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Panax japonicus, which in the Tujia dialect is known as “Baisan Qi” and “Zhujieshen”, is a classic “qi” drug of Tujia ethnomedicine and it has unique effects on disease caused by “qi” stagnation and blood stasis. This paper serves as the basis of further scientific research and development of Panax japonicus. The pharmacology effects of molecular pharmacology were discussed and summarized. P. japonicus plays an important role on several diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular agents, and this review provides new insights into P. japonicus as promising agents to substitute ginseng and notoginseng.
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Objective: The moisture content in the soil directly affects the yield and quality of Panax notoginseng, especially at the age of three years old. However, the suitable moisture for the growth of P. notoginseng is unknown. In this study, the effects of different soil moisture on the growth of P. notoginseng were studied. Methods: Four different water treatments (0.45 field capacity (FC), 0.60 FC, 0.70 FC, and 0.85 FC) were set up in Shilin County, Yunnan Province, China. The water consumption and daily dynamic of water consumption were determined daily (from April 21 to October 18, 2012), and the daily dynamic of water consumption under different weather conditions (sunny and rainy) was determined. The transpiration coefficient and water use efficiency were calculated through dry matter accumulation and total water consumption. Accumulation of saponins of roots of P. notoginseng were analyzed by HPLC after treated, and the soil moisture content suitable for the growth of P. notoginseng was estimated by regression fitting of the active ingredient accumulation and the soil moisture content. Results: The water consumption of 0.85 FC, 0.70 FC, 0.60 FC and 0.45 FC were 2.89, 3.68, 3.37 and 2.73 kg/plant per day, respectively. The water consumption of P. notoginseng from June to August was greater than other months. The daily dynamic of water consumption on sunny days and sunny days after rain showed a “double peak” feature, and it showed a “single peak” feature on rainy days. The water uses efficiency (WUE) of 0.85 FC, 0.70 FC, 0.60 FC and 0.45 FC were 2.51, 3.32, 4.59, 3.39 gDW/kg H
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Objective: To establish a method for determination of five saponins in Panax notginseng by HPLC and comprehensively evaluate the quality of it by using grey correlation analysis. Methods: The content of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rd in the different origins and commercial grades of P. notginseng was simultaneously determined by HPLC, and the entire quality evaluation model was established by grey correlation analysis. Results: The established method was applied to quantify five major bioactive components in P. notginseng simultaneously with satisfactory results. Gray correlation method can distinguish the samples from genuine producing areas, qualified samples and unqualified samples, and provide reference for quality evaluation of P. notoginseng and quality evaluation of multi-index components of Chinese materia medica. Conclusion: This HPLC method was simple, accurate, stable and rapid with better separation effect, which was suitable for determination of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rd; The grey recognition analysis was suitable for the comprehensive quality evaluation of multi-component samples of Chinese materia medica.
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Objective: In order to study the application of DNA barcoding in the authentication of Chinese patent medicines, Sanqi Tablets were used as the object to investigate the applicability, specificity and precision of this method. Methods: Fifteen batches of commercially available Sanqi Tablet samples were collected. The conditions of DNA extraction for Sanqi Tablet had been first investigated, and the DNA was used for testing the applicability of the methods such as PCR amplification, sequence acquisition, and species authentication in the principles for molecular identification of traditional Chinese materia medica using DNA barcoding. The specificity and reproducibility of DNA barcoding in identification of Sanqi Tablets and its adulterations from the roots of Panax notoginseng, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius were also studied. Results: The Sanqi Tablet sample with an amount of sampling to be 100 mg and a water bath at 56 ℃ for 8 h gave an average concentration of 60.7 ng/μL and then the PCR amplification, sequence acquisition and species assignment were all successful. The ITS2 sequences of P. notoginseng, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius were all 230 bp in length, and there were seven stable SNP loci between P. notoginseng and P. ginseng, P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolius. ITS2 sequences could be successfully obtained from lab-made and the adulterated Sanqi Tablets, and the Sanger sequencing chromatograms of different ratios of P. notoginseng and P. ginseng mixtures, P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolius mixtures had heterozygous peaks with corresponding peak height ratio at SNP positions. The repeatability, intermediate precision and reproducibility were all in line with the requirements of “General Regulation 9101” in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Conclusion: The ITS2 sequence can stably and accurately authenticate the raw materials of Sanqi Tablets with substantial specificity and precision. The DNA barcoding identification method of Sanqi Tablets will provide a new technical tool for ensuring the safety of Sanqi Tablets in clinical medications, and provide reference for the identification of other single-herb products documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Objective: Critical pharmaceutical process identification (CPPI) is an important step in the implementation of quality by design concept to traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Risk assessment methods are usually used in CPPI. However, risk evaluation is usually subjective. The purpose of this work is to present a more objective CPPI method. Methods: A CPPI method considering chemical composition, biological activity, and batch-to-batch consistency was presented in this work. The manufacturing process of notoginseng total saponins (NTS) was investigated as an example. The changes of chemical composition, biological activity, and chemical composition consistency after main processes were measured and compared. A significant change of them indicated a critical process. Results: After extraction process and chromatography process, saponin purity and chemical composition similarity remarkably increased, and saponin content variations decreased. Thrombin inhibitory activity was remarkably decreased after chromatography process. Because of the large influences on NTS quality, extraction process and chromatography process were identified to be critical processes of NTS. Conclusion: Based on a comprehensive and objective examination of the role of each process, critical pharmaceutical processes can be identified. A similar method can also be applied to other TCM processes.
