Percepciones y sentimientos de niños argentinos pospandemia por COVID-19 / Perceptions and feelings of Argentine children post pandemic COVID-19

La mortalidad y formas graves atribuibles al COVID-19 en población pediátrica han sido bajas en comparación con los adultos. No obstante, los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) constituyen un universo especialmente afectado por la pandemia, en cuanto a restricción y limitación de sus derechos. La Subcomisión de Derechos de la Niñez y Adolescencia y el Comité de Pediatría Social de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría entendieron trascendente recolectar sus voces para relevar el impacto que la transición de la situación de pandemia por COVID-19 a la actual "nueva normalidad" ha producido en los sentimientos, emociones y deseos de los NNA en Argentina. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, basado en encuesta anónima, entre NNA argentinos de 6 a 18 años residentes en Argentina. El análisis incluyó 1537 entrevistas efectivas. Los resultados permitieron sugerir recomendaciones para desarrollar estrategias de afrontamiento, contención y acompañamiento de los NNA en la pospandemia.

The frequency of the severity of the different expressions of SARS-COV-2 disease, and its mortality in the pediatric population have been low unlike in the adult population. However, children and adolescents have been very affected by this virus, through the restriction and limitations of their rights. The Subcommittee on the Rights of the Childhood and Adolescence and the Committee of Social Pediatrics of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría understood that it was very important to gather their voices to weigh the impact of the transition from COVID pandemic to this "new normalcy" and the effects on argentine children and adolescents' rights, emotions and desires, especially those related to accessibility to education and health. We carried on a qualitative descriptive narrative transversal phenomenological research, through an open anonymous survey, among children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years old, living in Argentina; 1537 surveys were collected. The research findings allowed elaborate recommendations to develop strategies to face, protect and accompany the children and adolescents during the post-pandemic.

Tabagismo na pandemia de Covid-19: aspectos neurobiológicos do abuso de drogas em condições de estresse prolongado / Smoking on Covid-19 pandemic: neurobiological aspects of drug abuse in lasting stress conditions / Fumar en la pandemia de Covid-19: aspectos neurobiológicos del abuso de drogas en condiciones de estrés duradero

No fim de 2019 iniciou-se uma das maiores crises da saúde pública global em Wuhan, China. Essa emergência foi o aparecimento do SARS-CoV-2 e da doença COVID-19, uma síndrome respiratória aguda de alta transmissibilidade. A declaração da pandemia pela OMS em março de 2020 fez com que o mundo tomasse diversas medidas para o combate e contenção da doença. Inicialmente o isolamento social e lockdown foram as principais iniciativas, já que não havia formas de tratamento ou prevenção da doença. Essas medidas restritivas geraram uma mudança de hábito da população que deflagrou sérios comprometimentos físicos e psicológicos. Uma das consequências foi o aumento do uso de substâncias de abuso e, consequentemente, do transtornos por uso de substâncias, dentre elas o tabaco. Durante a pandemia o consumo de cigarro aumentou de 10 a 30% no mundo, o tabagismo é a principal causa de morte evitável e fator de risco para diversas doenças. Conjuntamente ao álcool, a nicotina têm um poder aditivo superior a muitas drogas ilícitas. A combinação dos transtornos por uso de substâncias e a COVID-19 acabam por ter um efeito sinérgico, dessa forma, buscamos integrar aspectos neuroquímicos, cognitivos e comportamentais que levaram ao aumento do consumo e/ou recaída nicotina e a terapêutica utilizada.

One of the biggest global public health crisis began in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. That emergency was the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19, a highly transmissible acute respiratory syndrome. The pandemic declaration by the WHO in March 2020 caused the world to take on several measures to combat and contain the virus. Initially, social isolation and lockdown were the main initiatives, as there were no forms of treatment or prevention of the disease. These restrictive measures generate a change in the habit of the population that triggered serious physical and psychological impairments. One of the consequences was the increase in the use of substances of abuse and, consequently, substance use disorder, including tobacco. During the pandemic, cigarette consumption increased from 10 to 30% worldwide, whereas smoking is the main cause of preventable death and a risk factor for several diseases. Along with alcohol, nicotine has a greater addictive power than illicit drugs. Substance use disorders and COVID-19 have a synergistic effect, in this way, we seek to integrate neurochemical, cognitive and behavioral aspects that led to increased consumption and/or relapse in nicotine consumption and the used therapy.

Una de las mayores crisis mundiales de salud pública comenzó en Wuhan (China) a finales de 2019. Esa emergencia fue la aparición del SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19, un síndrome respiratorio agudo altamente transmisible. La declaración de pandemia por parte de la OMS en marzo de 2020 hizo que el mundo adoptara varias medidas para combatir y contener el virus. Inicialmente, el aislamiento social y el encierro fueron las principales iniciativas, ya que no existían formas de tratamiento o prevención de la enfermedad. Estas medidas restrictivas generaron un cambio en los hábitos de la población que desencadenó graves alteraciones físicas y psicológicas. Una de las consecuencias fue el aumento del consumo de sustancias de abuso y, en consecuencia, el trastorno por consumo de sustancias, incluido el tabaco. Durante la pandemia, el consumo de cigarrillos aumentó del 10 al 30% en todo el mundo, mientras que el tabaquismo es la principal causa de muerte evitable y un factor de riesgo de varias enfermedades. Junto con el alcohol, la nicotina tiene un mayor poder adictivo que las drogas ilícitas. Los trastornos por uso de sustancias y la COVID-19 tienen un efecto sinérgico, de esta manera, buscamos integrar los aspectos neuroquímicos, cognitivos y conductuales que llevaron al aumento del consumo y/o recaída en el consumo de nicotina y la terapia utilizada.

