Genetic evidence supports polygamous mating system in a wild population of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae), a Neotropical shoal spawner fish

Behavioral observations made on fish have revealed remarkably diverse reproductive strategies, including polygamy by both sexes. Still, to date, most Neotropical species remain unstudied as to whether the observed reproductive behavior in natural populations correlates with their genetic mating systems. Here, we investigated the genetic mating system of a wild population of Prochilodus lineatus settled in the Middle Uruguay River basin. By using sibship reconstruction and parental inference methods based on microsatellites' genotypes, we inferred 45 females and 47 males as potential parents of the 87 larvae analyzed. We found evidence supporting polygamous mating in both sexes: while a high percentage of males (44.7%) fertilized the eggs of one female, 55.3% of the inferred males fertilized eggs of up to four females. Likewise, while 44.5% of the inferred females had their eggs fertilized by one only male, 55.5% of females were fertilized by multiple males. The estimated proxy of the effective population size (Nb) was 126, exhibiting moderate to high levels of genetic diversity. The genetic evidence contributed in this study complements earlier behavioral observations of formation of spawning nuclei of aggregating breeders, which may be promoting a polygamous mating strategy in this long-distance migratory fish.(AU)

Observações do comportamento de peixes neotropicais têm revelado estratégias reprodutivas marcadamente variáveis, incluindo poligamia nos dois sexos. Ainda assim, até então, a correlação entre comportamento reprodutivo observado em populações naturais e sistemas de acasalamento genético permanece pouco explorada para maioria de espécies Neotropicais. Neste estudo investigamos o sistema genético de acasalamento de Prochilodus lineatus em uma população natural estabelecida no Médio rio Uruguai. Utilizando métodos de reconstrução de grupos familiares e inferências parentais baseados em genótipos de microssatélites, inferimos 45 fêmeas e 47 machos como os possíveis parentais das 87 larvas amostradas. Encontramos evidência que permite apoiar a ocorrência de acasalamento poligâmico em ambos os sexos: enquanto uma percentagem alta de machos (44,7%) fertilizou somente uma fêmea, 55,3% dos machos inferidos fertilizaram mais de uma fêmea (até quatro por macho). Da mesma forma, enquanto que 44,5% das fêmeas inferidas tiveram seus ovos fertilizados por apenas um único macho, 55,5% das fêmeas tiveram ovos fertilizados por múltiplos machos. A estimativa do tamanho populacional efetivo (Nb) foi 126, exibindo níveis entre moderados e altos de diversidade genética. A evidência genética que apresentamos nesse estudo complementa observações iniciais da formação de núcleos de desova que podem promover estratégias de acasalamento poligâmico nessa espécie migratória de longa distância.(AU)

Effective gene flow patterns across a fragmented landscape in southern Costa Rica for Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae); a species with mobile seed and pollen dispersers

In tropical trees, forest fragmentation has been shown to affect mating and gene flow patterns. Mobile dispersal vectors should be less sensitive to fragmented landscapes and may ameliorate the genetic effects of forest fragmentation on plant populations. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed gene flow patterns in Symphonia globulifera, a tropical tree species with highly mobile pollinators and seed dispersers in the Osa Peninsula in southern Costa Rica. We used microsatellites to study genetic diversity and realized gene flow patterns between a continuous forest and a forest fragment. We found high levels of genetic diversity in adults and seedlings at both sites. Parentage analyses suggest near-neighbor matings and frequent long-distance gene flow events. Half the progeny beneath an adult was not sired by that tree and the majority of established seedlings were the result of long-distance gene dispersal. Gene flow from the forest into the fragment was more common than from the fragment into the continuous forests. Despite long distance gene flow events, seedling spatial genetic structure was stronger and extended further in the forest fragment likely due to limited seed dispersal. We conclude that fragmentation affects gene flow in this tropical tree and may compromise its genetic diversity in forest fragments even for a species with mobile pollen and seed vectors.

