Carcinoma de paratiroides en un paciente con hiperparatiroidismo terciario / Parathyroid carcinoma in a patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Introducción: La mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis desarrollan hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Algunas veces este tipo de hiperparatiroidismo secundario suele ser severo y refractario al tratamiento médico, inclusive algunos desarrollarán hiperparatiroidismo terciario, el tratamiento de ambas situaciones suele ser la paratiroidectomía subtotal o total. Reporte de Caso: Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 29 años, con enfermedad renal terminal en hemodiálisis durante 13 años, quien desarrolló hiperparatiroidismo terciario por lo que fue sometido a paratiroidectomía subtotal con autotrasplante de media glándula; el estudio patológico informó la presencia de un carcinoma de paratiroides en una de las cuatro glándulas paratiroides extirpadas. Conclusión: El carcinoma de paratiroides es una neoplasia rara que causa hiperparatiroidismo primario en menos de 1% de todos los casos, y se ha reportado en algunos pacientes operados por hiperparatiroidismo terciario.

Background: Most patients with terminal chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis develop secondary hyperparathyroidism. Sometimes this type of secondary hyperparathyroidism becomes severe and refractory to medical treatment, some will even develop tertiary hyperparathyroidism, the treatment of both situations is usually subtotal or total parathyroidectomy. Case Report: We present the case of a 29-year-old patient with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis for 13 years, who developed tertiary hyperparathyroidism, for which he underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy with half gland autotransplantation; the pathological study reported the presence of a parathyroid carcinoma in one of the four excised parathyroid glands. Conclusion: Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare neoplasm that causes primary hyperparathyroidism in less than 1% of all cases, and has been reported in some patients operated on for the development of tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

One case of recurrent parathyroid carcinoma complicated with lung metastasis after parathyroid adenoma operation and literature review / 中华内分泌外科杂志

This paper reports the clinical data of a patient with recurrent metastatic parathyroid carcinoma. The causes, clinical manifestation, diagnose, treatment and prognosis of parathyroid carcinoma were discussed in order to perfect the experience of diagnosis and treatment and improve the survival rate of such patients.

The remedial surgery for parathyroid carcinoma / 中华内分泌外科杂志

The incidence of parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is low while the long-term outcome is poor in most cases. Most patients with PC suffered from relapse or metastasis, and the main reason of mortality is hypercalcemia and related complications. Surgery is the main therapy for PC. Local resection is suitable for benign lesion while radical resection including parathyroid lesion, ipsilateral thyroid lobe and surrounding soft tissue is suggested for parathyroid carcinoma. It is still difficult to identify the malignancy among parathyroid neoplasm before operation without distant metastasis. Parathyroid carcinoma was diagnosed after first surgery of local resection in most patients with histopathological evaluation. The significance of remedial surgery for this situation was still indeterminate. In this review, the different opinions about the management of PC were introduced and several suggestions were presented based on the literatures.

Manejo quirúrgico de carcinoma de paratiroides: a propósito de un caso / Surgical management of parathyroid carcinoma: a case report

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que el carcinoma de paratiroides es uno de los cánceres menos frecuentes del mundo, es importante tenerlo en cuenta al plantear el diagnóstico diferencial del hiperparatiroidismo primario, ya que su diagnóstico temprano tiene repercusiones en el tratamiento y el pronóstico vital del paciente. Caso Clínico: A continuación, se expone un caso clínico de un paciente con sintomatología abigarrada de hiperfunción paratiroidea que, dada la sospecha clínica de carcinoma de paratiroides y la no infiltración de estructuras adyacentes, fue tratado con una paratiroidectomía. Conclusión: Esta cirugía supone una menor morbilidad, sin suponer un detrimento para la supervivencia global del paciente.

Introduction: Parathyroid carcinoma should be taken into consideration among the differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, even though it is one of the less common malignant tumours in the world, because an early diagnosis is essential for the treatment and the prognosis of the patient. Case Report: We present the case of a patient whose symptoms were compatible with hyperfunction of parathyroid gland. Due to the malignant disease suspicion and the non-invasion of adjacent tissue, he was treated with a parathyroidectomy. Conclusión: This type of treatment supposes a lower morbidity without decrease in overall survival, according to bibliography.

