements for cellular homeostasis. These regulatory events reflect a fine balance between the intrinsic cellular requirements and the extrinsic environment. A more complete understanding of this balance will pave new ways to manipulate PSC fate.
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Background: The aim was to estimate the Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the various morphological types and clinical stages of Age Related (Senile) Cataract, a common cause of curable blindness, especially in India.Methods: This was a study of estimation of serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) in 100 patients of Age Related (Senile) cataract with 80 cases of Senile Cortical type (40 cases of Posterior subcapsular and 40 cases of Mature) and 20 cases of Senile Nuclear type (10 cases of early Grades of I and II and 10 cases of Advanced Grades of III and IV) and in 20 cases of normal controls in the age group of 45 to 70 years.Results: Serum MDA (nmol/ml) values of the Mean with SD were 3.34±0.93 (Range 2.02-4.65) in normal controls, 4.38±1.01 (Range 2.4 - 6.7) in senile cataract, 4.39±1.02 ((Range 2.4-6.7) in Senile Cortical Cataract with 3.82±0.73 (Range 2.4-5.1) in its Posterior Subcapsular stage and 4.96 ± 0.88 (Range 3.3-6.7) in its mature stage and 4.3±0.99 (Range 2.4-6.2) in Senile Nuclear cataract with 3.68±0.66 (Range 2.4-4.7) in its early Grades of I and II and 4.86±0.94 (Range 3.8-6.2) in its Advanced Grades of III and IV.Conclusions: The present study showed a significant increased concentration of Serum MDA in Senile cataract especially in the advanced later clinical stages or grades of maturity than in the earlier clinical stages or grades of immaturity of senile cortical or nuclear compared to normal controls. And there was no statistically significant difference between the morphological types of Age related (Senile) cataract i.e. Cortical Cataract compared to Nuclear Cataract.
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@# Objective: To explore the relationship between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) in peripheral blood of patients with pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) and their clinicopathological features and prognosis, and to investigate its clinical significance. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out to analyze the complete case data of 80 patients with PSC from October 2010 to April 2017 in Tianjin Cancer Hospital (monocyte and lymphocyte counts of peripheral blood, clinicopathological features, and survival follow-up). The receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to determine the best cut-off value of MLR for the prediction of overall survival time (OS). The patients were divided into high MLR group and low MLR group. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate OS and draw survival curves. The Log-Rank test was used to compare the difference in OS between the two groups. The variables with statistical significance in univariate analysis were included into the COX risk regression model to verify and calculate thehazard ratio (HR)and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: The absolute median values of monocytes and lymphocytes were 0.63×109/L and 1.84×109/L, respectively. The best cut-off value of MLR is 0.44. Univariate analysis shows that MLR≥0.44 (P<0.01), no radical surgery (P<0.01), clinical stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ (P<0.01), tumor maximal diameter > 3 cm (P<0.01), and LDH>247 U /L (P<0.01) are the poor prognostic factors affecting overall survival. Multivariate analysis shows that MLR≥0.44（HR=3.554; 95%CI=1.671-6.125; P<0.01), and clinical stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ（HR=3.275; 95%CI=2.047-9.399; P<0.01) are the independent risk factors for the overall survival of PSC, and radical surgery is an independent protective factor affecting the overall survival of PSC（HR=0.360; 95%CI=0.195-0.848; P<0.01). Conclusion: High MLR is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with PSC.
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RESUMO Este texto apresenta debates relativos ao campo da Psicologia Social Comunitária (PSC) tomando como base suas produções textuais nas últimas duas décadas (1990-2010). O mapeamento do conjunto de artigos, teses, dissertações e livros produzidos sob o signo PSC foi o procedimento utilizado para problematizar o que tem sido realizado por este movimento que se constitui como uma das versões contemporâneas da Psicologia Social. Contextualizamos as produções a partir das mudanças de rumo da profissão e da reivindicação por uma nova direção para a Psicologia Social produzida em território latino-americano. A exposição está centrada em dois pontos principais: as vinculações teórico-epistemológicas da PSC e a caracterização do trabalho do psicólogo comunitário. Concluímos o artigo indicando que as reflexões em torno da diversidade das vinculações teórico-epistemológicas e da tentativa de unificação da PSC nublaram a análise do problema central dos efeitos de sua prática e de seus compromissos éticos e políticos.