En árboles tropicales se ha demostrado que la fragmentación del bosque afecta los patrones de apareamiento y reduce el flujo génico. Las especies forestales cuyos dispersores y polinizadores son capaces de moverse largas distancias sobre ambientes alterados, serán menos sensibles a los efectos de la fragmentación y podrán intercambiar genes regularmente entre fragmentos. Para probar esta hipótesis, en la Península de Osa en el sur de Costa Rica, estudiamos los patrones de flujo génico de Symphonia globulifera, una especie de árbol tropical con polinizadores y dispersores de semillas altamente móviles. Utilizamos microsatélites para estudiar la diversidad genética y los patrones de flujo génico entre un bosque continuo y un fragmento de bosque. Encontramos altos niveles de diversidad genética tanto en adultos como en plántulas. Los análisis de parentesco indican apareamiento entre vecinos cercanos, sin embargo el flujo génico a larga distancia es frecuente. La mitad de la progenie debajo de un adulto no es engendrada por ese árbol y la mayoría de las plántulas establecidas son el resultado del flujo génico a larga distancia. El flujo de genes desde el bosque continuo hacia el fragmento era más frecuente que el movimiento inverso. A pesar del flujo génico a larga distancia, hay diferencias en frecuencias alélicas entre plántulas y la estructura espacial era más fuerte y se extendía a mayor distancia en el fragmento, probablemente por una dispersión limitada de semillas. Concluimos que la fragmentación afecta los patrones de flujo génico en esta especie de árbol tropical y puede afectar su diversidad genética en paisajes fragmentados, inclusive para una especies con polinizadores y dispersores con alta movilidad.

Accuracy of Imputation of Microsatellite Markers from BovineSNP50 and BovineHD BeadChip in Hanwoo Population of Korea

Until now microsatellite (MS) have been a popular choice of markers for parentage verification. Recently many countries have moved or are in process of moving from MS markers to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for parentage testing. FAO-ISAG has also come up with a panel of 200 SNPs to replace the use of MS markers in parentage verification. However, in many countries most of the animals were genotyped by MS markers till now and the sudden shift to SNP markers will render the data of those animals useless. As National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea plans to move from standard ISAG recommended MS markers to SNPs, it faces the dilemma of exclusion of old animals that were genotyped by MS markers. Thus to facilitate this shift from MS to SNPs, such that the existing animals with MS data could still be used for parentage verification, this study was performed. In the current study we performed imputation of MS markers from the SNPs in the 500-kb region of the MS marker on either side. This method will provide an easy option for the labs to combine the data from the old and the current set of animals. It will be a cost efficient replacement of genotyping with the additional markers. We used 1,480 Hanwoo animals with both the MS data and SNP data to impute in the validation animals. We also compared the imputation accuracy between BovineSNP50 and BovineHD BeadChip. In our study the genotype concordance of 40% and 43% was observed in the BovineSNP50 and BovineHD BeadChip respectively.

Um golpe de mestre: crianças e pais frente ao diagnóstico psiquiátrico / A masterstroke: Children and parents in face of psychiatric diagnosis / Un coup de maître: enfants et parents face au diagnostic psychiatrique / Un golpe de maestro: padres y niños frente al diagnóstico psiquiátrico

O presente trabalho provém de reflexões advindas de escuta e intervenção em um grupo de pais, realizado em um ambulatório público de psiquiatria. A dicotomia dos efeitos da nomeação diagnóstica se apresenta ora permitindo inscrever a criança e o adolescente numa ordem de filiação, ora produzindo um engessamento das possibilidades de subjetivação. Problematizam-se as formas de filiação construídas sob o caráter prescritivo do diagnóstico psiquiátrico e seus possíveis efeitos nos modos de cuidado e nos laços estabelecidos entre pais e filhos.