Atenção primária e promoção ao envelhecimento saudável em tempos da pandemia da COVID-19 / Primary care and promotion of healthy ageing in times of the COVID-19 pandemic / Atención primaria y promoción del envejecimiento saludable en tiempos de pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: Refletir sobre as estratégias da Atenção Primária para a promoção do envelhecimento saudável em tempos de pandemia da COVID-19. Método: relato de experiencia sobre estratégias de cuidado aos idosos, pautados em artigos nacionais e internacionais e experiências dos autores. Resultados: As considerações versam sobre os seguintes temas: contexto do idoso na cidade de São Paulo, onde os mais expostos são os que moram sozinhos, abandonaram o tratamento de suas condições crônicas por medo de contrair a Covid-19, os que sofrem violência no domicílio, os institucionalizados e os que obtém informações equivocadas. Estratégias de cuidado à pessoa idosa no enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID-19 na atenção primária, explicando o que tínhamos, temos e precisamos construir. Conclusão: O atendimento da atenção primária é fundamental no cuidado da pessoa idosa, para a promoção do envelhecimento saudável e ativo, continuidade do tratamento de condições crônicas e detecção precoce da Covid-19, violência e seus encaminhamentos.

Objective: To reflect on primary care strategies for the promotion of healthy aging in pandemic times of COVID-19. Method: experience report on strategies of care for the elderly, based on national and international articles and experiences of the authors. Results: The considerations deal with the following themes: context of the elderly in the city of São Paulo, where the most exposed are those who live alone, abandoned the treatment of their chronic conditions for fear of contracting Covid-19, those who suffer violence at home, institutionalized and those who obtain mistaken information. Strategies to care for the old person in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic in primary care, explaining what we had, have and need to build. Conclusion: Primary care is fundamental in the care of the old person, for the promotion of healthy and active aging, continuity of treatment of chronic conditions and early detection of Covid-19, violence and its referrals

Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre las estrategias de atención primaria para la promoción del envejecimiento saludable en tiempos de pandemia de COVID-19. Método: informe de experiencia sobre estrategias de atención al anciano, basado en artículos y experiencias nacionales e internacionales de los autores. Resultados: Las consideraciones abordan los siguientes temas: contexto de los ancianos en la ciudad de São Paulo, donde los más expuestos son los que viven solos, abandonaron el tratamiento de sus condiciones crónicas por temor a contraer Covid-19, los que sufren violencia en el hogar, institucionalizados y los que obtienen información errónea. Estrategias para cuidar al anciano en el afrontamiento de la pandemia de COVID-19 en atención primaria, explicando lo que teníamos, tenemos y necesitamos construir. Conclusión: La atención primaria es fundamental en el cuidado del anciano, para la promoción del envejecimiento sano y activo, la continuidad del tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas y la detección precoz del Covid-19, la violencia y sus derivaciones.

Estratégias de coping no processo gestacional e pré-natal em meio à pandemia covid-19 / Estrategias de coping en el proceso gestacional y prenatal en medio de la pandemia covid-19 / Coping strategies in the gestational and prenatal process amid the covid-19 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as estratégias de coping na história de mulheres no período gestacional no processo pandêmico da COVID-19. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa sócia histórica à luz da Teoria Motivacional. Participaram cinco mulheres que realizaram o pré-natal em Unidade Básica de Saúde de um município catarinense, entre março e dezembro de 2020. A análise dos dados seguiu a proposta história oral temática pela análise de conteúdo de Minayo e o software Iramuteq para análises multidimensionais de textos e questionários. Resultados: emergiram da relação entre a análise textual por semelhança das histórias referenciadas pelos participantes e, as características definidas pela teoria motivacional do Coping, necessidade de competência e apoio. Emergindo a categoria analítica O coping no gestar: mulheres e o pré-natal na pandemia COVID-19. Considerações finais: considera-se que o estresse na condição gestacional e período pré-natal na pandemia COVID-19 retratam estratégias de coping enquanto enfrentamentos positivos das mulheres.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las estrategias de coping en la historia de las mujeres en el período gestacional en el proceso pandémico de COVID-19. Método: investigación cualitativa socio histórica a la luz de la Teoría Motivacional. Participaron cinco mujeres que realizaron el prenatal en Unidad Básica de Salud de un municipio de Santa Catarina/Brasil, entre marzo y diciembre de 2020. El análisis de los datos siguió la propuesta historia oral temática por el análisis de contenido de Minayo y el software Iramuteq para los análisis multidimensionales de textos y cuestionarios. Resultados: surgieron de la relación entre el análisis textual por semejanza de las historias referenciadas por los participantes y, las características definidas por la teoría motivacional del Coping, necesidad de competencia y apoyo. Manifestando la categoría analítica El coping en el gestar: mujeres y el prenatal en la pandemia COVID-19. Consideraciones finales: se considera que el estrés en la condición gestacional y período prenatal en la pandemia COVID-19 retratan estrategias de coping en cuanto enfrentamientos positivos de las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify coping strategies in the history of women in the gestational period in the pandemic process of COVID-19. Method: qualitative research historical partner in the light of motivational theory. Five women who performed prenatal care in a Primary Health Unit of a municipality of Santa Catarina, between March and December 2020, participated. Data analysis followed the proposed thematic oral history by Minayo content analysis and Iramuteq software for multidimensional analysis of texts and questionnaires. Results: emerged from the relationship between the textual analysis by similarity of the stories referenced by the participants and the characteristics defined by the motivational theory of Coping, need for competence and support. Emerging the analytical category Coping in pregnancy: women and prenatal care in the COVID-19 pandemic. Final thoughts: it is considered that stress in the gestational condition and prenatal period in the COVID-19 pandemic portray coping strategies as positive confrontations of women.

