Oral panorama reconstruction method based on pre-segmentation and Bezier function / 生物医学工程学杂志

For patients with partial jaw defects, cysts and dental implants, doctors need to take panoramic X-ray films or manually draw dental arch lines to generate Panorama images in order to observe their complete dentition information during oral diagnosis. In order to solve the problems of additional burden for patients to take panoramic X-ray films and time-consuming issue for doctors to manually segment dental arch lines, this paper proposes an automatic panorama reconstruction method based on cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT). The V-network (VNet) is used to pre-segment the teeth and the background to generate the corresponding binary image, and then the Bezier curve is used to define the best dental arch curve to generate the oral panorama. In addition, this research also addressed the issues of mistakenly recognizing the teeth and jaws as dental arches, incomplete coverage of the dental arch area by the generated dental arch lines, and low robustness, providing intelligent methods for dental diagnosis and improve the work efficiency of doctors.

El viaje de la homeopatía en México. Apuntes sobre una historia extraordinaria / The Journey of Homeopathy in Mexico. Notes about an Extraordinary Story

En este ensayo-reportaje se hace un recorrido a través de algunos de los momentos más significativos en la historia de la Homeopatía en México, desde sus orígenes hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Además de recordar la fundación de las instituciones más significativas para el gremio médico homeopático y su relación con el trabajo de algunos médicos connotados, se mencionan algunas investigaciones científicas de relevancia, las aportaciones reales y potenciales de la medicina hahnemanniana a la salud pública y la influencia que la Homeopatía mexicana ha tenido, principalmente en países hispanohablantes. (AU)

This essay-report presents a review of the most significant moments of homeopathy in Mexico, from its origins to the first decades of the 21st century. He recalls the founding of the most significant institutions for the homeopathic profession and its relationship with the work of some connoted doctors; also mentioned are relevant scientific researchs, the contributions of the hahnemannian medicine to public health and the influence of the Mexican homeopathy, mainly in Ibero-America. (AU)

A Study on Position of the Mental Foramen in Children Using Panorama / 대한소아치과학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of the position of the mental foramen according to age by using panorama of children with mixed and early permanent dentition. 180 panorama of 6 to 13-year-old boys and girls were analyzed and PiView(Infinitt, Korea) program was used.The horizontal position of the mental foramen was evaluated by the relative position of the teeth. The vertical position of the mental foramen was evaluated by the ratios between the distance from the center of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible and the distance from to the alveolar crest to the inferior border of the mandible.The mental foramen was horizontally located in the anterior aspect of the second primary molar(premolar), and vertically slight below the half of mandibular body. As the age increased, it moved to the posterior and the downward and showed a significant correlation with age.

Panorama epidemiológico de México, principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad / Epidemiological overview of Mexico's leading causes of morbidity and mortality

Resumen Introducción: En este trabajo se presenta a grandes rasgos el panorama epidemiológico de México. A través de esta revisión se discute la mortalidad y morbilidad general por grupos específicos, los egresos hospitalarios y recursos humanos disponibles para la atención de la salud. Propósito: Analizar las transformaciones en el panorama epidemiológico actual del país en el marco de algunas variaciones demográficas y acordes al crecimiento económico y la evolución del salario mínimo. Metodología: Se revisó la información oficial que emite el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), el Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO) y la Secretaría de Salud (SS). Resultados: Se muestran las transformaciones en estructura de la población y esperanza de vida que permiten entender los cambios en el perfil de riesgos y las modificaciones de la mortalidad y morbilidad general, así como sus principales causas. Conclusiones: Los datos mostrados evidencian que existe un reto importante para el país, ya que por una parte se debe seguir atendiendo las enfermedades infecciosas o transmisibles para abatir la tasa de morbilidad y, por otra parte, es fundamental implementar acciones encaminadas a disminuir las tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles.