This study is based on the reflections arising from listening and intervening in a group of parents in a public psychiatric clinic. The dichotomy of the effects of diagnostic nomination seems sometimes to allow children and adolescents to be enrolled in an order of parentage, and sometimes to render the possibilities of subjectification inflexible. We discuss the forms of parentage built under the prescriptive character of the psychiatric diagnosis and their possible effects on the manners of caring and the bonds between parents and children.

Cet article présente un ensemble de réflexions survenues lors d'un travail d'écoute et d'intervention au sein d'un groupe parents d'un service psychiatrique. La dichotomie des effets de l'énoncé d'un diagnostic psychiatrique peut se manifester d'une part à travers l'inscription de l'enfant/l'adolescent dans un ordre de filiation, d'autre part en réduisant ses possibilités de subjectivation. Cet article propose questionner les formes de filiations construites à partir des critères prescriptifs du diagnostic et ses effets possibles sur les soins et sur les liens parent-enfant.

El presente trabajo proviene de reflexiones que surgen de la escucha y la intervención en un grupo de padres, realizado en un ambulatorio psiquiátrico público. La dicotomía de los efectos del nombramiento diagnóstico se presenta, unas veces, permitiendo la inscripción del niño y del adolescente en una orden de filiación y, otras veces, produciendo una fijación de las posibilidades de subjetivación. Se problematizan las formas de filiación construidas bajo el carácter prescriptivo del diagnóstico psiquiátrico y sus posibles efectos en los modos de cuidar y en los lazos establecidos entre padres e hijos.

Der vorliegende Artikel ist das Ergebnis einer Reihe von Überlegungen basierend auf Aussagen einer Elterngruppe einer psychiatrischen Tagesklinik. Die Dichotomie der Auswirkungen der Diagnosis manifestiert sich entweder indem sie es dem Kind/Jugendlichen erlaubt, in eine erbliche Ordnung einzugehen, oder indem sie die Möglichkeiten der Subjektivierung erstarren lässt. Der Artikel diskutiert weiter die Formen der Filiation welche aufgrund der präskriptiven Eigenschaft der psychiatrischen Diagnose entstehen, sowie die möglichen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Pflegearten und auf die Eltern-Kind-Beziehung.

Analysis of system effectiveness in grandparental double single-parentage cases / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To derive and empirical validate probability of exclusion in grand-parental double single-parentage cases (PEGDS). Methods Firstly, an exact definition of PEGDSwas established, and PEGDSformula was derived based on the definition. Then the values of formula were calculated in 19 STR loci. Secondly, the simulation values of PEGDSwere counted through multi-group simulation experiments in 19 STR loci. Finally PEGDSformula was empirically validated by correlation method between the values of formula and simulation. Results PEGDSformula was all in accord with the simulation experiments. Cumulative probability of exclusion in grand-parental double single-parentage cases (CPEGDS) in AGCU EX20 system was 1-3.10310×10-9. The system effectiveness in grand-parental double single-parentage cases was a little more than trio cases, and was far more than duo cases. Conclusion PEGDSformula in this paper could be applied to grand-parental double single-parentage cases.

Genotyping of 90 autosomal SNPs based on next generation sequencing / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphism of 90 autosomal SNPs in Guangdong Han population and assess their value in forensic medicine based on next generation sequencing. Methods Blood samples were collected from 100 unrelated individuals. Through using AutoMate ExpressTM Nucleic Acid Extraction System, DNA was extracted. HID-Ion AmpliSeq? Identity Panel was applied for library preparation while Ion OneTouch? 2 system (OT2) was employed for emulsion PCR (emPCR). NGS was performed on the Ion PGM? system. Sequencing results were analysed using the Torrent Suite v4.4.2 with the HID_SNP_Genotyper v4.3.1 plugin. The forensic parameters were calculated and compared with GoldeneyeTM 20A systems. Results According to the Bonferroni correction, the genotypes of 90 autosomal SNPs were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and no linkage disequilibrium was observed. The average Ho of 90 autosomal SNPs was 0.423, the average DP was 0.560 and the average PIC was 0.329. The CDP (cumulative power of discrimination) of 90 autosomal SNPs system was 1-1.20×10-33, which was greater than that of 20A System. The CPEtri (cumulative excluding probability of trio paternity) was 0.999 999 911 and the CPEduo (cumulative excluding probability of duo paternity) was 0.999 882. Both of these two parameters were below that of 20A System. Conclusion It suggested that the 90 autosomal SNPs System can be applied to forensic individual discrimination and trio paternity testing independently. Besides, it is supposed to be used in the duo paternity testing as an assistant measure.