Implicações do teletrabalho para o trabalhador no período pandêmico de covid-19 / Implications of teleworking for the worker in the pandemic covid-19 period / Consecuencias de telework para el trabajador en el período pandémico covid-19

Objetivo: identificar as implicações do teletrabalho para o trabalhador no período pandêmico de covid-19.Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura com buscas nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, Medline via pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, utilizando os descritores teleworking, pandemics, occupational health com operador booleano AND. A busca foi realizada em agosto de 2022 e contou com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: textos no formato artigo científico com texto na íntegra, publicados no período pandêmico (2020 - 2022), em inglês, português e espanhol. Excluíram-se os artigos duplicados, pesquisas de revisão e artigos reflexivos. Resultados: Foram encontrados 134 artigos e após a aplicação dos critérios e avaliação do corpus textual, obtivemos uma amostra de 19 estudos. A análise se desdobrou na criação de 03 categorias, a citar: modificações no estilo de vida durante o trabalho remoto; implicações relacionadas à saúde mental e ao isolamento e implicações relacionadas ao processo de trabalho. O teletrabalho foi uma ferramenta valiosa porque proporcionou a continuidade e funcionamento das empresas durante a pandemia de Covid-19 uma vez que a saúde física e mental do trabalhador foi imensamente afetada. Conclusão: O teletrabalho mostrou- se uma importante modalidade de trabalho frente à pandemia de Covid-19. Apesar de ter sido uma ferramenta imprescindível para manutenção dos empregos e continuidade do funcionamento das empresas durante a pandemia, a saúde física e mental do trabalhador foi bastante afetada neste período.

Objective: To identify the implications of teleworking for the worker in the pandemic period of covid-19.Methods: This is an integrative literature review with searches in the Web of Science, Scopus, Medline via pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, using the descriptors teleworking, pandemics, occupational health with boolean operator AND. The search was carried out in August 2022 and had the following inclusion criteria: texts in the format of scientific article with full text, published in the pandemic period (2020 - 2022), in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Duplicate articles, review research, and reflective articles were excluded. Results: We found 134 articles and after applying the criteria and evaluation of the textual corpus, we obtained a sample of 19 studies. The analysis unfolded in the creation of 03 categories, to mention: changes in lifestyle during remote work; implications related to mental health and isolation and implications related to the work process. Teleworking was a valuable tool because it provided business continuity and operation during the COVID-19 pandemic as the worker's physical and mental health was greatly affected. Conclusion: Teleworking proved to be an important way of working against the COVID-19 pandemic. Although it was an indispensable tool for maintaining jobs and continuing the functioning of companies during the pandemic, the physical and mental health of the worker was greatly affected in this period.

Propósito: identificar las implicaciones del teletrabajo para los trabajadores en el periodo pandémico de covid-19.Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integrada de la literatura con búsquedas en la Web de Ciencia, Scopus, Medline via pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo y el Índice Acumulativo a las bases de datos de Enfermería y Literatura de Salud Aliada, utilizando los descriptores teletrabajo, las pandemias, la salud ocupacional con operador Y. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en agosto de 2022 y pudo contar con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: textos en formato de artículo científico con texto completo, publicados en el período de la pandemia (2020-2022), en español, portugués e inglés. Se excluyeron artículos duplicados, encuestas de revisión y artículos reflexivos. Resultados: se encontraron 134 artículos, y tras la aplicación de los criterios de valoración del corpus textual, se obtuvo una muestra de 19 estudios. El análisis ha dado lugar a la creación de 30 categorías, por citar: cambios en el estilo de vida durante el trabajo a distancia; consecuencias relacionadas con la salud mental y el aislamiento y consecuencias relacionadas con el proceso de trabajo. El teletrabajo era un instrumento valioso porque ofrecía continuidad y funcionamiento de las operaciones durante la pandemia del Covid-19, ya que la salud física y mental del trabajador se veía inmensamente afectada. Conclusión: el teletrabajo ha demostrado ser una importante modalidad de trabajo frente a la pandemia del Covid-19. Aunque fue un instrumento indispensable para mantener el empleo y continuar el funcionamiento de las empresas durante la pandemia, la salud física y mental del trabajador se ha visto muy afectada en este período.

Influência da pandemia na rotina da equipe multiprofissional na alta hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas / Influence of the pandemic on the routine of the multidisciplinary team at hospital discharge of children and adolescents with chronic conditions / Influencia de la pandemia en la rutina del equipo multidisciplinario al alta hospitalaria de niños y adolescentes con condiciones crónicas

Objetivo: identificar os desafios para o preparo da alta hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes no cenário pandêmico da Covid-19. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, de caráter exploratório e abordagem qualitativa realizada com a equipe multi- disciplinar na clínica pediátrica de um Hospital Universitário localizado na Paraíba. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas à luz da Análise do Conteúdo de Bardin. Re- sultados: A partir da análise dos dados foram construídos em duas categorias: Rotina da equipe multiprofissional e as medidas de biossegurança institucionalizadas e Desafios da equipe no preparo para alta de crianças e adolescentes durante a pandemia do Sars-Cov-2. Observou-se a percepção dos profissionais frente à complexidade da pandemia da Covid-19 e o direcionamento da alta hospitalar mediante as necessidades de saúde de crianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas. Conclusão: durante a pandemia, o preparo para alta hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes apresentou mudanças quanto à organização setorial frente aos procedimentos e demandas, assim como as restrições de contato desfavorecendo o apoio aos familiares. Aponta-se a necessidade de novas pesquisas relacionadas às análises frente ao processo de desospitalização, com intuito de possibilitar a reflexão em torno das problemáticas evidenciadas e elaborar uma análise do cenário para posteriores mudanças.

Objective: to identify the challenges for preparing children and adolescents for hospital discharge in the Covid-19 pandemic scenario. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory research with a qualitative approach carried out with a multidisciplinary team at the pediatric clinic of a University Hospital located in Paraíba. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Bardin's Content Analysis. Results: From the analysis of the data, two categories were constructed: Routine of the multidisciplinary team and institutionalized biosecurity measures and Challenges of the team in preparing for the discharge of children and adolescents during the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic. The professionals' perception of the complexity of the Covid-19 pandemic and the direction of hospital discharge based on the health needs of children and adolescents with chronic conditions were observed. Conclusion: during the pandemic, preparation for hospital discharge of children and adolescents showed changes in terms of sectoral organization in terms of procedures and demands, as well as contact restrictions, disfavoring support for family members. It points out the need for further research related to the analysis of the process of dehospitalization, with the aim of enabling reflection on the problems highlighted and preparing an analysis of the scenario for subsequent changes.