Clinical characteristics of the patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The prevalence of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in China is lower than that in European and American countries and the study about the characteristics of asymptomatic PHPT was rare in China. This study aims to explore the characteristics of asymptomatic PHPT.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 150 patients with PHPT confirmed by operation and pathological examination were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were assigned into a symptomatic PHPT group (@*RESULTS@#The proportion of adenomas was higher than that of adenocarcinoma in the asymptomatic PHPT group. The proportion of the first diagnosis due to hypercalcemia found via biochemical examination in the asymptomatic PHPT group was higher than that in the symptomatic PHPT group (76.92% vs 25.81%, @*CONCLUSIONS@#Only a minority of PHPT patients are asymptomatic. Compared with the symptomatic PHPT patients, the primary cause of diagnosis is hypercalcemia, the duration of diagnosis and the diameter of parathyroid gland are shorter, the levels of serum calcium, and PTH are lower, the proportion of adenomas, vitamin D, and the BMD of L

Parathyroid Carcinoma Masking Behind Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report with Review of Literature

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare disease. It accounts for lessthan 1% of all case of primary hyperparathyroidism and isusually not detected until the time of surgery or thereafter.Preoperative staging is not available for most patients. Hence aradical excision remains the standard management. Usuallythe disease has an indolent but slowly progressive course.Most of the patients suffer due to complications ofhypercalcemia, rather than direct tumor invasion ormetastases. The management of PC is difficult in terms ofdiagnosis, treatment and follow up. Here is a case report thatproves a diagnostic challenge to both the clinicians andpathologists and is discussed below

Carcinoma de paratiroides: diagnóstico por fractura de fémur / Parathyroid carcinoma: diagnosis by a femur fracture

Resumen: Antecedentes: El carcinoma de las glándulas paratiroides (CP) descrito por De Quervain en 1909 representa la neoplasia menos frecuente, siendo su incidencia de 1.25/10,000,000 personas. Se han reportado aproximadamente 1,000 casos de carcinoma paratiroideo en la literatura mundial. En México existen dos series, una de ocho pacientes y otra de cuatro, además de tres reportes de casos aislados. Dado que el CP es funcionalmente activo el comportamiento clínico inicial es similar a las neoplasias paratiroideas benignas. Caso clínico: Femenino de 66 años de edad con dolor óseo en muslo y fractura espontánea de fémur, en la que se detectaron lesiones osteolíticas, hipercalcemia, niveles elevados de fosfatasa alcalina y de paratohormona; con gammagrama que mostró un tumor funcionante localizado en mediastino superior, fue sometida a extirpación en bloque con hemitiroidectomía derecha con tumor de la glándula paratiroides. El estudio histopatológico reportó CP. Discusión: El CP representa la neoplasia menos común; en pacientes con niveles de paratohormona mayores de 1,000 pg/ml e hipercalcemia mayor de 14 mg/dl debe sospecharse dicha patología.

Abstract: Background: Carcinoma of the parathyroid gland (PC) described by De Quervain since 1909, it represents the least common neoplasm, with an incidence of 1,25/10,000,000 peoples. It has been reported approximately 1,000 cases of CP in world literature. There are two series in Mexico, one of eight patients and other with four cases. Because CP is functionally active, its early clinical behavior is similar to that of parathyroid benign neoplasms. Clinical case: A 66-year-old female with history of thighbone pain and spontaneous femoral fracture, osteolytic lesions, hypercalcemia, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone detected; the scintigraphy showed a functioning tumor located in upper mediastinum. By hemithyroidectomy in block, the tumor was resected. Histopathological study reported parathyroid carcinoma. Discussion: PC is the least common neoplasia, in patients with parathyroid hormone levels greater than 1,000 pg/ml and hypercalcemia upper of 14 mg/dl this disease should be suspected.