Research cumulative paternity index in single-parentage identiifcation with stochastic simulation method / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To analyze a large number of Cumulative Paternity Index (CPI) data in Single-parentage identification with stochastic simulation method. Methods Using the software in Identifiler, PP18D, AGCU EX20, PP21, AGCU 21+1 system, 1 million groups of STR genotyping of parent-child were analyzed. The average rate of very low CPI (RVLCPI), the median of PI in every loci (MPI), and the average PI of 39 STR loci (PIsolo) were counted out. And calculation formula of the number of STR loci that need more testing (N) was derived. Results RVLCPI in Identiifler, PP18D, AGCU EX20, PP21, AGCU 21+1 system were 24.9%, 6.5%, 1.4%, 0.7%, 0.000 1%. On the premise of inclusion relations between every kits, the number of autosome STR loci is inversely proportional to RVLCPI. PIsolo was 1.843 2. There was a signiifcant positive correlation between MPI and PEduo (r=0.956, P<0.001). The formula of the number of STR loci that need more testing was N=?log1.843 2(10 000/P)?. Conclusion The result and the formula in this paper are effcient in single-parentage identiifcation.

Divergência genética entre populações de pessegueiro baseada em características da planta e do fruto / Genetic divergence among peach populations based on the characteristics of plant and fruit

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a divergência genética entre populações de pessegueiro e quantificar a contribuição relativa de 13 características na diversidade, utilizando procedimentos multivariados. Foram analisados 179 indivíduos de 15 populações, com número de indivíduos variando de 3 a 64 plantas. As características avaliadas foram: na planta (densidade de nós por metro em ramos mistos, densidade de gemas vegetativas brotadas por metro de ramo, altura da planta e diâmetro do tronco); nos frutos (comprimento, diâmetro médio, firmeza, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável, teor de vitamina C, área percentual de recobrimento com pigmento vermelho da epiderme, coordenada 'b' obtida da epiderme e ângulo hue da epiderme). A diversidade genética das populações foi avaliada pelos métodos de agrupamento de Tocher e vizinho mais próximo, utilizando-se a distância de Mahalanobis como medida de dissimilaridade. Foi obtido também o coeficiente de parentesco entre as populações estudadas e a contribuição relativa dos caracteres na variabilidade total. A realização do agrupamento pelo método de Tocher e Vizinho mais Próximo utilizando como medida de dissimilaridade as distâncias de Mahalanobis promoveram a formação de quatro grupos. Entre as populações estudadas, observa-se certo grau de parentesco entre a maioria das possíveis combinações com coeficientes de pequena magnitude (inferior a 0,2). As características que mais contribuíram para a discriminação dos genótipos foram o percentual de vermelho na epiderme, acidez total titulável e altura de plantas. As menores contribuições para a diversidade foram obtidas dos caracteres BRIX, número de nós/metro ...

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence among peach populations and quantify the relative contribution of thirteen diversity characteristics using multivariate procedures. It was analyzed 179 individuals from 15 populations, number of individuals ranging from 3 to 64 plants. The characteristics evaluated were: plant (node density per meter mixed branches, density of vegetative buds sprouted per meter of branch, plant height and trunk diameter), fruit (length, diameter, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, percentage of coverage area with red pigment of the epidermis, coordinated 'b' obtained from epidermis and hue angle of the epidermis). The genetic diversity of populations was evaluated by cluster Tocher and nearest neighbor using the Mahalanobis distance as the dissimilarity measure. It was also obtained the coefficient of relatedness among populations and the relative contribution of the characters in the total variability. The realization of grouping by the Tocher method and by the Nearest Neighbor using as dissimilarity measure the Mahalanobis distances promoted the formation of four groups. Among populations studied, it was observed certain relatedness degree between most possible combinations with coefficients of small magnitude (less than 0.2). The characteristics that contributed most to the discrimination of genotypes were the percentage of red in the epidermis, titratable acidity and plant height. The smaller contributions to diversity of characters were obtained by BRIX, number of nodes / linear meter of branch and vitamin C.

