Relationship between childhood trauma, parental bonding, and defensive styles and psychiatric symptoms in adult life

Abstract Introduction A relationship between different types of childhood trauma, parental care, and defensive styles and development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood is proposed in this study. Understanding the nature of this association is essential to assist psychotherapists who treat patients with a history of past trauma. This study aims to examine the associations between childhood trauma, parental bonding, and defensive styles and current symptoms in adult patients who sought care at an analytical psychotherapy clinic. Methods The sample comprised 197 patients from an analytically oriented psychotherapy clinic. Participants responded to four self-report instruments that assessed, respectively, presence and frequency of several types of early trauma, type of parental attachment, styles of defenses, and current symptoms encompassing a wide variety of psychopathological syndromes. Results Only 5% of patients reported not having experienced any traumatic experience in childhood. Several traumas such as emotional and physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect showed positive and significant associations with several dimensions of current symptoms, and also with parental bonding and defensive styles. When analyzed together with the other variables, defensive styles explained the level of psychological suffering caused by the symptoms. Conclusions This study offers additional support for understanding the associations between childhood trauma, parental bonding styles, and defense styles and the psychiatric symptoms of patients in analytically oriented psychotherapy.

Propiedades psicométricas del Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) en jóvenes universitarios ecuatorianos / Psychometric properties of Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in Ecuadorian university students / Propriedades psicométricas do Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) em jovens universitários equatorianos

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue obtener los índices de validez y confiabilidad del Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) en sus versiones Madre y Padre en población ecuatoriana. La investigación fue de carácter cuantitativo e instrumental; se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, y se verificó la fiabilidad de ambos instrumentos. Los participantes fueron jóvenes universitarios de Quito (n= 663 para el PBI Madre y n= 611 para el PBI padre). Los resultados de las dos versiones del PBI mostraron una estructura factorial de dos factores con reducción de ítems para cada una, con una confiabilidad adecuada: (1) PBI Madre: 20 ítems, F1 (ω = .86) y F2 (ω = .78). (2) PBI Padre: 17 ítems, F1 (ω = .88) y F2 (ω = .78). Por lo que se puede concluir que el instrumento conserva la estructura factorial de la versión original y cuenta con las propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para el uso en población ecuatoriana.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to obtain the validity and reliability indices of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in its Mother and Father versions in the Ecuadorian population. The research was quantitative and instrumental; a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed, and the reliability of both instruments was verified. The participants were young university students from Quito (n = 663 for the Mother PBI and n = 611 for the Father PBI). The results of the two versions showed a factorial structure of two factors with reduction of items for each one, with adequate reliability: (1) Mother PBI: 20 items, F1 (ω = .86), F2 (ω = .78), (2) Father PBI: 17 items, F1 (ω = .88) , F2 (ω = .78). Therefore, it can be concluded that the instrument preserves the factorial structure of the original version and has adequate psychometric properties for use in the Ecuadorian population.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi obter os índices de validade e confiabilidade do Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) em suas versões Mãe e Pai na população equatoriana. Foi realizada análise fatorial confirmatória e verificada a confiabilidade de ambos os instrumentos. Os participantes eram jovens estudantes universitários de Quito (n = 663 para a Mãe PBI e n = 611 para o Pai PBI). Os resultados das duas versões do PIB mostraram uma estrutura fatorial de dois fatores com redução de itens para cada um, com confiabilidade adequada: (1) PIB mãe: 20 itens, F1 (ω = 0.86) e F2 (ω = 0.78 ) (2) Pai PBI: 17 itens, F1 (ω = 0.88) e F2 (ω = 0.78). Portanto, pode-se concluir que o instrumento preserva a estrutura fatorial da versão original e possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas para uso na população equatoriana.

Associations of parental bonding and adolescent internet addiction symptoms with depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations of parental bonding and adolescents' Internet addiction symptoms with depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Parental depression and anxiety symptoms, parental bonding, and adolescents' Internet addiction symptoms were assessed in 46 parent-child dyads using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and Chen Internet Addiction Scale, respectively. Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to examine the associations of parental bonding and adolescents' Internet addiction symptoms with parental depression and anxiety. Results Low care/affection on the PBI was significantly associated with parental depression, and overprotection on the PBI and adolescents' Internet addiction were significantly associated with parental anxiety. Discussion Parental bonding and adolescents' Internet addiction are related to depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with ADHD.

Association between resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder among Brazilian victims of urban violence: a cross-sectional case-control study / Associação entre resiliência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em vítimas de violência urbana no Brasil: estudo transversal de caso e controle

Abstract Introduction This study investigated the association between resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Brazilian victims of urban violence. It also compared defense mechanisms, parental bonding, and childhood trauma between those who developed PTSD and those who did not. Methods This cross-sectional case-control study included 66 adult subjects exposed to recent urban violence in southern Brazil - 33 with PTSD and 33 healthy controls matched by sex and age - who were administered the Resilience Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The statistical tests used were the McNemar test for categorical variables, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous asymmetric variables, and the paired Student t-test for continuous symmetric variables. Results The PTSD group showed lower total Resilience Scale scores compared with controls (128.4±20.7 vs. 145.8±13.1, respectively; p = 0.01), along with a lower ability to solve situations and lower personal values that give meaning to life (p = 0.019). They also had lower rates of mature defense mechanisms (p < 0.001) and higher rates of emotional (p = 0.001) and physical (p = 0.003) abuse during childhood. Conclusion Lower levels of resilience, especially the ability to solve situations and having personal values that give meaning to life, immature defense mechanisms, and emotional and physical abuse in childhood are associated with PTSD in adult Brazilian victims of urban violence.