Role of calcium-sensing receptor, Galectin-3, Cyclin D1, and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry to favor in the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma

Background: As histopathological findings of parathyroid carcinoma are not certain, the diagnosis of tumors with degenerative changes may be difficult. In these cases, immunohistochemical markers are beneficial. We aimed to research the acceptability of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), Galactin-3, Cyclin D1, and Ki-67 as helpful markers in parathyroid tumors in cases which are difficult to diagnose. Materials and Methods: Those cases who had been diagnosed with atypical parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid carcinoma between 2010 and 2015 were reevaluated. ?mmunohistochemical markers were applied to this cases. Results: About 21 cases were parathyroid adenoma, 14 were atypical adenoma, and 10 cases were parathyroid carcinoma. According to the immunohistochemical results, global loss of CaSR staining was seen in 50% (5/10) of the patients with carcinoma while there was no loss of staining in those with parathyroid adenoma (P = 0,001). Global loss of CaSR staining was found in only one out of 14 cases with atypical adenoma. The expression of Galactin-3 was found to be positive in 40% (4/10) of carcinoma cases, 71.4% (10/14) of those with atypical adenoma, and 14.3% (3/21) of those with adenoma (P = 0,002). Cyclin D1 expression was determined to be positive in 70% (7/10) of patients with carcinoma, 71.4% (10/14) of atypical adenoma cases, and 23.8% (5/21) of those with adenoma. The Ki-67 proliferation index was seen to be above 5% in 50% (5/10) of carcinoma cases and 35,7% (5/14) of those with atypical adenoma. Conclusion: In these studies, it has been emphasized that the global loss of CaSR staining was used as a negative marker in the diagnosis of carcinoma. In this study, we have also confirmed that the global loss of CaSR staining is a useful marker to determine potential increased malignancy.

Analysis of preoperative predictive factors and clinical characteristics in patients with parathyroid carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the clinical characteristics and preoperative predictive factors in patients with parathyroid carcinoma.@*Methods@#From January 2010 to December 2016, 150 patients with pathologically and biochemically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism were enrolled in this study. The clinical data were reviewed to define 28 cases of parathyroid hyperplasia, 14 cases of parathyroid carcinoma (PC), and 108 cases of parathyroid adenoma (PA). The clinical characteristics between PC and PA group were compared and analyzed to explore predictive factors for PC.@*Results@#Patients in PC group were significantly younger than those in PA group (47.9±13.9 vs 57.2±14.6 years, P=0.026). The diameter of tumor in PC group was larger than that in PA group (3.6±1.8 vs 2.2±1.4 cm, P=0.005). The levels of albumin-corrected serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) were all higher in PC group than those in PA group (3.4±0.6 vs 2.9±0.3 mmol/l; 1 157.1 vs 201.6 pg/ml; 168 vs 97 IU/L; all P<0.05). PC correlated with age(r=-0.241, P=0.007), albumin-corrected serum calcium (r=0.324, P<0.001), PTH levels (r=0.301, P=0.001), serum AKP (r=0.217, P=0.019) and tumor size(r=0.238, P=0.011). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that the optimum cut-off values as follows: albumin-corrected serum calcium 3.15 mmol/L, serum PTH concentration 1 011 pg/ml and tumor diameter 3.35 cm. These indicators can be helpful in the preoperative diagnosis of PC.@*Conclusions@#Patients with PC were younger than the patients with PA. Albumin-corrected serum calcium, serum PTH concentration, and tumor diameter can be helpful in preoperative diagnosis of PC.

Carcinoma de paratiroides: como causa de muerte / Parathyroid carcinoma: as a cause of death

ResumenSe presenta el caso de un masculino de 25 años de edad, conocido sano, trabajador en un piñera, con un cuadro de 3 semanas de evolución de malestar general, adinámia, astenia, síntomas gastrointestinales y pérdida de peso. Fue valorado en el servicio emergencias de un hospital rural donde se describió que presentaba fascies de crónicamente enfermo, los laboratorios evidenciaron calcio en 21,10 g/dl, diagnosticándosele hipercalcemia maligna de probable etiología neoplásica e insuficiencia renal aguda, presentó cuadro de convulsiones generalizadas y falleció el mismo día que ingresó. El carcinoma de paratiroides es un tumor infrecuente con una incidencia menor a 1 en 1 millón, su clínica se basa en los efectos por la excesiva secreción de hormona paratiroidea y por niveles elevados de calcio en sangre como en el presente caso.

