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ObjectiveTo analyze the occurrence of sport injury in Paralympic athletes during the Summer or Winter Paralympic Games, as well as the risk factors for sport injuries and possible interventions. MethodsThe literatures related to sport injuries of Paralympic athletes were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI from January, 2013 to July, 2022, and a scoping review of the retrieved literature was performed. ResultsFinally, eight English articles from China, Sweden, South Africa, Poland and the United States were included, involving 4 769 atheletes. They included one interview study, five survey studies, one retrospective study and one prospective cohort study, which were mainly from journals in the fields of sport medicine, adaptive sport and sport science, and the publication date was mainly from 2016 to 2022. The types of disability of Paralympic athletes mainly involved physical disability (upper and lower limb amputation, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, poliomyelitis, dysplasia and neuromuscular dystrophy, central nervous system injury, myelomeningocele, etc.), intellectual disability and visual disability. The incidence of sport injury was high in Paralympic athletes, and most of the injury occured during competitions. Acute injury, chronic overuse injury and chronic to acute injury were the three most common types of injury. Sports injuries mainly involved head and neck, upper limbs (shoulders, upper arms/forearms, elbows, wrists and fingers), trunk (abdomen, back and waist), and lower limbs (hips/groin, thighs, knees, calves, ankles and toes). Risk factors for sport injuries in Paralympic athletes mainly included previous injury history, illness, fatigue and decreased physical strength, spasticity and muscle weakness; emotional states of inattention or distraction, excessive anxiety or excitement; improper exercise training methods, lack of knowledge related to sport training and injury prevention, and motor skill deficiencies; weather, competition venues, sport facilities, use of equipment and assistive devices, age factors, etc. Injuries of Paralympic athletes could be prevented by providing rehabilitation services for Paralympic athletes, optimizing training design, conducting collective training for coaches and athletes on various types of injuries, conducting research related to sport injuries of disabled athletes, formulating prevention programs and strategies, improving the physical fitness and sport skills of Paralympic athletes, improving emergency treatment techniques for injuries, and strengthening coordination and governance structures between sport medicine and rehabilitation therapists. ConclusionThe incidence of sport injury is high in Paralympic athletes. Chronic overuse injury is the most common injury type, and the injuries most involve head, neck and upper extremities. The risk factors for sport injuries of Paralympic athletes mainly involve physical function, psychological, activities and participation, environment and other factors. The main intervention strategies include providing emergency treatment intervention and monitoring services, sport medicine treatment and rehabilitation, guidance and specialized support, and health education on sport injury prevention.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Sitting volleyball is an adapted sport played by players in the seated position, due to impaired mobility or amputations. Court dimensions are adjusted to the players' average height, and during the games, the actions performed are similar to those of traditional volleyball. Objective To analyze the tactical performance of lower limb amputees and physically disabled athletes during seated volleyball games. Methods Data were collected from video footage, by a single observer, of twelve games of the Brazilian north-northeast championship 2017. The analysis investigated: i) average length of rallies; ii) frequency of attack actions; iii) game actions by amputation type; iv) outcomes of the actions by amputation type; v) direction and frequency of movements by disability. Results The average duration was 70 rallies per game, with the minimum disabled athletes performing the highest number of attack actions (43). Transfemoral amputees performed the highest number of blocking actions per game (10.5, in average). Conclusion Sitting volleyball has characteristics that are determined mainly by the type of disability. Players with minimal disabilities perform more attack actions and have higher performance per action, while amputees perform actions closer to the net, such as blocking and blocking points. The results also suggest that the type of amputation influences the direction of movement. Level of evidence II; Study Prospective.
RESUMO Introdução O voleibol sentado é uma adaptação praticada pelos jogadores em sedestação devido a mobilidade prejudicada ou amputações. As dimensões da quadra são ajustadas à altura média dos jogadores e, durante os jogos, as ações realizadas são semelhantes às do vôlei tradicional. Objetivo Analisar o desempenho tático de amputados de membros inferiores e deficientes físicos durante jogos de voleibol sentado. Métodos Os dados foram coletados em 12 jogos do campeonato brasileiro norte-nordeste de 2017 a partir de imagens de vídeo, por um único observador. A análise investigou: i) duração média dos ralis; ii) frequência de ações de ataque; iii) ações de jogo por tipo de amputação; iv) resultados das ações por tipo de amputação; v) direção e frequência de deslocamentos por deficiência. Resultados A duração média dos ralis foi de 70 ralis por jogo, sendo o deficiente mínimo responsável pela maior frequência de ações de ataque (43), enquanto os amputados transfemorais foram responsáveis pelo maior número de ações de bloqueio por jogo (em média, 10,5). Conclusão As características do voleibol sentado são determinadas principalmente pelo tipo de deficiência. Jogadores com deficiência mínima são responsáveis pelas ações de ataque e maior desempenho por ação, enquanto os amputados são responsáveis por ações mais próximas da rede, como bloqueio e pontos de bloqueio. Os resultados sugerem ainda que o tipo de amputação influencia a direção do deslocamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudo Prospectivo.
