ABSTRACT
Antispasmodics are effective in reducing abdominal pain and controlling spasm. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients have characteristic key factors such as intestinal motility disorder and visceral hypersensitivity. So antispasmodics have been used in the treatment of IBS for decades. Mebeverine blocks intestinal peristalsis but are not significantly better than placebo. Alverine citrate combined with simethicone is effective treatment option in IBS. Otilonium and pinaverium bromide are poorly absorbed agents, so they have mostly local effect with minimal systemic adverse events. Phloroglucinol controls acute exacerbation of abdominal pain effectively. Tiropramide reduce abdominal discomfort without serious adverse events. Fenoverine control spasm in spastic colon but does not affect normal contraction. Trimebutine have dual actions that it inhibits hyperactive colon and activates hypomotile colon. Each drug has advantages and disadvantages. Antispasmodics are considered as the first treatment option of pain-dominant IBS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Abdominal Pain , Citric Acid , Colon , Gastrointestinal Motility , Hypersensitivity , Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Muscle Spasticity , Parasympatholytics , Peristalsis , Phloroglucinol , Simethicone , Spasm , TrimebutineABSTRACT
Chronic diarrhea is usually associated with a number of non-infectious causes. When definitive treatment is unavailable, symptomatic drug therapy is indicated. Pharmacologic agents for chronic diarrhea include loperamide, 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists, diosmectite, cholestyramine, probiotics, antispasmodics, rifaximin, and anti-inflammatory agents. Loperamide, a synthetic opiate agonist, decreases peristaltic activity and inhibits secretion, resulting in the reduction of fluid and electrolyte loss and an increase in stool consistency. Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant that is generally considered as the first-line treatment for bile acid diarrhea. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists have significant benefits in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with diarrhea. Ramosetron improves stool consistency as well as global IBS symptoms. Probiotics may have a role in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, data on the role of probiotics in the treatment of chronic diarrhea are lacking. Diosmectite, an absorbent, can be used for the treatment of chronic functional diarrhea, radiation-induced diarrhea, and chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. Antispasmodics including alverine citrate, mebeverine, otilonium bromide, and pinaverium bromide are used for relieving diarrheal symptoms and abdominal pain. Rifaximin can be effective for chronic diarrhea associated with IBS and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Budesonide is effective in both lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis. The efficacy of mesalazine in microscopic colitis is weak or remains uncertain. Considering their mechanisms of action, these agents should be prescribed properly.
Subject(s)
Humans , Abdominal Pain , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Bile , Budesonide , Cholestyramine Resin , Citric Acid , Colitis, Collagenous , Colitis, Lymphocytic , Colitis, Microscopic , Diarrhea , Drug Therapy , Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Loperamide , Mesalamine , Parasympatholytics , Probiotics , Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3 , SerotoninABSTRACT
Indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus; MBT) produces lethal stings and is a matter of concern in certain parts of India. MBT envenomation produces multi-systemic involvement, thus presents difficulty in the management. Symptomatic treatment has been practiced earlier that failed to relieve the toxic effects of the venom. Therefore, present manuscript deals with pathophysiologically based approach in the management of toxicity considering the merits and the demerits of treatment protocols so as to evolve a consensus in the treatment strategies of scorpion envenomation.