RESUMEN Este articulo presenta debates sobre el campo de la Psicología Social Comunitaria (PSC) utilizando producciones textuales de las últimas décadas (1990-2010) como base de pesquisa. El mapeo del conjunto de la producción bajo el signo del PSC fue el procedimiento empleado para hablar de lo que ha hecho este movimiento que es una de las versiones contemporáneas de la psicología social. Contextualizamos las producciones a partir de los cambios en los rumbos de la profesión y de la reivindicación de una nueva dirección para la psicología social producida en territorio latinoamericano. La exposición se centra en los enlaces teóricos y epistemológicos de la PSC y la caracterización del trabajo del psicólogo comunitario. Se concluye que las reflexiones sobre la diversidad de los enlaces teóricos y epistemológicos y el intento de unificar el PSC nublaron el análisis del problema central de los efectos de su práctica y de sus compromisos éticos y políticos.
ABSTRACT This paper presents discussions on the field of Community Social Psychology (CSP) based on textual productions done over the last decades (1990-2010). The mapping of the set of articles, theses, dissertations and books produced under the CSP sign was the procedure used to discuss what has been done by this movement that has been conceived as one of the contemporary versions of Social Psychology. Those productions are contextualized considering the changes in the course of the profession and the demand for new direction for Social Psychology produced in Latin American territory. The exposition is focused on the theoretical and epistemological bindings of the CSP and the depiction of the community psychologist work. We conclude the work indicating that the diversity of theoretical and epistemological bindings of CSP and the attempt to unify it disregarded the central problem of the effects of their practice and their ethical and political commitments.
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History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Professional Practice Location , Psychology , Psychology, Social/history , Latin America , Population GroupsABSTRACT
The high prevalence of underweight among children is a serious health concern in Bangladesh. Nutritional status influences students' academic performance directly or indirectly. This study aimed to determine factors that affect the academic performance of students in primary schools. Methods: Data were collected from several schools and madrasahs in Chapainawabganj district, Bangladesh using multistage stratified sampling with proportional allocation technique. Results: The prevalence of underweight children was 32.3%, with 43.0% of them being girls and 21.4% boys. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that normal weight children were more likely (p3.50) than underweight children. Children with gestational age of 39 to 41 weeks were more likely to obtain good results than those whose gestational age was 37 and 38 weeks. Children who were breastfed for 3.50) compared to their counterparts. Children whose parents had a higher income or higher education had a significantly better chance of obtaining good results compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: These results suggest that childhood nutritional status, parents' education and economic level are significant common factors which affect children's academic performance. Consequently, under-nutrition and poverty can be considered as the major problems for good academic performance of Bangladeshi children and requires attention
Subject(s)
Child , Thinness , Nutritional Status , Schools , BangladeshABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the reversal effect of triazole antifungal itraconazole,fluconazole combined with adriamycin on multidrug resistance in leukemia cells.Methods Human chronic myelogenous leukemia adriamycin resistant cell lines K562/ADR cells were incubated with itraconazole,fluconazole,or PSC833 (positive control) combined respectively with adriamycin.CCK-8 assay was used to assess cell proliferation of K562/ADR.The mean fluorescence intensity of intracellular ADR was measured by flow cytometry.The marker of DNA damage γH2AX was detected by Western blot.Results 1 μg/ml itraconazole and 0.5 μg/ml PSC833 can decrease K562/ADR IC50 of adriamycin from 38.30 μg/ml to 8.59 μg/ml and 24.64 μg/ml in a dose-dependent manner.K562/ADR cells were incubated with 1 μg/ml itraconazole or 0.5 μg/ml PSC833 combined respectively with adriamycin for 3 h and 6 h,the mean fluorescence intensity of intracellular ADR were increased 1.54-fold (3 h),1.50-fold (6 h) or 5.97-fold (3 h),5.83-fold (6 h).Itraconazole or PSC833 combined with adriamycin significantly increase the expression of γH2AX in K562/ ADR cells.Conclusion Itraconazole can recover adriamycin sensitivity of K562/ADR by increasing the concentration of intracelullar adriamycin and synergistically increasing DNA damage,but not for fluconazole.