Objetivo: identificar los desafíos para la preparación de niños y adolescentes para el alta hospitalaria en el escenario de la pandemia de Covid-19. Método: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, exploratoria, con enfoque cualitativo, realizada con un equipo multidisciplinario en la clínica pediátrica de un Hospital Universitario ubicado en Paraíba. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y analizadas utilizando el Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. Resultados: A partir del análisis de los datos, se construyeron dos categorías: Rutina del equipo multidisciplinario y medidas de bioseguridad institucionalizadas y Desafíos del equipo en la preparación para el alta de niños y adolescentes durante la pandemia del Sars-Cov-2. Se observó la percepción de los profesionales sobre la complejidad de la pandemia de Covid-19 y la dirección del alta hospitalaria a partir de las necesidades de salud de niños y adolescentes con condiciones crónicas. Conclusión: durante la pandemia, la preparación para el alta hospitalaria de niños y adolescentes presentó cambios en cuanto a la organización sectorial en cuanto a trámites y demandas, así como restricciones de contacto, desfavoreciendo el apoyo a los familiares. Señala la necesidad de más investigaciones relacionadas con el análisis del proceso de deshospitalización, con el objetivo de permitir la reflexión sobre los problemas destacados y preparar un análisis del escenario para los cambios posteriores.

After action review of the COVID-19 pandemic response in North West province, South Africa

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with major disruptions globally. Northwest Province Department of Health (NWDoH) in South Africa set up comprehensive epidemiological emergency response plans for preventing, finding, containing and stopping the spread of COVID-19 in accordance with the National Disaster Management Act. Objectives: This After-Action Report (AAR) describes the provincial response to the pandemic from September 2020 to October 2022. Method: The AAR was conducted using the World Health Organization AAR methodology. Focus groups discussed five items: coordination, leadership and governance; epidemiology, surveillance and laboratory; case management and continuity of essential services; risk communication and community engagement and COVID-19 vaccination. Results: The timely establishment and activation of provincial intergovernmental and intersectoral coordinating structures led to effective coordination, resource mobilisation, leadership, decision-making and intervention. The effective communication in the department and other stakeholders resulted in improved surveillance data quality, timelier response and increased ownership of data. Dissemination, training and implementation of case management protocols ensured standardised case management. The multi-channel information dissemination targeting different audiences empowered people with real-time knowledge on the infection and encouraged health-seeking behaviours. Conclusion: The AAR demonstrated the importance of coordinated epidemiological, laboratory and communication response that requires significant public health reserve capacity in peacetime for rapid expansion in an emergency. Contribution: This review contributes to the body of knowledge emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic and provides guidance on enhanced public health response to future emergencies.

Associations between Sociodemographic, Body Mass Index, Body Image Perception, Physical Activity and Sleep Quality with Mental Health among University Students in Universiti Putra Malaysia during the COVID-19 Pandemic

@#Introduction: Mental health problem among university students during COVID-19 pandemic became one of the global main issues. There is limited study on mental health among university student during COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the associations between socio-demographic, body mass index, body image perception, physical activity and sleep quality with mental health among university students in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a total sample of 130 students aged 18 to 25 years old which were recruited through a multistage sampling. An English online self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data on socio-demographic characteristics, weight and height, body image perception (BSQ-8C), physical activity (GPAQ), sleep quality (PSQI), and mental health (DASS-21). Results: Majority of the respondents were female (76.2%), Malay (78.5%), in second year of study (28.5%), from low income family (59.2%) and stayed with parents during COVID-19 pandemic (57.7%). Results showed 44.6% of respondents had depressive symptoms, 56.9% had anxiety symptoms and 29.2% had stress symptoms with severity mild to extremely severe. Body mass index (r=0.205, p<0.005), body image perception (r=0.538, p<0.001), and sleep quality (r=0.460, p<0.001) were associated with depression subscale. Meanwhile, body image perception (r=0.449, p<0.001), and sleep quality (r=0.450, p<0.001) were correlated with anxiety subscale. Stress subscale was correlated with body image perception (r=0.473, p<0.001) and sleep quality (r=0.492, p<0.001). Conclusion: Affected students should be helped and referred to healthcare practitioner to ensure they able to overcome with these problems and remains healthy during this pandemic.

El papel de los comedores y merenderos sociales en la alimentación de infancias pertenecientes a familias vulnerables durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina

Objetivo: Caracterizar el papel de comedores y merenderos barriales de Mendoza (Argentina) en la alimentación de infancias vulnerables durante la pandemia y comparar iniciativas gestionadas por movimientos sociales, por agrupaciones vecinales y en espacios gubernamentales. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio cualitativo con base en una muestra intencional de informantes de barrios de Gran Mendoza y Gran San Rafael con inseguridad alimentaria. Se realizaron 16 entrevistas semiestructuradas a referentes sociales, a docentes y a personal de salud entre abril y agosto de 2021. Para analizar la información se utilizó el método de comparación constante. Resultados: Comedores y merenderos difieren en la previsibilidad de recursos para proveer alimentos según sus vinculaciones con las políticas de asistencia alimentaria directa implementadas antes y durante la pandemia. Todos los espacios están a cargo de mujeres, utilizan estrategias similares para adquirir mercaderías y ofrecen preparaciones semejantes contemplando disponibilidad de insumos y preferencias de los comensales. Conclusión: Las iniciativas comunitarias contribuyeron a sostener la alimentación de niños y adolescentes de familias ligadas a la economía informal que recurrieron a ellas en razón de la merma de ingresos por efecto del aislamiento. No se identifican diferencias relevantes en los menús ofrecidos entre comedores y merenderos gestionados por movimientos sociales y en los de tipo autogestivo, vecinal. Las experiencias organizativas de comensalidad barrial, el apoyo de vecinos y relaciones de confianza previamente construidas con donantes externos fueron clave para sostener la entrega de raciones y el cuidado de personas aisladas.