Resumo Introdução Este estudo investigou a associação entre resiliência e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) entre vítimas brasileiras de violência urbana. Comparou os mecanismos de defesa, vínculos parentais e trauma infantil entre vítimas que desenvolveram TEPT e vítimas que não desenvolveram o transtorno. Métodos Estudo de caso-controle transversal que incluiu 66 sujeitos adultos expostos à violência urbana no sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados 33 pacientes com TEPT e 33 controles saudáveis pareados por sexo e idade, que responderam a Escala de Resiliência, Questionário do Estilo Defensivo, Instrumento de Ligação Parental e Questionário sobre Traumas Infantis. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram o teste de McNemar para variáveis categóricas, teste Wilcoxon para variáveis assimétricas contínuas e teste tde Student pareado para variáveis simétricas contínuas. Resultados O grupo que desenvolveu TEPT apresentou escores totais da Escala de Resiliência mais baixos em relação aos controles (128,4±20,7 versus145,8±13,1, respectivamente; p = 0,01), juntamente com uma menor capacidade em resolver situações e menores índices de valores pessoais que dão sentido à vida (p = 0,019). Também apresentaram taxas mais baixas de uso de mecanismos de defesas maduros (p < 0,001) e maiores taxas de abuso emocional (p = 0,001) e físico (p = 0,003) durante a infância. Conclusão Níveis mais baixos de resiliência, especialmente a capacidade de resolver situações e ter valores pessoais que dão sentido à vida, mecanismos imaturos de defesa e abuso físico e emocional na infância estão associados ao TEPT em adultos vítimas de violência urbana no Brasil.

Validez y confiabilidad del instrumento de vínculo parental (Parental Bonding Instrument, PBI) en una muestra de varones mexicanos / Validity and reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)in a sample of Mexican males

El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener la validez y confiabilidad del instrumento de vínculo parental en una muestra de varones mexicanos. En total fueron 125 participantes. El instrumento original es de Parker, Tupling y Brown (1979); mide la percepción de la conducta y actitud de los padres hacia sus hij os hasta los 16 años. La aplicación se llevó de manera colectiva con consentimiento informado. Los datos se analizaron con análisis factorial y Alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados arrojaron la permanencia de los factores del instrumento: sobreprotección y cuidado. La confiabilidad fue de .900. Se puede concluir que el instrumento es válido y confiable para muestras mexicanas de varones.

The objective of this research was to obtain the validity and reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument in sample of Mexican males. In total there were 125 participants. The original instrument is Parker, Tupling & Brown (1979); it measures the perception of the conduct and attitude of parents until the age of 16. The application took collectively with informed consent. Data were analyzed with analysis, factorial and Cronbach Alpha. The results threw the permanence of the factors of the instrument: care and overprotection. Reliability was of .900. It can be concluded that the instrument is valid and reliable for Mexican males.

Apego e risco de suicídio em adolescentes: estudo de revisão / Attachments and suicide risk among adolescents: review study / Apego y riesgo de suicidio entre adolescentes: estudio de revisión

O objetivo desta revisão foi analisar artigos que examinaram a relação entre apego e comportamento suicida em adolescentes, identificando os tipos e as figuras de apego associadas com comportamento suicida. As bases consultadas foram PsycINFO, SciELO e MEDLINE, desde 1996 até 2016. Os descritores foram suicide, adolescents e attachment. Foram analisados 46 artigos. Apesar da diversidade de resultados, a maioria dos estudos indicou relação entre apego inseguro ou vínculo parental ruim e conduta suicida em adolescentes. Não há consenso sobre a categoria de apego inseguro ou dimensão de vínculo parental mais relacionada com ideação e tentativa de suicídio. A maioria dos artigos indicou a qualidade do apego a mãe como fator de risco e/ou proteção do suicídio entre jovens. Esta revisão mostrou que a complexidade dos fenômenos em interação, as diferentes dimensões do apego e a variedade de instrumentos de avaliação devem ser considerados na análise do apego como fator de risco e proteção do suicídio entre adolescentes.

The aim of this review was to analyze articles that examined the relationship between attachment and suicidal behavior among adolescents, identifying the types and figures of attachment associated with suicidal behavior. PsycINFO, SciELO and MEDLINE databases were researched from 1996 to 2016. The descriptors were suicide, adolescents and attachment. Forty-six articles were analyzed. Despite the diversity of results, most studies indicated link between insecure attachment or poor parental bonding and suicidal behavior in adolescents. There is no consensus on the category of insecure attachment or parental bonding dimension associated with ideation and suicide attempt. Most articles indicated the quality of the attachment to the mother as a risk or protective factor for suicide among young people. This review showed that the complexity of the phenomena in interaction, the different dimensions of attachment and the variety of assessment instruments should be considered as risk factors and protection to suicide behavior among adolescents in studies addressing attachment.