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Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from the spine (ASC-SP and PSC-SP) and skull (ASC-SK and PSC-SK) of the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, were successfully isolated and characterized. The yields of ASC-SP, PSC-SP, ASC-SK and PSC-SK were (2.47 ± 0.39)%, (5.62 ± 0.82)%, (3.57 ± 0.40)%, and (6.71 ± 0.81)%, respectively, on the basis of dry weight. The four collagens contained Gly (330.2-339.1 residues/1 000 residues) as the major amino acid, and their imino acid contents were between 168.8 and 178.2 residues/1 000 residues. Amino acid composition, SDS-PAGE, and FTIR investigations confirmed that ASC-SP and ASC-SK were mainly composed of type I collagen, and had higher contents of high-molecular weight cross-links than those of PSC-SK and PSC-SP. The FTIR investigation also certified all the collagens had triple helical structure. The denaturation temperatures of ASC-SK, PSC-SK, ASC-SP, and PSC-SP were 17.8, 16.6, 17.6, and 16.5 °C, respectively. All isolated collagens were soluble at acidic pH (1-5) and lost their solubilities when the NaCl concentration was above 2% (W/V). The isolated collagens from the spines and skulls of skipjack tuna could serve as an alternative source of collagens for further application in food, cosmetic, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries.
Subject(s)
Animals , Acids , Chemistry , Amino Acids , Collagen , Chemistry , Collagen Type I , Chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Molecular Structure , Molecular Weight , Pepsin A , Chemistry , Skull , Chemistry , Sodium Chloride , Solubility , Spine , Chemistry , Temperature , TunaABSTRACT
O artigo objetiva indagar sobre os sentidos do trabalho para os jovens que cumprem a medida sócio-educativa de Prestação de SComunidade - PSC. A medida é uma determinação judicial para alguns jovens em trajetória de conflito com a lei. Um dos eixos nortePSC é o significado do trabalho como a possibilidade de resgate do lugar social destes sujeitos. Na pesquisa optou-se por fazer umadiscussão sobre os sentidos que o trabalho pode assumir para diferentes adolescentes em cumprimento da PSC. Observou-se que orealizado na PSC para a maioria dos jovens, não é considerado como trabalho por estes, mas somente como um cumprimento de detejudicial. Mesmo neste contexto os jovens se referem ao trabalho como determinante na construção de suas identidades pessoais e sociais.
The article has the purpose of inquiring about the meanings of labor for youths who are subject to the socio-educational measure of Community Service PSC. The measure is a judicial order for some youths following the path of conflict with the law. One of the pivotal questions of PSC is the meaning of labor as a possibility to rescue these individuals from their social position. In the survey, we chose to conduct an analysis and a discussion about the meanings which labor may take on for different adolescents who are subject to PSC. It was observed that the labor performed at PSC for most youths is not considered labor by them, but only a compliance with a judicial order. Even within this context the youths refer to labor as decisive in the construction of their personal and social identities.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent , Juvenile Delinquency , WorkABSTRACT
Objective To clarify the involvement of the free fatty acids(FFA)and lipid peroxida-tion in rat pancreatic tissue during the development of pancreatic injuries inducecd by long-term high-fat diet.Mehtods The male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=72) were randomized into 6 groups (n=12).One group (group control) received standard chow for 18 weeks, the other five groups (group HFD) were fed with a high-fat diet respectively for 2, 4, 6, 10 and 18 weeks.Serum TG and TCH, the his-topathological changes, pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) ac-tivity and the concentration of free fatty acids in pancreatic tissues were examined.Pancreatic fibrosis was assessed using Sirius Red staining.The expression of desmin, a smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor type β (PDGFRβ) and transforming growth factor131 (TGFβ1) was determined with immunohistochemistry.Results Pancreatic MDA content, the number of desmin and α-SMA positive cells were significantly increased in all the HFD groups.The FFA content, PDGFRβ, and TGFβ1 in pancreatic tissues increased in rats of 2, 4 and 6 week HFD groups accompa-nied with typical histological alternations including edema, capillary vessels hyperplasia, and focal aci-nar degeneration, vaculation of acinar and islet cells.In 6, 10 and 18 weeks HFD groups, the lesions had progressed and acinar cell atrophy, fatty replacement, deposition of hemosiderin, and interstitial collagen deposition were observed.Conclusions The increased amounts of FFA and lipid peroxidant in pancreatic tissues are associated with pancreatic cell injuryies and synthesis of collagen by activated PSCs during the chronic high-fat diet intake.