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Objective: To study the minor triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng, which provided basis for the systematic research, quality control and safety evaluation of P. notoginseng. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by MCI resin, ODS, along with Preparative-HPLC, and the structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis, and comparing with the pubished literature values. Results: Twelve monomeric compounds isolated from the roots of P. notoginseng, were identified as notoginsenoside P1 (1), notoginsenoside T5 (2), ginsenoside Rk3 (3), ginsenoside Rh4 (4), notoginsenoside T3 (5), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (6), dammar 20 (21),24-diene-3β,6α,12β-triol (7), ginsenoside Rg3 (8), gypenoside XIII (9), ginsenoside Rk1 (10), ginsenoside Rg5 (11), and 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (12). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin
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Objective: To study and optimize the preparation method of test solution from Panax notoginseng. Methods: The effects of extraction solvent, liquid-material ratio and extraction temperature on the optimization of the preparation method of test solution of notoginsenoside and ginsenosides in P. notoginseng were investigated by Box-Behnken response surface methology. The content of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Rb1 was simultaneously determined by HPLC. Results: The optimum method was as follow: 75% methanol was used for once reflux extraction, the ratio of liquid-material ratio was 1:40, the extraction temperature was 100 ℃. Conclusion: The optimum preparation of test solution is simple and feasible, and the extraction rate of components is high, which provides a reference for the preparation of test solution from P. notoginseng.
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Objective: Root or rhizome of Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) is known for its eutherapeutic effects. Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidicus, called Yesanqi or Yuenan sanqi by local residents, is also commercially available. They are similar in morphology, leading to serious safety problems in clinical medication. It is necessary to find the rapid and efficient methods to identify them. Methods: P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus were identified by DNA barcoding based on the ITS2 sequence. Notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, Re, Rd, Rc, and Rb2) were analyzed in the roots, fibrils, stems, leaves, and flowers of P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus were separated into branches of divergent clusters, and P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus and Panax vietnamensis were clustered into a clade with 98% similarity according to DNA barcoding analysis. The chemical compositions of P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus were similar in roots; while their compositions and contents of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides in flowers, leaves, stems, and fibrils were different. Conclusion: ITS2 is a rapid and efficient method to identify P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus. HPLC analysis indicated that pharmacological action might be different between P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis var. fuscidicus.
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Objective: To optimize the production of ginenoside Rg5 by microwave-assistant degradation method of total saponins from the stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng (PN) by orthogonal design and response surface method. Methods: Using microwave-assistant degradation technology to obtain rare ginsenosides from the stems and leaves of PN. The content of ginsenoside Rg5 was determined by HPLC. With the production of ginsenoside Rg5 as the evaluation index, the orthogonal experiment design and response surface method were performed on the basis of single factor experiments to investigate the effects of microwave temperature, microwave power, and microwave time on the degradation yield of ginsenoside Rg5. Results: The influence of each factor on the yield of ginsenoside Rg5 was the same by the two methods, the order of which was microwave temperature > microwave power > microwave time. Results: indicated that the optimum conditions were the microwave power of 500 W, the microwave temperature of 150 ℃, and the microwave time of 20 min by orthogonal design, resulting in the yield of ginsenoside Rg5 of 44.76%. The yield of ginsenoside Rg5 was 43.07% when the conditions was optimized by response surface method under microwave power 540 W, temperature 153 ℃,and time 20 min. Conclusion: Each of the two methods had its own advantages, all of which are valuable for the preparation of rare saponins from the stems and leaves of PN.