The aims of the study are to characterize the role of various types of community dining centers located in the Argentinian province of Mendoza in feeding vulnerable children during the pandemic and to compare initiatives coming from social movements that facilitate the state's food assistance to the ones managed by self-directed neighborhood associations and those of governmental spaces. The methodology is qualitative and exploratory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 informants from neighborhoods located in Gran Mendoza and Gran San Rafael with food insecurity between April and August 2021. A constant comparative method was used to analyze the information. Results: There were differences in the predictability of resources to provide food between community dining centers which related to their connections with direct food assistance policies implemented before and during the pandemic. Shared characteristics included women being in charge and the deployment of combined strategies of obtaining resources to deal with higher food demand. The food offered was similar and subject to the availability of supplies and diners' preferences. Conclusion: Community initiatives contributed to sustaining the nutrition of children and teenagers from families working in the informal economy that utilized them due to isolation-related salary cuts. No relevant differences were found between menus offered in dining centers managed by social movements and the self-managed, neighborhood-based ones. The management experiences of neighborhood associations, the support of neighbors, and previously built relationships of trust with donors and external organizations were key to upholding the delivery of rations and care of isolated people.

Soledad y ansiedad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. El efecto mediador de la regulación emocional / Loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. The mediating effect of emotion regulation

Resumen El confinamiento ocasionado por la pandemia del COVID-19 ha impactado en la vida de los estudiantes universitarios en todo el mundo. Conocer sus efectos en la salud mental y el comportamiento será una prioridad en los siguientes años. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar por primera vez las relaciones directas e indirectas entre la experiencia de soledad, las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas (rumiación, evitación, supresión, catastrofización y autoculpa) y la ansiedad en una muestra de universitarios mexicanos. Con base en él, se hipotetizó que las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas mediarían la relación entre la soledad y la ansiedad. Para lograr este propósito se especificó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Un total de 824 estudiantes universitarios participaron en la presente investigación. Los resultados mostraron que los datos se ajustaron de manera adecuada al modelo estructural especificado. Por otra parte, también se encontró que la soledad tuvo un efecto directo que no fue estadísticamente significativo con la ansiedad. En conclusión, estos hallazgos revelan la presencia de un efecto de mediación al mostrar que la soledad estuvo relacionada indirectamente con la ansiedad por su relación con las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas. Con ello, al analizar la función mediadora de las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas se aportaron, por primera vez en México, nuevos elementos que permiten conocer con mayor profundidad los efectos directos e indirectos de estos tres constructos.

Abstract The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of undergraduate students around the world. Knowing its effects on mental health and behavior will be a priority for years to come. Due to the multiple negative effects that confinement by the COVID-19 pandemic has brought, this study aims to provide new scientific evidence that will allow a better understanding of the effects of the experience of loneliness caused by this pandemic. Based on the procedural model of emotion regulation created by Gross, the objective of this research was to analyze the direct and indirect relations between the experience of loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, avoidance, suppression, catastrophizing, and self-blame) and anxiety in a sample of Mexican undergraduate students. Based on this goal, it was hypothesized that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the relation between loneliness and anxiety. To achieve this purpose, a total of 824 undergraduate students participated in the present research. In addition to providing their sociodemographic data, they answered the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In order to carry out the mediating analysis, a structural equation model was created which included three latent variables (loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety). This model was tested using the Lavaan software. The indirect effects were analyzed using the bootstrapping method. The results showed that maladaptive emotional regulation strategies had a mediating role which was positive and significant in the relation between loneliness and anxiety. Regarding the measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model comprising the three latent variables. Results showed that the measurement model fit the observed data appropriately. Furthermore, with the purpose of examining the validity of the measurement model, the average variance extracted and square root of the average variance extracted were calculated. Findings indicated that the average variance extracted for each construct was higher than all the squared correlations involving that construct. This confirmed the discriminant validity of all variables of study. Regarding the structural model, results showed acceptable data fit. The model explained 48 % of the variance in anxiety. The structural equation analysis revealed that loneliness was related positively with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Similarly, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were associated positively with anxiety. Likewise, it was possible to confirm the main hypothesis of this study which stated that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the influence of loneliness on anxiety among Mexican university students. Finally, it was confirmed that loneliness had a nonsignificant direct effect on anxiety. Regarding the contribution of each of the five maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, rumination had a significant function in the mediating process showing that loneliness had an impact on anxiety via the continuous thoughts that participants had about their own emotions. In turn, because of the strategy of catastrophizing, participants intensified their thoughts and emotions waiting for the worse scenario which in turn increased their levels of anxiety. Likewise, the strategies of avoidance and suppression had also a significant contribution on the mediating role of maladaptive strategies. Finally, the strategy of self-blame was a significant contribution to the mediating function. Therefore, with the purpose of controlling emotions associated with loneliness, it was possible that participants could blame themselves as a mechanism to regulate their emotions. In conclusion, these findings reveal the presence of a mediating effect by showing that loneliness was indirectly related to anxiety via its relation with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Influencia de la cuarentena por COVID-19 en la investigación en biodiversidad y conservación durante el 2020 - el caso peruano / Influence of the COVID-19 quarantine on biodiversity and conservation research during 2020 - the Peruvian case

Resumen La cuarentena fue la medida tomada por el estado peruano para enfrentar a la pandemia causada por el COVID- 19. Esta significó un retraso para casi todos los sectores, incluyendo el sector académico. Este estudio analiza las consecuencias de esta medida en el trabajo de los investigadores científicos del Perú durante el 2020, enfocándose en aquellos que trabajan en biodiversidad y conservación. Se realizó una encuesta durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2020 que fue respondida por 111 investigadores. Los resultados de la encuesta muestran que el área más afectada fue la investigación en campo por las evidentes restricciones, y el grupo más afectado fue el de las investigadoras quienes presentaron los porcentajes más altos de insatisfacción, tanto en su vida laboral como en su estado emocional. Esta investigación da a conocer la realidad del Perú, con una inversión históricamente baja en investigación y donde, con la situación económica y laboral provocada por la pandemia, el trabajo de muchos investigadores se vio restringido. Consideramos que la réplica de esta investigación en otros países de Latinoamérica podría ser de ayuda para futuras políticas a favor del trabajo científico en los países y regionalmente.