Abstract Introduction: We present an overview of the epidemiologic profile of Mexico. Throughout this review, we discuss the general mortality and morbidity by specific groups, hospital discharges and the human resources available for health care. Purpose: To analyze the transformations of the current epidemiological situation in the country within the framework of certain demographic variations and according to the economic growth and the evolution of the minimum wage. Methodology: Official information issued by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [National Institute of Statistics and Geography] (INEGI), Consejo Nacional de Población [National Population Council] (CONAPO) and the Secretaría de Salud [Ministry of Health] was revised. Results: This information shows the structure of the population and life expectancy changes that leads to a better understanding of the changes of the risk profile and the modifications on the general mortality and morbidity, as well as their main causes. Conclusions: The data shows that there is a major challenge for the country. On one hand, the infectious or transmittable diseases should continually being addressed in order to bring down the morbidity rate. And on the other hand, it is essential to implement actions focused in reducing the mortality rates of the non-transmittable diseases.

Índice de adequação do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos como ferramenta para o planejamento: aplicação no estado de São Paulo / Adequacy index of municipal solid waste management as a planning tool: use in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

RESUMO: Considerando as diretrizes de gestão e gerenciamento da Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos e a necessidade de uma visão ampla da problemática dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, este artigo propôs uma metodologia qualitativa de análise regional dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, baseada em um índice aplicado como ferramenta de planejamento. Apresentou-se, também, um panorama dos resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados no estado de São Paulo. Para o desenvolvimento do método, foram usados dados de geração de resíduos, população e desenvolvimento humano. Planilhas de cálculo e sistema de informações geográficas foram empregadas como ferramentas. Um índice de adequação do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos foi gerado a partir da atribuição de pesos para variáveis de população, geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos, coleta seletiva e dos resíduos de serviço de saúde e participação em consórcios intermunicipais. Foi obtida uma equação para estimativa da geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos em função da população do estado de São Paulo, com R²=0,9977. O índice de adequação do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos não apresentou tendência espacial, mas possibilitou identificar municípios com maiores problemas na gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Uma análise dos aterros regionais foi realizada, os quais, em sua maioria, estão localizados próximos aos municípios de maior porte do estado de São Paulo. Existe necessidade de aumentar a quantidade de aterros regionais próximos aos municípios de menor porte da parte Oeste do estado. A metodologia do índice de adequação do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos se mostrou adequada para uma análise regional da problemática de resíduos, podendo ser adaptada para outras áreas de estudo, em regiões administrativas diversificadas. Não foi encontrada correlação entre os dados de geração e de desenvolvimento humano.

ABSTRACT: Given the guidelines for management and administration of the Brazilian Policy for Solid Waste, as well as the need for a broad view of the problematics regarding municipal solid waste, this article proposed a qualitative methodology of regional analysis of municipal solid waste, based on an index used as a planning tool. An overview of the municipal solid waste generated in the state of São Paulo was presented, since it was the area under study. Data for waste generation, population and human development were used for the method development. Measurement spreadsheets and geographic information system were used as tools. An adequacy index of municipal solid waste management (IMSWM) was generated based on weight attribution for variables of population, municipal solid waste generation, selective collection, collection of waste from healthcare services, and participation in municipal consortia. An equation for estimating the generation of municipal solid waste based on the population of the state of São Paulo was obtained, with R²=0.9977. The adequacy index of municipal solid waste management did not show a spatial trend, though it was possible to identify municipalities with greater problems regarding the municipal solid waste management. An analysis of regional landfills was carried out. Most of those from the state of São Paulo are located close to larger municipalities. There is a need of increasing the amount of regional landfills closer to smaller municipalities in the Western part of the state. The methodology of adequacy index of municipal solid waste management seemed adequate for a regional analysis of the waste problematics. It can be adapted to other study areas, in different regions, in several administrative divisions. No correlation between data generation and human development was found.