AbstractWe report the case of a 25-year-old male, known as a healthy, hard-working worker, with a 3-week history of malaise, adynamia, asthenia, gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss. It was evaluated in the emergency service of a rural hospital where it was described that it presented fascies of chronically ill, the laboratories evidenced calcium in 21,10 g / dl, being diagnosed malignant hypercalcemia of probable neoplastic etiology and acute renal failure, he presented generalized convulsions and died the same day he entered. Parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon tumor with an incidence of less than 1 in 1 million. Its clinical features are based on the effects of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone and elevated levels

Tumores pardos mimetizando enfermedad metastásica ósea como presentación inicial de un carcinoma paratiroideo: A propósito de un caso / Brown tumors mimetizing bone metastasic disease as an initial presentation of a parathyroid carcinoma: About a case

Objetivo: Describir caso inusual de paciente con tumor pardo, manifestación poco frecuente del hiperparatiroidismo, como presentación inicial de carcinoma de paratiroides. Caso Clínico: Paciente masculino de 25 años, inicia enfermedad actual en el 2011, caracterizada por dolor en encía inferior de hemiarcada izquierda, acompañada de tumoración en región maxilar inferior ipsilateral. Se evidencia progresión de dicha lesión y aparición de nueva tumoración en maxilar superior derecho, además de dolores óseos, limitación a la movilización y fracturas patológicas en húmeros. En abril de 2015 presenta disartria, dificultad en la alimentación por progresión de la tumoración en la cavidad oral, además de sangrado en el sitio de la lesión, por lo que es hospitalizado. Examen físico: lesión tumoral en maxilar superior e inferior que deforma la arcada dentaria, con sangrado activo que imposibilita la oclusión completa de boca, con asimetría facial. Extremidades: asimetría en ambos húmeros. Paraclínicos: PTH: 990 pg/mL, calcio: 13 mg/dL, fosfatasa alcalina: 300 UI/L. Se realiza paratiroidectomía y lobectomía tiroidea izquierda. Biopsia: carcinoma paratiroideo. A los meses se evidencia mejoría del dolor óseo y del tamaño de las lesiones. Conclusión: El carcinoma de paratiroides es una neoplasia rara, la prevalencia es menos de 1% de los casos de hiperparatiroidismo, y la incidencia es de 0.015 por 10000 casos. El tumor pardo es una forma infrecuente de manifestación de un hiperparatiroidismo, reflejando un desafío en el diagnóstico diferencial de una enfermedad metastásica ósea, y más aún cuando el carcinoma paratiroideo generalmente al momento del diagnóstico ya presenta metástasis a distancia.

Objective: To describe the unusual case of a patient with brown tumor, rare manifestation of hyperparathyroidism, as initial presentation of a parathyroid carcinoma. Case Report: Two years later evidence progression of the lesion, also appearance of new tumor in the right upper jaw, in addition to bone pain, limitation mobilization and pathological fractures in the humerus. In April 2015 the patient presents dysarthria and difficulty in feeding due to progression of the tumor in the oral cavity, in addition to bleeding at the site of injury, so it is hospitalized. Physical examination: tumor lesion in upper and lower jaw, which deforms the dental arch, with active bleeding that precludes complete occlusion of the mouth, with facial asymmetry. Limbs: asymmetry in both humerus. Paraclinical: PTH: 990 pg/mL, calcium: 13 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase: 300 IU/L. Parathyroidectomy and left thyroid lobectomy was performed. Biopsy: parathyroid carcinoma. Months later, improvement in bone pain and lesion size was evident. Conclusions: Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare neoplasm, the prevalence is less than 1% of cases of hyperparathyroidism, and the incidence is 0.015 per 10,000 cases. The brown tumor is a rare form of manifestation of hyperparathyroidism, reflecting a challenge in the differential diagnosis of a metastatic bone disease, and even more when the parathyroid carcinoma usually at the time of diagnosis already presents distant metastases.