Análise dialélica e uso de marcadores microssatélites na avaliação de cultivares de trigo / Diallel analysis and use of microsatellite markers for the evaluation of wheat cultivars

Foi avaliada a capacidade combinatória de oito cultivares de trigo, por meio de um esquema dialélico analisado segundo o modelo quatro da metodologia de Griffing. Paralelamente, foi realizada uma análise de dissimilaridade com marcadores SSR, a partir de estimativas de distância genética baseadas em pedigree. Oito características foram avaliadas num experimento delineado em blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. O agrupamento das cultivares a partir das distâncias genéticas foi efetuado com os métodos UPGMA e Tocher. Ficou evidenciada a variabilidade entre os genótipos de trigo. As cultivares 'CD 108', 'CD 0542' e 'CD 104' apresentaram grande capacidade geral de combinação para vários caracteres. Os maiores valores de capacidade específica de combinação foram detectados nos híbridos mais heterozigotos, formados pelo cruzamento de parentais integrantes de grupos diferentes. Os agrupamentos indicados pelo pedigree não coincidiram com os indicados a partir dos marcadores moleculares. As distâncias dos marcadores SSR provavelmente refletem melhor as relações entre as cultivares de trigo do que as distâncias medidas com base na genealogia. A falta de associação entre os padrões de agrupamento foi provavelmente devida às propriedades intrínsecas de cada forma de estimação das distâncias genéticas, as quais podem modificar a interpretação e a distribuição da variabilidade genética entre os genótipos avaliados.

The combining ability of eight wheat varieties was evaluated according to the fourth model of the Griffing's diallelic methodology. Studies on genetic dissimilarity based on microsatellite markers and genetic distance among genotypes from pedigree data were also performed. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with two replications. Eight traits were evaluated in the diallel. Genotypes were grouped according to the UPGMA and Tocher methods. Genetic variability among genotypes was evident. Varieties 'CD 108', 'CD 0542' and 'CD 104' were those who showed high values for general combining ability in several traits. Since the effects of specific combining ability were more important in those particularly heterozygous combinations obtained from varieties allocated in different clusters, field and molecular results coincided in a certain way. There was no a good coincidence between the dendrogram based on parentage coefficient and the one based on microssatellite markers. The very small association between standards of grouping was probably related to the intrinsic properties of each way of estimating the genetic distance, which can modify the interpretation and the distribution of the genetic variability in the evaluated genotypes.

Genetic diversity among Brazilian soybean cultivars based on SSR loci and pedigree data

In this study, simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci and pedigree data were used to investigate the genetic relationship in a group of 168 Brazilian soybean cultivars. Eighteen SSR loci produced an average of 5.06 alleles and a mean gene diversity of 0.58 for the cultivars studied. Genetic distance (GD) was determined using the modified Roger's Wright distance, and a final dendrogram was in agreement with the cultivar pedigree. A distance matrix based on the coefficient of parentage scores was also generated for the cultivars, which ranged from 0 to 1, with a mean of 0.18, whereas SSR-based genetic similarity (1- GD) ranged from 0.01 to 0.90, with a mean of 0.25. Mantel's Z test showed that the similarity matrices generated from both the data sets were low, but significantly correlated (r = 0.31, p<0.001). The results showed that SSR data and pedigree analyses could help to quantify more accurately the degree of relationship among the soybean cultivars.