A Radiographic Evaluation of Graft Height Changes after Maxillary Sinus Augmentation according to Single-unit Implants and Multi-unit Implants / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate whether there is the difference of graft height changes in radiographic evaluation in single implants and multiple implants after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with an auto-xenograft mixture. METHODS: The study group comprised 29 patients (16 men, 13 women; mean age, 56.5+/-12.4 years; range, 27 to 87 years) treated at the implant clinic of the Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital. They were treated with the sinus floor augmentation of lateral window technique and simultaneous placement of dental implants. Their implants have been evaluated for 42.4+/-10.5 months. To evaluate the height of grafted material, the real implant length was compared with that of panoramic radiography evaluated by a digital caliper (PACS program), and then the real height of grafted material was assumed. SPSS 19.0 was used in statistical analysis. Wilcoxon singed rank test was utilized for P value and Mann-Whitney for statistical significance in the changes of grafted height between single implants and multiple implants. The level of statistical significance was defined as P0.001). CONCLUSION: There was no statistical significance of radiographic graft height after maxillary sinus floor augmentation between single implants and multiple implants.

A New Facial Composite Flap Model(Panorama Facial Flap) with Sensory and Motor Nerve from Cadaver Study for Facial Transplantation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility that a dynamic facial composite flap with sensory and motor nerves could be made available from donor facial composite tissue. METHODS: The faces of 3 human cadavers were dissected. The authors studied the donor faces to assess which facial composite model would be most practicable. A "panorama facial flap" was excised from each facial skeleton with circumferential incision of the oral mucosa, lower conjunctiva and endonasal mucosa. In addition, the authors measured the available length of the arterial and venous pedicles, and the sensory nerves. In the recipient, the authors evaluated the time required to anastomose the vessels and nerve coaptations, anchor stitches for donor flaps, and skin stitches for closure. RESULTS: In the panorama facial flap, the available anastomosing vessels were the facial artery and vein. The sensory nerves that required anastomoses were the infraorbital nerve and inferior alveolar nerve. The motor nerve requiring anstomoses was the facial nerve. The vascular pedicle of the panorama facial flap is the facial artery and vein. The longest length was 78mm and 48mm respectively. Sensation of the donor facial composite is supplied by the infraorbital nerve and inferior alveolar nerve. Motion of the facial composite is supplied by the facial nerve. Some branches of the facial nerve can be anastomosed, if necessary. CONCLUSION: The most practical facial composite flap would be a mid and lower face flap, and we proposed a panorama facial flap that is designed to incorporate the mid and lower facial skin with and the unique tissue of the lip. The panorama facial composite flap could be considered as one of the practicable basic models for facial allotransplantation.

Prevalencia de variables anatómicas en el recorrido de los conductos mandibulares: estudio mediante tecnología Cone Beam / Prevalence of anatomical variables in mandibular canal anatomy: study using Cone Beam technology

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la presencia de la variable canal mandibular bífido (VCMB), por sujeto y por lado. Se distribuyó por tipo, según la clasificación de Naitoh, Hiraiwa, Aimiya y Ariji, agregándose el tipo canal triple. Se asoció con el género y se comparó la observación de la VCMB entre la vista panorámica y los cortes sagitales y coronales del sistema Cone Beam. Métodos: se analizó una muestra aleatoria de 84 sujetos (52 mujeres, 32 hombres), entre doce y ochenta años, conducido entre los años 2008 y 2009 en el Centro Sistemas Radiológicos Máxilo Faciales de Santiago de Chile. Se efectuaron adquisiciones volumétricas por medio de TC, sistema Cone Beam, utilizando un equipo Siemens Sirona, modelo Galileos Comfort. Se clasificaron los pacientes por edad y sexo. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo marcando recorrido de ambos conductos dentarios inferiores. Se clasifica la VCMB de acuerdo con la propuesta de los autores, Naitoh, Hiraiwa, Aimiya y Ariji y canal triple. Se observó y comparó la presencia de la VCMB entre vista panorámica y cortes sagitales y coronales. Resultados: el 69% de la muestra considerada en el estudio presentó al menos una variación en el trayecto del conducto dentario inferior. La variable del recorrido del conducto dentario que presentó mayor frecuencia fue la clasificada como prolongación anterior con confluencia (39,28%) y en segundo lugar la variable clasificada como canal retromolar (23,80%). Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar los cortes sagitales y coronales del estudio volumétrico mediante tomografía de alta resolución con relación a la reconstrucción panorámica, lo que sugiere que las imágenes panorámicas son insuficientes para la investigación de variables en el recorrido del conducto dentario inferior.