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Objective: In order to study the function of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) gene, the CDS nucleotide sequence of GGPS was cloned from Panax notoginseng, and its prokaryotic expression was performed. Methods: The primers were designed according to the reported GGPPS gene sequence in Genbank, and the coding sequence was obtained by RT-PCR. The prokaryotic expression vector was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 for the expression under the induction of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Results: The CDS of GGPS gene had a full length of 1 032 bp coding for 343 amino acids. Results of SDS-PAGE showed that a 29 000—44 000 protein was achieved and the recombinant protein was mainly in the form of insoluble inclusion body. Conclusion: The CDS nucleotide sequence of GGPPS gene was successfully cloned, and the stable prokaryotic expression was established. This study will provide a foundation for the further functional researches of GGPPS gene in P. notoginseng.
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Objective:To study the diuretic effect of micronized powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen on rats.Methods:The metabolic cage method and weighing method were used in this experiment;The indictor of urine excretion in 6 h was used to study the diuretic effect of powder ofPanax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen in the water loaded rats;the output of Na +,K +,C1-in urine were measured to elucidate the related mechanization.Results:Powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen under high dose after administration of 2h to 5h can significantly increase the urine volume of rat compared with the blank control group (P＜0.01,P＜0.05),but no diuretic effect after administration of 6h.powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen under high dose could increase the urine Na+,Cl-(P ＜0.01) but reduce the K+ excretion,inhibitting the Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion of renal tubule.It could significantly increase rat urine pH value (P＜0.01),the effect ofpH value by which is similar with the effect of hydrochlorothiazide and the effect of Jinqiancao granules.Conclusion:For the first time,this study investigated the diuretic effect of powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen,The relevant mechanism is that powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen have an impact on inhibitting the Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion of renal tubule.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the influences of different cleaning methods on the quality of P.notoginseng and provide the basis for standard original processing methods of P.notoginseng. METHODS: The P.notoginseng roots were processed with different methods including drying without washing, drying and polishing, fresh cleaning before drying, and cleaning after drying. The influences of different cleaning methods on the drying time, drying rate, density, appearance properties and active components of P.notoginseng roots were compared. RESULTS: The appearance quality and hygiene indicators of P.notoginseng roots were bad when the fresh roots were dried without washing. When the roots were polished after drying without washing, the skin of P.notoginseng roots was worn down. It also resulted in a great loss of drying rate and content of dencichine of P.notoginseng roots, with decreasing rates of 10.0% and 18.1%, respectively. Cleaning after drying of P.notoginseng roots resulted in wear and tear off of epidermis and decrease of the total ash, alcohol extraction components, saponin of Re, dencichine and soluble sugars. The decreasing rates were 9.9%-17.7%, 8.3%-15.9%, 63.9%-70.8%, 12.5%-36.1%, and 27.3%-37.4%, respectively. And the longer the roots being cleaned after drying, the more the components lost. Cleaning before drying of P.notoginseng roots shortened the drying time, raised the hygiene and appearance traits, and reduced the loss of active ingredients. CONCLUSION: That the roots of P.notoginseng be processed after flushing may be a more suitable method than the traditional processing method. In order to decrease the loss of active components, ensure the appearance properties, and keep the safety of clinical medication, cleaning before drying should be promoted vigorously.
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Panax notoginseng is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, and it is mainly distributed in Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces and only can be planted in a very narrow geographical environment. Its yield is significantly limited by continuous cropping obstacles in the cultivation process, which has seriously affected the application and development of P. notoginseng. The dynamic patterns of root and soil rhizosphere microbial community response were main reasons for the continuous cropping obstacle. In this paper, the dynamic changes of the root and rhizosphere systems, pathogenic microorganisms and symbiotic microorganisms in the formation of P. notoginseng continuous cropping obstacles were analyzed, and the progress in this field was summarized. Two methods for studying soil and root microorganism of continuous cropping process are proposed: 1. The dynamic analysis of microorganism in the rhizosphere and root of P. notoginseng must be completed with the method of pure-culture and culture-independent; 2. Quantitative analysis of main pathogenic microorganisms of P. notoginseng. It will provide theoretical basis for overcoming continuous cropping obstacles in plant of P. notoginseng.