Locos microssatélites e dados de genealogia foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética de um grupo de 168 cultivares brasileiras de soja. Os dezoito locos utilizados apresentaram em média 5,06 alelos por loco e coeficiente de diversidade genética médio de 0,58. O dendrograma final resultante da matriz de distância genética de Roger modificado por Wright, apresentou boa concordância com a ancestralidade dos grupos formados. Também foi estimado os coeficientes de parentesco entre as cultivares, sendo observada variação de 0 a 1 com média de 0,18, enquanto que as similaridades para os locos microssatélites (1- GD) variou de 0,01 a 0,90 com média de 0,25. A correlação entre as duas matrizes obtidas determinada pelo teste Z de Mantel apresentou valor baixo, 0,31, mas significativo (p<0,001). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os locos microssatélites aliados às informações de genealogia proporcionam melhor análise da diversidade genética de cultivares de soja.

Strategy of Conclusion-Making for Paternity Testing with Short Tandem Repeats Genotyping / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

[Objective] To propose a criterion for making conclusions on paternity tests based on STR genotyping. [Method] To use binomial distribution formula to calculate minimal numbers of STR loci that must be tested for different scenarios in paternity testing. [ Results ] We proposed a set of criteria for making STR paternity testing conclusions. For triplet tests, concluded "paternity positive" for the following four cases when the cumulative paternity index (PI) was greater than 10 000: 1) no inconsistent STR locus was detected in 15 loci (PE > 0.571 4/locus) or 2) only one inconsistent STR locus was detected in 19 loci or 3) only two inconsistent STR loci were detected in 28 loci or 4) only three inconsistent STR loci were detected in 35 loci; otherwise, concluded "paternity negative" when at least four inconsistent STR loci had been detected. For single parent tests, concluded "paternity non-exclusive" for the following cases when the cumulative PI was greater than 10 000: 1) no inconsistent STR locus was detected in 18 loci (PE>0.411/locus) or 2) only one inconsistent STR locus was detected in 29 loci or 3) two inconsistent STR loci were detected in 41 loci; concluded "paternity negative" when three or more inconsistent loci were detected. [Conclusion] Our experience has proven that these criteria are robust in STR paternity testing.

Implementation of a parentage control system in Portuguese beef-cattle with a panel of microsatellite markers

A study was conducted to assess the feasibility of applying a panel of 10 microsatellite markers in parentage control of beef cattle in Portugal. In the first stage, DNA samples were collected from 475 randomly selected animals of the Charolais, Limousin and Preta breeds. Across breeds and genetic markers, means for average number of alleles, effective number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content, were 8.20, 4.43, 0.733 and 0.70, respectively. Enlightenment from the various markers differed among breeds, but the set of 10 markers resulted in a combined probability above 0.9995 in the ability to exclude a random putative parent. The marker-set thus developed was later used for parentage control in a group of 140 calves from several breeds, where there was the suspicion of possible faulty parentage recording. Overall, 76.4 percent of the calves in this group were compatible with the recorded parents, with most incompatibilities due to misidentification of the dam. Efforts must be made to improve the quality of pedigree information, with particular emphasis on information recorded at the calf's birth.

Parentage test in broad-snouted caimans (Caiman latirostris, Crocodylidae) using microsatellite DNA

In this study, microsatellite markers, developed for Alligator mississipiensis and Caiman latirostris, were used to assess parentage among individuals from the captive colony of Caiman latirostris at the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Many of the females in the colony were full siblings, which made maternal identification difficult due to genotypic similarity. Even so, the most likely mother could be identified unambiguously among offspring in most of the clutches studied. Two non-parental females displayed maternal behavior which would have misled managers in assigning maternity based on behavior alone. This set of variable loci demonstrates the utility of parentage testing in captive propagation programs.