Abstract The lockdown was the measure taken by the Peruvian state as a response to the pandemic caused by COVID-19. This imposition meant a delay for almost all sectors, including the academic sector. This study analyzes the repercussions of the lockdown through scientific work in Peru in 2020, focusing on subjects of biodiversity and conservation. We conducted a during July and August of 2020, which was answered by 111 researchers. Results of the survey show that the most affected research area was field research due to the restrictions; and that the most affected group were women, which presented the highest percentages of dissatisfaction, both in their work and emotional state. This research reveals the reality of a country with a historically low investment in research, and now the work of many researchers is restricted due to the current economic and employment situation due to the pandemic. Its replication in other Latin American countries could be of help for future policies in favor of academic research.

Fortalecimiento y promoción de la Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Strengthening and promotion of the Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud during the COVID-19 pandemic / Fortalecimento e promoção da Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud durante a pandemia da COVID-19

La Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud (RPCS) es editada y publicada por la Universidad de Huánuco a través de su Oficina Editorial y en colaboración con los miembros -tanto a nivel nacional e internacional- del comité editorial y científico (1). Durante su historia, la revista se ha caracterizado por su constante dedicación en fortalecer y promover su visibilidad en el entorno académico y científico. Esta editorial tiene como objetivo presentar un sumario de las acciones realizadas en este contexto y de los efectos e impactos esperados.

The Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud (RPCS) is edited and published by the Universidad de Huánuco through its Editorial Office and in collaboration with the national and international members of the editorial and scientific committee (1). During its history, the journal has been characterized by its constant dedication to strengthen and promote its visibility in the academic and scientific environment. The purpose of this editorial is to present a summary of the actions carried out in this context and the expected effects and impacts.

A Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud (RPCS) é editada e publicada pela Universidade de Huánuco através de seu Escritório Editorial e em colaboração com os membros nacionais e internacionais do comitê editorial e científico (1). Durante sua história, a revista tem sido caracterizada por sua constante dedicação em fortalecer e promover sua visibilidade no ambiente acadêmico e científico. Este editorial visa apresentar um resumo das ações realizadas neste contexto e os efeitos e impactos esperados.

Impact of Covid-19 Disease on Health Care Services of Leprosy Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre, Telangana

Covid - 19 disease was declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization in March 2020. Subsequently, a nationwide lock down for variable intensity and periods was announced in India to contain the disease. Leprosy patients faced difficulties during this pandemic owing to their long-term health care requirements and lack of access to leprosy services during covid time. This resulted in deprivation of multi - drug therapy (MDT), steroids and other drugs to leprosy patients, which is detrimental to the patients as well as to the society. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of covid-19 pandemic induced lock downs and movement restrictions on leprosy patients attending a tertiary care centre. This provides data to assess their impact on leprosy healthcare services. The study observed a marked decrease in the number of leprosy patients attending the leprosy out patient care and also a reduction in the number of new cases registered during the year 2020. Quarterly analysis showed maximum reduction of cases occurring during the lockdown period and peak covid-19 infection periods. As there is a likelihood of this pandemic continuing and similar other disruptions may occur again, there is a need to assure that MDT and health care services reach leprosy patients by various other means. Some of the modifications can be a) supplying a 3 to 6 month course at a time as A-MDT, b) home delivery of drugs by health workers c) promotion of telemedicine services for leprosy patients d) optimal utilization of social media to educate and counsel leprosy patients on both covid-19 and leprosy. It is also important that leprosy clinics and drug delivery services should be continued both in Covid and Non-covid hospitals at par with Revised National TB Control Programe (RNTPC) renamed as National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) and Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) services.

Educação física e Covid-19: o que dizem os protocolos de volta às aulas presenciais / Physical education and Covid-19: what do the protocols for going back to presential classes say / Educación física y Covid-19: qué dicen los protocolos para volver a las clases presenciales

Diante do cenário causado pela SARS-CoV-2, este estudo buscou identificar diretrizes das unidades da federação brasileira e refletir sobre os impactos na Educação Física no retorno presencial. Analisou-se quatorze documentos oficiais elaborados até setembro de 2020, utilizando-se de Análise de Conteúdo. Identificaram-se diretrizes gerais de higienização para prevenção do contágio no ambiente escolar e orientações específicas à Educação Física, como reorganização dos espaços, proibição de eventos e atividades coletivas, suspensão de atividades esportivas e adoção de aulas teóricas. Concluiu-se que os protocolos abordam nuances próprias da Educação Física, mas são notáveis os limites de infraestrutura, recursos humanos e materiais para viabilizar o retorno seguro e igualitário.

Given the scenario caused by SARS-CoV-2, this study aiming to identify the guidelines of Brazilian units federation and reflect about impacts of returning on Physical Education. Fourteen official documents prepared by September 2020 were analyzed, using Content Analysis technique. General hygiene guidelines for prevention of contagion in the school environment and specific guidelines for Physical Education were identified, such as reorganization of school spaces, prohibition of events and collective activities, suspension of sports activities and adoption of theorical classes. It was concluded that the protocols address specific nuances to Physical Education, but the limits of infrastructure and human and material resources are remarkable to enable safe return in an equal way.

Dado el escenario del SARS-CoV-2, este estudio identificó las pautas de las unidades de la federación brasileña y reflexionó sobre los impactos en la Educación Física en el retorno presencial. Se analizaron catorce documentos oficiales elaborados hasta septiembre de 2020, utilizando Análisis de Contenido. Se identificaron pautas generales de higiene para la prevención del contagio en el ambiente escolar y pautas específicas para la Educación Física, como reorganizar espacios, prohibir eventos y actividades colectivas, suspender actividades deportivas y adoptar clases teóricas. Se concluyó que los protocolos abordan matices de la EducaciónFísica, pero son notables los límites de infraestructura, recursos humanos y materiales para viabilizar el retorno seguro e igualitario.