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Objective: To investigate the hypolipidemic effects of powder of Panax notoginseng (PPN) and explore its possible mechanism. Methods: Hyperlipidemic rats model was established, and orally given three dosages of PPN for 8 weeks. The levels of serum ALT, AST, TC, TG, and LDL-C were detected. The pathological changes of liver tissues were observed by H&E staining. Gene expressions of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), SIRT1, and LXR-α were measured with RT-PCR analysis. Protein expression of SREBP-2 and SCAP was determined by Western blotting. Results: Three dosages of PPN significantly decreased serum ALT, AST, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels. Histological data indicated that PPN notably reduced liver injury and hepatic steatosis in hyperlipidemic rats. In molecular study, mRNA expression of hepatic LDLR and SIRT1 was up-regulated and LXR-α gene expression was down-regulated in PPN treated rats. Additionally, PPN significantly reduced protein expression of SREBP-2 and SCAP. Conclusion: The positive effect of PPN on hyperlipidemic rats may be related to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis of PPN through the up-regulation of SIRT1 and down-regulation of LXR-α and SCAP/SREBP-2 signaling pathway. Additionally, PPN could up-regulate hepatic LDLR mRNA expression and improve uptake of LDL-C in circulation.
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Objective To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of Panax notoginseng and their antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH). Methods The constituents were isolated and purified by celite, silica gel, MCI and Sephadex LH-20, reversed-phase MPLC chromatographic methods, then purified by preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of mass spectrum and NMR spectrum. Anti-oxidant activity of these compounds was initially investigated. Results Fifteen compounds were isolated from the chloroform, acetone-ethanol (4:1) and acetone-ethanol (1:1) fractions of 95% ethanol extract of the leaves of P. notoginseng, and their structures were elucidated as follows: falcarinol (1), γ-tocopherol (2), (2S,4αS,7αR)-7α-acetyl-3,4,4α,7α- tetrahydro-4α-hydroxy-2,6,7-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl) cyclopenta [β] pyran-5 (2H)-one (3), picrionoside B (4), linarionoside A (5), viburnolide A (6), quercetin (7), lilyn (8), skimmin (9), apiosylskimmin (10), daphnin methylether (11), 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (12), ginsenoside F2 (13), 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 (14), and isoginsenoside Rh3 (15). Conclusion Compounds 3, 6, and 9-11 are isolated from the plant of genus Panax for the first time, compounds 2 and 4 are isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 2, 4, 7, and 8 show certain anti-oxidant activity.
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Objective The selection of excellent provenances by using multi-index test can improve the overall quality and stability of Panax notoginseng. Methods In this study, Panax notoginseng samples were collected from 12 sites in Yunnan Province. The contents of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1, total flavonids and total polysaccharides were determined, and the entire quality evaluation model was established by technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Results The averaged Ci of samples from Wenshan, Honghe, Yuxi, Kunming, and Qujing were 0.300 2, 0.341 1, 0.279 5, 0.338 7, and 0.323 0, respectively. It was indicated that the overall quality of P. notoginseng from different origins of Yunnan Province was similar, and there were few differences among the overall qualities of samples from Wenshan which was the traditional genuine region of P. notoginsneg and the other ones. The Ci values of S46, S16, and S33 topped the list of all samples, which showed that these three samples have higher overall qualities, and they can be used as the dominant provenances for the further study. Conclusion The model of entropy weight TOPSIS could eliminate the interference of the artificial factors, transform multiple dimension problems into one dimension problem, and increase the scientificity and accuracy of the multi-criteria decision analysis, obviously. It could obtain a better result on the overall quality evaluation and the dominant provenance selection of P. notoginseng. On the other hand, this method is easy to perform and the theory was perfect. It can be also used in the correlative study of other TCMs and provide the research basis in order to ensure the safety, stability and effectiveness of TCMs.