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The Research Committee for the Meridian Point held its third workshop at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Kyoto. Evaluations and reports were presented on two topics.<BR><BR>The first topic:Study of PSC in Japan and China.<BR> 1) Literature search on PSC in China (Wang):A literature search on major studies on PSC in China since 1979 was conducted. The report introduces the definition, characteristics and the mechanism of PSC development together with meridian phenomena.<BR><BR> 2) PSC in reference to the ryodoraku (Morikawa):Development of the reactive ryodo point in patients under hemodialysis or those who have had a total gastrectomy and the cases in which reactive ryodo points or needle sensation developed when specific regions were stimulated were reported. The relationship between reactive ryodo points and PSC was examined. <BR><BR> 3) The mechanism by which PSC develops (Yamada):Neurotransmitter substances are released from sensory nerve endings during acupuncture stimulation. Absorbed by lymphatic vessels, these substances stimulate the smooth muscle of these vessels, thus causing the PSC. Based on factors such as transmission velocity and inhibitory factors, the mechanism by which PSC develops was investigated.<BR><BR>The second topic:Specific locations of meridian points and clinical effects of the meridian point.<BR> 1) Anatomical regions for GB 30 huantiao (Ozaki and Matsuoka):In establishing the international standard for the meridian points under the guidance of WHO, both Chinese and Japanese proposals were listed for GB 30. The clinical effects-presumably emanating from the subcutaneous structure when acupuncture stimuli are applied to these points in a direction perpendicular to the body surface-were comparatively evaluated. <BR><BR> 2) Transition in the regions and main effects of GB 30 (Sakaguchi):As stated above, both Japanese and Chinese definitions were cited in establishing the international standard for GB 30 under the guidance of WHO. By quoting the classic literature from China and Japan, changes in the regions and main effects of GB 30 were comparatively evaluated.
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The programs developed in Brazil with the aim to control and eradicate swine fever provided an opportunityfor the survey of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) outbreaks. Were concerned CSF official programs, strategies and results, during 26 years. Based in epizootic official data we showed that the number of CSF outbreaks from 1978 to 2004 drastically decreased in all country, although different eradicating strategies were applied in those official programs, especially in fourteen States of "CSF Free Zone". Were evaluated both CSF official programs: Swine Pests Combat Program (SPCP) from 1984 to 1991 and CSF Eradication and Control Program (CSFECP) from 1992 to 2004 by the decreasing of CSF outbreaks number. Considering the technical evolution in swine production systems, statistical analysis to compare the ranking of CSFoutbreaks in each program was performed by Mann-Whitney test, that showed at 95% confidence level(Table T) a significant difference (p< 0.05) between programs, as suggested in CSF outbreaks profileplotted diagram. The number of CSF outbreaks occurred from 20002004 in "CSF-infected" and "CSF-free" zones, was analyzed. Also, we regarded with most important recent CSF outbreak in Brazil occurred in 1997, during CSFECP, that was figured out by stamping out measures without appealing to preventive vaccination regimen. Those results suggest that the efficacy of implemented CSF eradication programs depends on the continuity of defined strategies as rigorous vigilance, notification, virus diagnostic screening and sanitary police measures in order to enable quick and adequate action upon CSFV detection
Os programas oficiais para o controle e erradicação de pestes suínas forneceram uma oportunidade de levantar o perfil de ocorrência da Peste Suína Clássica (PSC). Independente das estratégias aplicadasdurante 26 anos foi demonstrado que o número de surtos de PSC de 1978 até 2004 caiu drasticamente emtodo país, especialmente nos quatorze Estados inclusos na "Zona Livre de PSC". O estudo comparou o número de surtos de PSC durante a vigência do Programa de Combate às Pestes Suínas (PCPS) de 1984a 1991 e o Programa de Controle e Erradicação da PSC (PCEPSC) de 1992 a 2004. Considerando aevolução tecnológica nos sistemas de produção de suínos, a diferença nos resultados obtidos após aimplementação de cada programa foi avaliada pelo teste estatístico Mann Whitney por meio da ordenaçãodo número de surtos ocorridos. Essa análise demonstrou uma diferença significativa (p< 0,05) entre osprogramas no nível de confiança de 95% (Tabela T) com havia sido sugerido pelo diagrama do perfil deocorrência da PSC. A eficácia do PCEPSC para debelar o mais importante surto de PSC ocorridorecentemente no Brasil, em 1997, também foi considerada. Paralelamente, o número de surtos ocorridosde 2000 a 2004 nas áreas infectadas com a PSC e na zona livre de PSC foi avaliado. Os resultados sugeremque a eficácia dos programas de erradicação depende da continuidade das estratégias definidas como avigilância rigorosa, notificação, rastreamento do vírus e medidas sanitárias que agilizem a ação nomomento de detecção de vírus da PSC
Subject(s)
EpidemiologyABSTRACT
The Committee for the Meridian Point (Chairman, Kansho Yamada) focused on the significance of “the Meridian denial theory” which Hirohisa Yoneyama announced in 1952. Pros and cons emerged, and the so-called “Meridian controversy” raged for about two years. Documents relating to this controversy along with basic research on the meridian and the meridian point during the period were collected, arranged, examined, and presented at Workshop i of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion which was held in Tsukuba in June 2002. This is a condensed version of the reports.