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone examination in parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective To explore the effect of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) examination on parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.Methods The clinical data of 41 PHPT patients who received IOPTH monitoring (IOPTH group) from Jan.2009 to Dec.2014 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical manifestation,examination and changes of parathyroid hormone and calcium before and after operation were collected.Results There were 12 males and 29 females.36 cases had parathyroid adenoma,and 5 cases were parathyroid carcinoma.23 cases were positive in 24 cases of 99Icm-MIBI parathyroid adenoma radionuclide examination,and 2 cases were positive in 3 cases of parathyroid carcinoma radionuclide 99Tcm-MIBI inspection (P＝ 0.213).10 mins after tumor resection,PTH in all cases decreased by 50％ or more than that before tumor resection except for one case of parathyroid carcinoma.23 cases appeared hypocalcemia in 36 cases of parathyroid adenoma after surgery and 2 cases appeared hypocalcemia in 5 cases of parathyroid cancer patients (P＝0.361).No postoperative hoarseness,cough,bleeding occoured.Patients were followed up from 6 to 72 months.Hypocalcemia symptoms recovered 2 weeks to 3 months after surgery.No permanent hypoparathyroidism occured.One case of parathyroid carcinoma died of hypercalcemia 5 months after surgery.The remaining 40 cases survived without recurrence or death.Conclusions Intraoperative PTH monitoring can help doctors analyze whether all the hyperthyroidism glands have been removed,which can help to avoid miss diagnosis of multiple gland disease and unnecessary bilateral neck exploration.This method is highly accurate so it is recommended for routine use in PHPT surgery.

Effect of CDC73 gene mutation on clinical characteristics of sporadic children/adolescent-onset primarg hyperparathyroidism / 基础医学与临床

Objective To summarize the characteristics and molecular genetics of sporadic children /adolescent-onset primary hyperparathyroidism PHPT patients and analyze the difference of characteristics between patients with and without CDC73 gene mutations .Methods Germline mutation analyses of MEN1, CDC73, RET, CDKN1B, and CaSR genes were performed in 22 sporadic children/adolescent-onset PHPT patients .Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Results Four patients were found to carry CDC 73 mutations with the mutation rate of 18%(4/22).Patients with CDC73 gene mutationshad higher rates of parathyroid carcinoma and atypical adenomas than those without ,and the recurrence rate postoperatively was as high as 50%.Conclusions Genetic mutation testing is recommended in spo-radic children/adolescent-onset PHPT patients, especially the CDC73 gene.

Evaluation of preoperative ultrasonographic and biochemical features of patients with aggressive parathyroid disease: is there a reliable predictive marker?

ABSTRACT Objective Parathyroid cancer (PC) represents < 1% of cases of PHPT. Tumors demonstrating atypical histopathologic features and don’t fulfill criteria for carcinoma are classified as atypical adenomas (APA). The purpose of this study was to determine a biochemical or ultrasonographic feature that can predict aggressive disease requiring more extensive surgery and closer follow-up. Subjects and methods Twenty eight patients operated for PHPT and diagnosed with atypical adenoma (23 patients) or carcinoma (5 patients) were enrolled in this study. The control group consisted of 102 patients operated between the same dates and diagnosed with classical PA. Classical adenomas, atypical adenomas, and carcinomas were compared according to their biochemical and ultrasonographic parameters. Results Serum Ca levels were significantly higher in the PC group compared with the APA and classical PA groups. Serum median PTH, Serum ALP and UCa was significantly higher in the APA and carcinoma groups compared to the classical PA group. ROC analysis was made to determine the best cut off values for predicting aggressive disease were 12.45 mg/dL, 265.05 pg/mL, 154.5 IU/l, 348.5 mg/day and 21.5 mm for Ca, PTH, ALP, UCa and the adenoma diameter, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that serum Ca, ALP and isoechoic/cystic appearance were independent predictors for aggressive disease. Conclusion Preoperatively high PTH, ALP, and UCa levels and large lesions with isoechoic or cystic appearances may be predictive of atypical adenoma or carcinoma in patients being evaluated for PHPT. In such cases, surgeons may prefer en bloc parathyroidectomy to minimally invasive surgery.