DNA testing for parentage verification in a conservation nucleus of Pantaneiro horse

We investigated the genealogy of the in situ conservation nucleus of the Pantaneiro horse using DNA microsatellites by evaluating 101 horses, the group consisting of 71 adult horses (3 stallions, 40 male and 31 mares) and 27 foals (14 colts and 13 fillies). Genomic DNA was extracted from hair roots and genotyped using 12 microsatellite markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, HMS3 HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX33 and VHL20). The number of alleles per locus varied from 6 to 13, with a mean of 7.8 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.544 to 0.734 (mean 0.644). The VLH20, ASB2, HTG10, ASB23 markers had a high (> 0.8) polymorphism information content and the total exclusion probability of the 12 microsatellite loci was 0.99. The genealogical study of the Pantaneiro horse using genetic markers was efficient in detecting mistakes during paternity and maternity designation and is an important tool which can be used together with traditional systems of animal identification. The use of genetic markers is recommended in the systematic control of the genealogical registrations and conservation plans to improve genetic aspects of the Pantaneiro horse.

DNA profiling: Social, legal, or biological parentage.

DNA profiling in forensic casework is based on comparison of the results of biological evidence with direct reference samples of the individual concerned or with indirect references of his close blood relatives. The selection of reference samples for analysis is crucial to the success of a case; it not only depends on the authenticity of the reference samples, but also on the authenticity of the biological relation of the donors with the person in question. There are situations when the social or legal relationship is not the biological one and there is a need to educate investigating officers, forensic analysts, and the judiciary about the associated problems.

Parentage testing of Thoroughbred horse in Korea using microsatellite DNA typing

The present study was to construct a parentage testing system for Thoroughbred (TB) horse. A total number of 1,285 TB horse samples including 962 foals for parentage testing, 9 sires and 314 dams for individual identification were genotyped. Genomic DNA was extracted from 5 hair roots and genotyped by using 14 microsatellite markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX3 and VHL20). This method consisted of multiplexing PCR procedure and showed reasonable amplification of all PCR products. Genotypes were determined by genetic analyzer. The number of alleles per locus varied from 3 to 9 with a mean value of 6.36 in TB horse. The expected heterozygosity was ranged from 0.548 to 0.831 (mean 0.699), and the total exclusion probability of 14 microstellite loci was 0.9998. Of the 14 markers, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, HMS7 and HTG10 loci have relatively high PIC value (> 0.7). Of the 962 foals, 960 foals were qualified by compatibility according to the Mendelism. These results suggest that the DNA typing method has high potential for parentage verification and individual identification of TB horses.

Comparison of parentage testing results from several institutes in Korea / 대한법의학회지

Collaborative work using same samples for the parentage testing, which was intended to see the status and the quality of several DNA typing laboratories in Korea, was described. Samples were consisted of two sets, one was a trio case and the other was a deficient case with two children. Samples were sent to six laboratories, among which five submitted the result. Each laboratory had used different number and set of STR loci using 14 - 23 loci, and total 33 different loci were used. Only one VNTR locus, D1S80 was included and all the remaining were STR loci. The loci included in the commercial kits were used more frequently. One laboratory had used Korean-made commercial kits. All the laboratories gave the same results about the parentage, although results for one locus were not the same through different laboratories. There existed minor difference in the PI calculation, especially in the statistical parameters such as allelic frequences, which might gave confusion to users of the results who were not familiar with the test. Necessity about the standardization and profiling data were discussed.

The calculation and its standard of identifying paternity in the cases of absence mother / 中国法医学杂志

To establish a calculation method of paternity probability in cases of absence of mother. Calculating the accumulated non-father exclusion probability of multiple polymorphic DNA loci was performed. The results showed that in cases of inheritance with Mendelian Law, through testing 8 or more polymorphic DNA loci, the paternity probability may reach 0. 9990 or more. In cases of paternity exclusion, exclusion 3 or more than 3 loci were required. For the purpose of identifying paternity in cases of absence of mother, more than 8 polymorphic DNA loci must be tested. The paternity probability must be more than 0. 9990 in cases of paternity inclusion and in cases of paternity exclusion, 3 or more loci of exclusion is needed.