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The biometric analysis of the normal aged eye with photodocumented method (using EAS-lOOO Scheimpflug camera) was performed in 109 eyes. We measured anterior chamber depth, corneal thickness, corneal radius, lens thickness and biometric lens analysis according to the age. The lens thickness increased annually (O.O1mm) with age and the anterior chamber depth reversely decreased. The biometric analysis can provide normal critariae values about the effect of anticatar acto us drugs in long-term follow up study and the relationships between normal aged lens and highly risk groups in the cataract prevalence study.
Subject(s)
Anterior Chamber , Cataract , RadiusABSTRACT
The term, propagated sensation along the channels (PSC) means the peculiar sensation expeerienced by some people along thier meridians when given acupunctural stimulation of acupoints.<br>In the present study, the incidence of PSC in outpatients who were undergoing acupuncture treatment was investigated.<br>Low frequency electrical stimulation was performed through press needles at twenty-six points: the twelve terminal points of the twelve regular meridians and the Inner-Zhiyin points of both sides. PSC was assessed on a four-grade basis after the manner carried out in China.<br>The incidence of PSC was significantly high among the outpatients compared with that among healthy youth. Patients with hypertension or posttraumatic neck syndrome showed higher incidence of PSC than the other patients.
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We treated a patient (aged 57, a housewife, traumatic cervical syndrome), to be called a meridian sensitive patient, who displayed definite meridian phenomenon.<br>In the patient, a type of meridian phenomena, Phenomenon of Propagated Sensation along the Channels (PSC), was examined. Reffering the Nagahama and Maruyama's method and the method used in China, we employed a method whereby a pressure stimulus was applied with a press needle alternately to <i>the terminal point</i> on each of <i>the 12 regular meridians</i> as well as to a certain point on each of <i>the extra meridians</i>.<br>As a result, the following coincidence rates of PSC and the classical meridians were obtained:<br>20% <i>(the small intestine meridian, the posterior median extra meridian, the impetuous pulse</i> and <i>the extra meridian around the waist)</i> of all the 20 meridians were almost entirely coincident.<br>55% of all the meridians were partly coincident.<br>25% <i>(the spleen pancreas meridian, the heart meridian, the pericardium meridian, the lung meridian</i> and the <i>anterior midline meridian)</i> were not coincident.
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In the previous paper, we reported on the pathways of PSC and also upon the coincedent rates of PSC and the classical meridians.<br>In this paper, some remarkable observations on the PSC of the same patient are reported on: the echo sensation of PSC on <i>the posterior median extra meridian, the inn-ue extra meridian</i> and <i>the regular meridians</i>, excepting <i>the heart meridian</i>, reached to the head where the patient had her chief complaint. The farthest traveled echo sensation of PSC was on <i>the inn-ue extra meridian</i> and the broadest on <i>the kidney meridian, the bladder meridian</i> and <i>the yan-wei extra meridian</i>. PSC displayed body symetry and reproducibility. Fingerpressure applied at a point along the path of echo sensation served to interrupt the sensation over an area immediately following that point. The spatial length of PSC was enlarged by heating the area in question.
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In China, for years they have been studying the PSC to investigate scientifically the substance of traditional meridians. As we had been to there, we learned how to investigate it. According to their method we did it in Japan.<br>Objects were 340 healthy youths. The stimulated points were the well points in each meridian. The low frequency electroacupuncture (5-20Hz) was given to these points 30 minutes. Objects showed us their sensation or orally or by gesture.<br>We divided the result into 4 stages according to the chinese method;<br>salient…5 (1.5%)<br>comparatively salient…3 (0.9%)<br>slightly salient…7 (2.0%)<br>Non-salient…325 (95.6%)<br>In China, by the way, objects were 1, 000 people and it was 1.3%, 1.8%, 15.2% and 81.7%.<br>In this study, though it showed a low incidence of about 4.4% (about 18% in China), it was found that there was a phenomenon of the PSC.