Parathyroid carcinoma manifesting as recurrent nephrolithiasis

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> To  present  a  rare  case  of  primary  parathyroid  carcinoma  and  discuss  its  clinical findings and management.<br /><strong>METHODS:</strong><br /><strong>Design:</strong> Case Report<br /><strong>Setting:</strong> Tertiary Government Hospital<br /><strong>Patient:</strong> One<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> A 54-year-old woman presented with a 3-year history of recurrent nephrolithiasis despite several  courses  of  shock  wave  lithotripsy.  She  had  persistent  hypercalcemia  and  parathyroid hormone levels were noted to be elevated. Neck ultrasound showed a hypoechoic solid nodule measuring  approximately  1.7  x  1.6  cm  in  the  lateral  inferoposterior  aspect  of  the  left  thyroid lobe. Parathyroid scintigraphy revealed a focal uptake on the left lower thyroidal bed. The patient underwent  left  inferior  parathyroidectomy  with  subtotal  thyroidectomy  and  isthmusectomy Frozen  section  reported  a  parathyroid  tumor  and  the  final  histopathologic  results  revealed  a parathyroid carcinoma.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> A  rare  case  of  parathyroid  carcinoma  was  presented  manifesting  with  recurrent nephrolithiasis.  Elevated  serum  calcium  and  intact  parathyroid  hormone  (iPTH)  can  confirm  a primary  hyperparathyroid  problem.  Neck  ultrasound  and  parathyroid  scintigraphy  help  in  the localization of a parathyroid tumor. Only final histopathologic results can confirm the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice and offers a good prognosis.</p>

A Case of Parathyroid Carcinoma Presenting as Brown Tumors / 대한이비인후과학회지

Carcinoma of the parathyroid gland has been reported as a rare disease occurring in 0.5 to 4% of patients with the primary hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumor is characterized as the terminal stage of remodeling processes during the primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumor induced by the primary hyperparathyroidism can commonly occur in the ribs, clavicle, and pelvic bone. We experienced a case of a 29-year old female patient, who had parathyroid carcinoma leading to primary hyperparathyroidism, followed by multiple Brown tumor. We present this case of parathyroid carcinoma with Brown tumors with a brief review of literature.

Intrathyroidal parathyroid tumor: A report of three cases and literature review / 肿瘤

Objective: To enhance the understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of intrathyroidal parathyroid tumor by retrospective review of the medical records of three patinets with intrathyroidal parathyroid tumor. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted for three patients with intrathyroidal parathyroid tumor in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between January 2011 and June 2013, and the review of the related literatures was performed. Results: All of the three patients with intrathyroidal parathyroid tumor were females, aged 37 to 56 years; of the three patients, two had parathyroid adenoma, one had parathyroid carcinoma. All patinets did not have hyperparathyroidism. Conclusion: Intrathyroidal parathyroid tumor is very rare. The error in diagnosis is common in clinical practice. Accuracy in positioning and qualitative diagnosis is essential to achieve success in treatment. Copyright © 2014 by TUMOR.

Early identification and treatment of parathyroid carcinoma / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine tumor.Clinical manifestations are varied with multiple organs involved,mainly due to hypercalcemia.So far the etiology and pathogenesis of parathyroid carcinoma are still unclear and preoperatively diagnosis is difficult.Technetium-99 m sestamibi scan and ultrasound can help to find the early lesions.Complete surgical resection with suspicious involved lymph nodes is the recommended treatment.Parathyroid carcinoma is insensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.New immune therapy yields unsure efficacy.Therapeutic effect and prognosis mainly depend on primary surgical resection of the tumor.The disease recurs in more than 50％ of patients with poor prognosis.

Parathyroid carcinoma: review of a problematic case.

Parathyroid carcinoma (PTCA) is a rare neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases. Several clinical and biochemical features can directing to PTCA, but accurate pre and intraoperative diagnosis are still difficult. This study presents a case of PTCA that diagnosed postoperatively with a discussion of microscopic feature. The surgical exploration revealed an enlarged parathyroid mass which invade recurrent laryngeal nerve and right thyroid gland. Histologic features showed tumor nodules separated by thick fibrous band with capsular invasion and local infiltration to adjacent tissues. The final diagnosis of PTCA was made based on clinical feature and specimens examination.