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of a bifid mandibular canal variable (BMCV), by subject and by side. It was distributed by type, as classified by Naitoh, Hiraiwa, Aimiya and Ariji, adding the triple canal type. It was also associated with gender and the BMCV observation was compared with the panoramic view and the sagittal and coronal Cone Beam System. Methods: a random sample of 84 subjects (52 women, 32 men) between 12 and 80 years of age was analyzed; it was conducted between 2008 and 2009 at the Maxillo Facial Radiology Systems Center of Santiago de Chile. Volumetric acquisitions were made by CT, Cone Beam System, using Siemens Sirona equipment, model Galileos Comfort. Patients were classified by age and gender. We performed a qualitative and quantitative analysis both marking the path of the mandibular canal; BMCV was classified according to the classification of Naitoh, Hiraiwa, Aimiya and Ariji. The presence of BMCV was observed and compared between panoramic, and the sagittal and coronal slices. Results: 69% of the sample of the study showed at least one variation in the trajectory of the inferior dental canal. The variable of the trajectory of the dental canal which showed the highest frequency was the one classified as anterior elongation with confluence (39.28%) and, in second place the variable known as retromolar canal (23.80%). There was a statistical significant difference when the sagittal slices were compared with the coronal slices of the volumetric study through high resolution tomography in relation with the panoramic reconstruction, which suggests that the panoramic images are not sufficient to look for variables in the trajectory of the inferior dental canal. As it relates to gender, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.02) for the variable classified as lingual canal.

A study of the panoramic radiographic images of the buccolingual dilaceration / 대한구강악안면방사선학회지

PURPOSE: We want to identify the appearance of the buccolingual root dilaceration teeth in the panoramic views and specify the characteristics of these teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One thousand-six patients were examined on the basis of both panoramic and CT image criteria. We diagnosed and excluded certain teeth from the samples; both prosthodontic or pathologic lesion appearing teeth and mesiodistally dilacerated ones. We meticulously discerned buccolingually dilacerated teeth in the CT images and total 48 samples were selected. The degree of severity in dilaceration was standardized by 2 types of criteria. The samples were differentiated into 3 groups and again categorized into six types showing from the panoramic views: irregular view on the root apex area, clear blunt on the root tip, stepping on root tip, double lamina dura or double tip, arrow-target shaped root, bull's eye, normal view. RESULTS: The types of teeth selected from total 48 buccolingual root dilaceration samples were mandibular first and second molar, premolars, canines, and lateral incisors. The direction of dilaceration was an even percentage to each buccal and lingual side for most selected teeth, however, that of both canines and lateral incisors were directed in almost a buccal side. In the panoramic views, the root types of the buccolingually dilacerated teeth were irregular view on the root apex area, clear blunt on the root tip, stepping on root tip and normal types were almost always normal view. The more severity in dilareated degree, the more chances of observation in the panoramic views were clear blunt on the root tip and stepping on root tip. CONCLUSION: As observed in the shape of stepping on root tip or double lamina dura in the panoramic views, there can be much more probability to diagnose as a buccolingually dilacerated root.

Panoramic analysis about spontaneous bone regeneration after enucleation of jaw cyst

Clinical application of panorama imaging from digital radiography based on mosaicing technique / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To investigate the clinical application of the panorama imaging of digital radiography(DR). Methods:2～3 images of spine or long bone were collected with amorphous silicon flat-panel detector DR system,thereupon the panorama images including whole spine and both sides of lower limbs were obtained by post-processing of mosaic technique. Results:The panorama images can not only show the whole spine and lower limbs on a single film, but also be used for measuring the length and the angle. Conclusion:The panorama imaging from digital radiography based on mosaic technique can meet the demand of clinical application.