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Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H.Chen contains saponins,polysaccharides,flavonoids,alkyne,alcohol and other physiological active substances.Among notoginseng,saponins and decichine are the main effective components.Their pharmacological actions mainly include hemostasis,activating blood,blood tonic,anti-thrombus,protecting myocardium and various pharmacological actions.Notoginseng has been widely used in the treatment of clinical diseases.This paper was aimed to review the application status of notoginseng based on previous studies from both at home and abroad.It summarized main active ingredients of notoginseng saponins and polysaccharides;compared extraction process of notoginseng saponins and polysaccharides,respectively;outlined active ingredients of notoginseng in antiinflammatory,anti-tumor,immune strengthening,activating blood to remove stasis and other aspects of pharmacological effects.Additionally,we provided multiple researches,such as strengthening research of notoginseng polysaccharides,optimizing extraction process of notoginseng active substances,and improving compatibility system of notoginseng saponins and other medicinal components,in order to promote a comprehensive exploitation of notoginseng.
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The ecology suitability and ecological characteristics of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen were studied to provide a reference for its artificial introduction and cultivation. The maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) and geographic information system (GIS) were used to investigate the global ecology suitability regions for Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen based on its 67 distribution points collected from global biodiversity information facility (GBIF), Chinese virtual herbarium (CVH) and the related references. The results showed that the possible ecological suitable regions of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen were located in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Fujian and Chongqing provinces. The areas with ecological similarity higher than 60% were about 89 571.3 square kilometers in total, mainly distributing in Yu nnan and Guangxi provinces and small portion was located in Guangdong and Guizhou provinces. The areas with ecological similarity between 40% and 60% were about 155 172 square kilometers, mainly in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan provinces. The distribution areas were about 329 952.8 square
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Panax notoginseng (BurK.) F.H.Chen is a traditional Chinese medicinal material with a time-honored history of cultivation.There are a series of problems,such as high pesticide residues,serious disease and pest,and continuous cropping obstacles in the process of the cultivation of notoginseng.Pollution-free cultivation is an effective strategy for the sustainable development of notoginseng industry.We herein summarized three points of the pollution-free cultivation of notoginseng in this review.The standard of lands suitable for the cultivation of notoginseng was established on the basis of the analysis of medicinal plants around global producing areas.The integrated measures of soil improvement were put forward by cfficient rotation and soil disinfection with new varieties breeding combined with the management of water,light and fertilization,and the safe and low-toxic methods of disease and pest control.Additionally,the mode of wild tending should be carried out when the marker-assisted breeding of new varieties was developed,and the platform of comprehensive disease and pest control was founded.Above-mentioned points can effectively perfect and optimize the pollution-free cultivation of notoginseng and promote sustainable development of notoginseng industry.
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Objective: To determine the contents of notoginsenoside Fc in the stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, fruit stalks, and roots of Panax notoginseng in Wenshan, and provide the scientific basis for the selection of raw materials and preparation. Methods: Using chromatographic column Agilent C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase was CH3OH-H2O (65:35); Column temperature was 35℃; Flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; UV detection wavelength was 203 nm; injection volume was 10 μL. Using methanol as the solvent and ultrasonic extraction to extract the medicinal materials, then using the HPLC-UV method to determine the contents of notoginsenoside Fc in different parts of P. notoginseng. Results: Fc had a good linear relationship when the concentration was 0.005-1.000 mg/mL. The Fc contents in the cauline, leaves, flowers, fruits, fruit stalks, and roots of P. notoginseng were 0.066%, 1.58%, 2.13%, 0.39%, 0.72%, and 0.019%. The recovery rates were 98.86% (RSD = 1.90%), 97.43% (RSD = 1.87%), 101.03% (RSD = 1.80%), 99.35% (RSD = 1.82%), 99.13% (RSD = 1.94%), and 98.68% (RSD = 1.88%). Under this condition, Fc was not detected in the basal part of stems of P. notoginseng. Conclusion: Fc exists in different parts of P. notoginseng in Wenshan, and the contents of notoginsenoside Fc in the flowers and leaves of P. notoginseng were higher, 1.58% and 2.13%, respectively. The results can provide a scientific reference for the comprehensive utilization of the leaves and flowers of P. notoginseng and the preparation and application of Fc.