RESUMEN Introducción El voleibol sentado es una adaptación practicada por los jugadores en sedestación debido a movilidad reducida o amputaciones. Las dimensiones de la cancha se ajustan a la altura promedio de los jugadores y, durante los juegos, las acciones realizadas son similares a las del voleibol tradicional. Objetivo Analizar el desempeño táctico de los amputados de miembros inferiores y personas con discapacidades físicas durante los juegos de voleibol sentado. Métodos Un solo observador recopiló datos en 12 juegos del campeonato brasileño norte-nordeste de 2017 a partir de imágenes de video. El análisis investigó: i) duración promedio de los rallies; ii) frecuencia de las acciones de ataque; iii) acciones del juego por tipo de amputación; iv) resultados de las acciones por tipo de amputación; v) dirección y frecuencia de los desplazamientos por deficiencia. Resultados La duración promedio de los rallies fue de 70 rallies por juego, y los discapacitados mínimos fueran responsables por la mayor frecuencia de acciones de ataque (43), mientras que los amputados transfemorales fueron responsables por el mayor número de acciones de bloqueo por juego (promedio de 10,5). Conclusión Las características del voleibol sentado están determinadas principalmente por el tipo de discapacidad. Los jugadores con discapacidades mínimas son responsables por las acciones de ataque y un mayor rendimiento por acción, mientras que los amputados son responsables por acciones más cercanas a la red, como el bloqueo y los puntos de bloqueo. Los resultados también sugieren que el tipo de amputación influye en la dirección del desplazamiento. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio prospectivo.
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Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a percepção da qualidade de vida (QV) dos atletas paralímpicos das modalidades de atletismo e natação. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo e de corte transversal com 32 paratletas, sendo 22 de atletismo e 10 de natação. Para avaliação da QV foi utilizado o questionário de avaliação abreviado da qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk; como os dados apresentaram distribuição não paramétrica, foi adotada a apresentação descritiva em mediana (Md) e intervalo interquartílico (Q1; Q3). Para comparar a QV em função do gênero e do patrocínio, foi utilizado o teste de "U" de Mann-Whitney, e para comparar a QV entre o nível de escolaridade, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Observou-se entre os domínios de QV que o domínio meio ambiente obteve o menor índice e o domínio social obteve o maior índice entre os paratletas pesquisados. Em relação aos subgrupos mais prejudicados os menores valores encontrados foram entre os paratletas com níveis de escolaridades fundamental I e nível superior, que apresentaram diferenças nos domínios ambientais e de QV geral, fundamental I com ensino médio, apenas na QV geral e fundamental II com ensino superior, apenas no domínio ambiental. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas na percepção da QV entre os paratletas com e sem patrocínio, e entre as modalidades atletismo e natação. Conclui-se que os atletas paralímpicos que possuem menor nível de escolaridade apresentaram-se como os grupos com menores percepções de QV.
Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the perception of the quality of life (QoL) of Paralympic athletes of athletics and swimming. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study with 32 Paralympic athlete. To evaluate the QoL, the questionnaire of abbreviated quality of life evaluation of the World Health Organization was used. For the analysis of the data the Shapiro-Wilk test was used; because the data presented non-parametric distribution, the descriptive presentation was adopted in median (Md) and interquartile range (Q1; Q3). To compare QoL according to gender and sponsorship, the Mann-Whitney "U" test was used, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the QoL between the level of schooling. There was a lower perception of QoL in the environmental domain and a greater perception in the social domain among the parathletes surveyed. In relation to the most impaired subgroups, the lowest values were found among paratrans with primary and higher levels of schooling presented differences in environmental domains and general QoL, fundamental I with secondary education, only in general and fundamental QoL II with higher education, only in the environmental domain. There were no significant differences in the perception of QoL between Paralympic athlete with and without sponsorship, and between athletics and swimming modalities. It is concluded that Paralympic athletes who have lower level of schooling presented themselves as the groups with lower perceptions of QoL.