A radiographic evaluation on the eruptional and positional changes of impacted mandibular third molars in young adults

A Comparative Study On The Location Of The Mandibular Foramen In Panoramic Radiographs Of Normal Occlusion and Mandibular Prognathism

0.05). There was considerable difference in the upper and lower position of mandibular foramen between control and experimental group. It appeared that the distance of mandibular foramen from mandibular notch is 20.66mm (average) for the normal occlusion and 17.785mm(average)for the mandibular prognathism. So we can see the distance of mandibular foramen from mandibular notch for patients is more near 2.815mm (average) than normals. For the distance of mandibular foramen from the extension line of occlusal plane, it's 0.92mm (average) lower than occlusal plane for the normal and 0.5mm (average) upper for the patient. It's located 1.42mm (average) upper part of the patient.

Metodología de los panoramas de factores de riesgo ocupacional: Estrategia Educativa en Salud Ocupacional / Methodology of the overveiw of occupational risk factors: educative strategy in Occupational Health

El panorama de factores de riesgo se constituye en la herramienta más utilizada para el diagnóstico de las condiciones de trabajo, debido a su fácil manejo, bien sea por parte del comité prioritario, el programa de salud ocupacional o cualquier otro funcionario de la empresa, además por su sencillez y aplicabilidad. Su importancia radica en que permite obtener información sobre los factores de riesgo, de una empresa, comunidad, de un ámbito geográfico determinado que permitan localizarlos y valorarlos, así como el conocimiento de la exposición a que están sometidos los distintos grupos de trabajadores afectados por ellos. Igualmente, son el punto de partida para plantear y desarrollar las acciones de prevención y control de los factores de riesgo en el interior de las empresas, además es una estrategia válida para el proceso de aprender - haciendo en la práctica de salud ocupacional. Para la elaboración se deben tener en cuenta las diferentes teorías relacionadas con los manejos de abordaje de la salud en el trabajo, en las que se clasifican los factores de riesgo de acuerdo con las escuelas de pensamiento en salud ocupacional, y para desarrollarlo requiere de varias etapas, las que incluyen principalmente, el grado de peligrosidad del agente y la interpretación, con el fin de implementar las medidas de control que ameriten el caso.

Comparative Study of Panoramic Mandibular Parameters in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic women

Osteoporosis has recently been recognized as a major health problem in the elderly population. The disorder is manifested as a loss of bone mass accompanied by structural alteration of bone and increased incidence of fracture. Mandible also may be affected. So, I evaluated panoramic views of 66 postmenopausal women for finding the possibility of useful diagnostic mandibular parmeters of osteoporosis. To know the correlationship between skeleton and mandible, the average of the bone mineral density of lumbar from 2nd to 4th by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA, LUNAR DPZ. USA), and age and mandibular parameters, that is, the number of residual teeth, alveolar ridge resorption ratio, panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical width (MCW), angular cortical thickness (ACT), ramus cortical thickness (RCT), morphology of mandibular inferior cortical (MIC) were compared. And I divided the all tested women to the osteoporotic group and non-osteoporotic group by the use of T-score-2.0, which was derived from skeletal bone mineral density (BMD). To find the correlationship of the each group with mandibular parameters, t-test and discriminant analysis were done. The results of the t-test were that all parameters were highly related with 2 groups (p<0.05). Especially ACT, MIC, age have had even higher correlationship than others (p<0.001). The results of the discriminant analysis by the use of these ACT, MIC and age were that the discriminant function was Z =-2.973+(-1.447)x(ACT)+1.131x(MIC score)+(0.052)x(age), the cutting score was 0.257 and the classification accuracy was 84.8%. Therefore I suggest that the consideration of the angular cortical thickness (ACT), the age of patient and the morphology of mandibular inferior cortical(MIC) may help find the osteoporosis.