O IMPACTO DA PANDEMIA COVID-19 NA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / THE IMPACT OF PANDEMIC COVID-19 ON SCHOOL PHYSICAL EDUCATION: an integrative literature review / EL IMPACTO DE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19 EN LA EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA ESCOLAR: una revisión integrativa de la literatura

A pandemia da COVID-19 trouxe alterações na vida das pessoas. O presente estudo, que foca no âmbito escolar, tem por objetivo verificar quais os impactos da pandemia para alunos de Ensino Fundamental. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando os descritores: "educação"; "educação física"; "escola"; "pandemia"; "COVID-19" nas bases de dados Scielo, BVS e PubMed. Descreve-se os impactos que a pandemia causou nos alunos: diminuição da prática de exercício físico e falta de estrutura no ambiente domiciliar; dificuldades de acesso às aulas remotas; maior ansiedade e prejuízos sociais. Recomenda-se intervenções dos profissionais de Educação Física e das autoridades públicas para que se reduza os efeitos prejudiciais desse período.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought changes in people's lives, and the focus of the present study is on the school setting. The aim was verify the impacts of the pandemic for elementary school students. An integrative literature review was carried out, using the descriptors: "education"; "physical education"; "school"; "pandemic"; "COVID-19" in the databases Scielo, BVS and PubMed. It was described the impacts that the pandemic caused on students: decreased physical exercise and lack of structure in the home environment, difficulties in accessing remote classes, greater anxiety and social damage. Interventions by Physical Education professionals and public authorities are recommended to reduce the harmful effects of this period.

La pandemia de COVID-19 trajo cambios en la vida de las personas y el presente estudio se centra en el entorno escolar. El objetivo fue verificar los impactos de la pandemia para los estudiantes de primaria. Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura, utilizando los descriptores: "educación"; "educación Física"; "colegio"; "pandemia"; "COVID-19" en las bases de datos Scielo, BVS y PubMed. Se describen los impactos que la pandemia provocó en los estudiantes: disminución del ejercicio físico y falta de estructura en el ambiente del hogar, dificultades para acceder a clases remotas, mayor ansiedad y daño social. Se recomiendan las intervenciones de los profesionales de la Educación Física y las autoridades públicas para reducir los efectos nocivos de este período.

Subcidadania, subjetividade e resistências na pandemia de covid-19: experiências de jovens periféricos / Subcitizenship, subjectivity and resistance in the covid-19 pandemic: experiences of youth from periphery / Subciudadanía, subjetividad y resistencia en la pandemia covid-19: experiencias de la juventud periférica

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os significados e as vivências em relação aos espaços públicos e privados de um grupo de jovens moradores de regiões periféricas durante a pandemia de COVID-19. A teoria fundamentada nos dados foi utilizada para analisar de maneira qualitativa as entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com sete jovens. O desamparo diante da falta do Estado, a estigmatização da periferia que despotencializa a vida e vivências comunitárias como contrapontos de cuidado são temas que representam os resultados da investigação. A epistemologia psicodramática pode ser ferramenta relevante para análises críticas da desigualdade social, desvelando seus processos injustos. O psicodrama pode ser um saber que afirma a coletividade e a vida comunitária, servindo como contraponto ao ideário neoliberal vigente.

ABSTRACT This work aims to investigate the meanings and experiences in relation to public and private spaces of a group of young people living in peripheral regions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The grounded theory data was used to qualitatively analyze the semi-structured interviews conducted with seven young people. The abandonment in face of the absence of government, the stigmatization of the periphery that devitalizes and community experiences as counterpoints of care are themes that represent the results of the investigation. The psychodramatic epistemology can be relevant tools for critical analysis of social inequality, unveiling its unfair processes. Psychodrama can also affirm collectivity and community life, serving as a counterpoint to the prevailing neoliberal ideals.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar los significados y experiencias en relación con los espacios públicos y privados de un grupo de jóvenes residentes en regiones periféricas durante la pandemia COVID-19. Se utilizó la teoría fundamentada para analizar cualitativamente las entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con siete jóvenes. El desamparo ante la falta del Estado, la estigmatización de la periferia que desvitaliza a la gente, las vivencias comunitarias como contrapuntos del cuidado son temas que representan los resultados de la investigación. La epistemología psicodramática puede ser herramienta relevante para el análisis crítico de la desigualdad social, desvelando sus procesos injustos. El psicodrama también puede afirmar la colectividad y la vida comunitaria, sirviendo de contrapunto a los ideales neoliberales imperantes.

Impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 na saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde / Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of health professionals / Impacto de la pandemia Covid-19 en la salud mental de los profesionales de la salud

Objetivo: analisar as questões relacionadas à saúde mental dos profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia do Sars-Cov-2, identificando as principais doenças mentais acometidas e destacando a participação dos Programas Nacionais de Saúde para minimizar os impactos da pandemia sobre esses profissionais. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão bibliográfica realizado nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO-Brasil e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde nos anos de 2020 e 2021. Resultados: Foram selecionados dez artigos referentes ao tema e, após interpretação destes, notou-se um aumento de transtorno de ansiedade e depressão entre os profissionais, com impacto à sua saúde mental nesse cenário pandêmico devido a sua atuação na linha de frente. Conclusão: a saúde mental dos profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia parecer ter sido comprometida, com impacto potencial à qualidade da assistência ao paciente

Objective: to analyze the issues related to the mental health of nursing professionals during the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic, identifying the main mental illnesses affected and highlighting the participation of national health programs to minimize the impacts of the pandemic on these professionals. Method: This is a bibliographic review study conducted in the Pubmed, SciELO-Brazil and Virtual Health Library databases in 2020 and 2021. Results: Ten articles on the theme were selected and, after interpreting these, an increase in anxiety and depression disorder was noticed among professionals, with an impact on their mental health in this pandemic scenario due to their performance on the front line. Conclusion: the mental health of nursing professionals during the pandemic seems to have been compromised, with a potential impact on the quality of patient care.

Objetivo: analizar los temas relacionados con la salud mental de los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia de Sars-Cov-2, identificando las principales enfermedades mentales afectadas y destacando la participación de programas nacionales de salud para minimizar los impactos de la pandemia en estos profesionales. Método: Se trata de un estudio de revisión bibliográfica realizado en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO-Brasil y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud en 2020 y 2021. Resultados: Se seleccionaron diez artículos sobre el tema y, tras interpretarlos, se notó un aumento del trastorno de ansiedad y depresión entre los profesionales, con impacto en su salud mental en este escenario de pandemia debido a su desempeño en primera línea. Conclusión: la salud mental de los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia parece haberse visto comprometida, con un impacto potencial en la calidad de la atención al paciente.

Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on spine surgery in a tertiary health care institution / Impacto da pandemia de covid-19 nas cirurgias de coluna em uma instituição terciária de saúde

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess postoperative complications, including COVID-19 infection, among patients undergoing surgeries at a tertiary institution during the pandemic, and to develop a local epidemiological profile of spine surgery patients. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of all patients who underwent spine surgery between March 2020 and 14 January 2021 in a tertiary institution in Latin America. All patients who underwent spine surgery were included, without age restrictions. The main outcomes were postoperative complications, including COVID-19 infection. Results: 74 patients were included in the study, 43 males and 31 females. The average age was 49.6 years. The mean duration of hospitalization was 11.5 days. Urgent surgeries were performed in 60.81% of cases. During hospitalization, only 5 of 74 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, and only 1 patient had pulmonary involvement estimated to be greater than 50%. On average, 1.9 surgical debridements were required after postoperative surgical site infection. Conclusions: During the hospitalization period, only 6.7% of patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 infection death rate was 1 in 5 cases. The postoperative surgical site infection rate was 10.8%, similar to the level before the pandemic. Level of Evidence IV; Observational retrospective descriptive study .

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar complicações pós-cirúrgicas, incluindo infecções por COVID-19, entre pacientes cirúrgicos numa instituição terciária de saúde durante a pandemia, e desenvolver um perfil epidemiológico local de pacientes de cirurgias da coluna. Métodos: estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de todos os pacientes que passaram por cirurgias da coluna entre março de 2020 e 14 de janeiro de 2021, numa instituição terciária na América Latina. Todos os pacientes que passaram por cirurgias na coluna foram incluídos, sem restrição de idade. Os principais resultados foram complicações pós-cirúrgicas, incluindo a infecção por COVID-19. Resultados: 74 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 43 do sexo masculino e 31 do feminino. A média de idade foi de 49.6 anos. A duração média da hospitalização foi de 11.5 dias. Cirurgias urgentes foram realizadas em 60.81% dos casos. Durante a hospitalização, apenas 5 dos 74 pacientes foram diagnosticados com COVID-19, e apenas 1 deles teve envolvimento pulmonar estimado em mais que 50%. Em média, 1,9 desbridamentos cirúrgicos foram necessários após infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Conclusões: Durante o período de hospitalização, apenas 6,37% dos pacientes foram diagnosticados com infeção por COVID-19. A taxa de mortes devido à infecção por COVID-19 foi de 1 em 5. Infecções do sítio cirúrgico atingiram uma taxa de 10.8%, nível similar àquele prévio à pandemia. Nível de evidência IV ; Estudo observacional retrospectivo descritivo .

Bioética em investigação clínica no âmbito da Covid-19: disrupções, adaptações e lições / Bioethics in clinical research in Covid-19 context: disruptions, adaptations and lessons

A investigação clínica deve obedecer a regras éticas e metodológicas bem estabelecidas por várias instituições e organizações que visam proteger o participante, respeitando os 3 princípios fundamentais da bioética: o respeito pelas pessoas, beneficência e justiça. A pandemia da Covid-19 constitui uma emergência de saúde pública que necessita de respostas rápidas para obtenção de novos medicamentos, esquemas terapêuticos, vacinas e testes de diagnóstico que permitam diminuir o impacto da infeção por Sars-CoV-2. A pandemia constituiu um desafio para a realização de estudos clínicos, incluindo ensaios clínicos, que respeitassem os princípios estabelecidos internacionalmente de valor, ética e qualidade. As medidas de restrição à mobilidade das pessoas, que aumentaram as dificuldades de acesso, em particular dos grupos vulneráveis, bem como a necessidade de divulgação rápida dos resultados dos estudos, vieram trazer disrupções importantes na investigação clínica. Vários mecanismos adaptativos, baseados na experiência adquirida em surtos epidémicos anteriores (Sars, H1N1, VIH/SIDA e doença por vírus Ébola) foram accionados, incluindo a disponibilização de vias rápidas para a realização de estudos clínicos, implicando modificações no modo de funcionamento dos Comités de Ética na Investigação, bem como a verificação rigorosa da validade dos resultados antes da sua publicação e divulgação. As lições a retirar das disrupções e adaptações durante a pandemia mostram que o respeito dos valores éticos fundamentais na experimentação em seres humanos em contexto de emergência de Saúde Pública pode contribuir para uma melhor preparação na resposta face a surtos de doenças infeciosas e para a credibilidade da investigação biomédica

Clinical research must follow ethical and methodological rules well established by various institutions and organizations that aim to protect the participant, respecting the 3 fundamental principles of bioethics: respect for persons, beneficence and justice. The Covid-19 pandemic is a public health emergency that requires rapid responses to obtain new drugs, therapeutic regimens, vaccines and diagnostic tests to lessen the impact of the Sars-CoV-2 infection. The pandemic has challenged the conduct of clinical studies, including clinical trials, that respect internationally established principles of value, ethics and quality. The measures restricting mobility of people, which increased the difficulties of access, particularly for vulnerable groups, as well as the need for rapid dissemination of study results, brought major disruptions to clinical research. Several adaptive mechanisms, based on the experience gained from previous epidemic outbreaks (Sars, H1N1, HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease) have been triggered, including the provision of fast-track routes for conducting clinical trials, implying changes in the way Research Ethics Committees operate, as well as rigorous verification of the validity of results before publication and dissemination. Lessons from the disruptions and adaptations during the pandemic show that respect for fundamental ethical values in human experimentation in the context of a Public Health emergency can contribute to better preparedness in the response to outbreaks of infectious diseases and to the credibility of biomedical research.

A pandemic guided by the SARS-CoV-2 PCR test: What should the clinician know?

Amidst an ever-evolving pandemic, the demand for timely and accurate diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to increase. Critically, managing and containing the spread of the disease requires expedient testing of infected individuals. Presently, the gold standard for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Potential vulnerabilities of this testing methodology can range from preanalytical variables to laboratory-related analytical factors and, ultimately, to the interpretation of results.