El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar artículos que examinaron la asociación entre apego y el riesgo de suicidio entre los adolescentes, distinguiendo los tipos de vínculo y figuras de apego relacionados con el suicidio. Las bases consultadas fueron PsycINFO, SciELO y MEDLINE desde1996 a 2016. Los descriptores fueron suicidio, adolescentes y apego. Cuarenta y seis artículos fueron analizados. A pesar de la diversidad de los resultados, la mayoría de los estudios indicaron relación entre el apego inseguro o menor vínculo parental y la conducta suicida en adolescentes. No hay consenso acerca de los modelos de apego inseguro o dimensión de vínculo parental asociada con la ideación y el intento de suicidio. La mayoría de los artículos indican la calidad del apego a la madre como un factor de riesgo/protección del suicidio entre los jóvenes. Esta revisión mostró que la complejidad de los fenómenos en interacción, las diferentes dimensiones del apego y la variedad de instrumentos de medición debe ser considerada en la investigación del apego como factor de riesgo y de protección de la conducta suicida entre los adolescentes.

Percepción de algunos estilos de crianza y el episodio depresivo en el adulto / Perception of some parenting styles and depression in adults

Objetivos: Evaluar la relación entre la percepción de algunos estilos de crianza y el episodio depresivo en el adulto. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y transversal donde se usó la base de datos del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental de la Costa Peruana que incluyó 6555 personas adultas, relacionando los estilos de crianza con el episodio depresivo mediante pruebas de independencia para muestras complejas, ajustando modelos de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados:Se encontró relación entre la calidez (OR 0,89: IC 0,83-0,97) y el rechazo y control (OR 1,21; IC 1,04-1,40) con la presencia de algún episodio depresivo durante la vida. El rechazo y control (OR 1,34; IC 1,08-1,68) y la sobreprotección de los padres (OR 1,21; IC 1,01-1,44) se relacionan con ideación suicida, mientras que el rechazo y control (OR 1,54; IC 1,10-2,16) se relacionan con intento suicida. El rechazo y control (OR 1,40; IC 1,13-1,74) y el favoritismo (OR 1,44; IC 1,15-1,79) se relacionan con la comorbilidad psiquiátrica.Conclusiones:La calidez en la infancia, el rechazo de los padres, el control, la sobreprotección y el favoritismo; podrían relacionarse con la depresión a lo largo de la vida. Además, el rechazo, el control, la sobreprotección y el favoritismo podrían relacionarse con la depresión comórbida con riesgo suicida.

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between perceived parenting styles and some depressive episode in adults. Method: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study based on data from the Epidemiological Study of Mental Health of the Peruvian coast which included 6555 adults; relating parenting styles with depressive episode using independence tests for complex samples, adjusting multiple logistic regression models. Results: Relationship between warmth (OR 0.89; CI 0.83-0.97) and rejection and control (OR 1.21; CI 1.04-1.40) with the presence of depressive episode at some point in life was found. The rejection and control (OR 1.34 CI 1.08-1.68) and parental overprotection (OR 1.21 CI 1.01-1.44) relate to suicidal ideation, whereas rejection and control (OR 1.54 CI 1.10-2.16 relate to suicide attempts. The rejection and control (OR 1.40 CI 1.13-1.74) and favoritism (OR 1.44 CI 1.15-1.79) related to psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusions: The warmth in childhood, parental rejection, control, overprotection and favoritism could be related to depression throughout life, while the rejection, control, overprotection and favoritism could be related to comorbid depression with suicidal risk.

Personality Factors and Parental Rearing Attitude Affecting Adolescents Attending School and Incarcerated Delinquent Adolescents' Behavior / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of parental rearing attitude between incarcerated delinqent adolescents and adolescents attending school, in order to identifying the relationships between delinquent behavior and personality factors. METHODS: The subjects were composed of 94 incarcerated delinqent adolescents and 112 adolescents attending school. Subjects were required to complete self-report questionnare including PBI and 16 PF. RESULTS: In incarcerated delinqent adolescents, maternal care(MC) was significantly lower than in adolescents attending school and paternal overprotection(PO) was significantly higher than in adolescents attending school. Of the scores of 16 PF, incarcerated delinqent adolescents showed lower scores in intelligence(B), guilt-proneness(O), liberalism(Q1), self-control(Q3), tension(Q4), anxiety(ANX), superego(SUP) and creativity(CRE) than adolescents attending school. Of the correlation between the scores of PBI and 16PF in incarerated delinqent adolescents, each of superego(G), liberalism(Q1), and supergo(SUP) was negatively correlated with maternal overprotection. Liberalism(Q1) was negatively correlated with paternal overprotection. Stableness(C) was positively correlated with paternal care. Each of gulit-proneness(O), liberalism(Q1), self sufficiency(Q2), tension(Q4), and anxiety(ANX) was negatively correlated with paternal care. In adolescents attending school, groups classified by parental bonding pattern indicated that optimal bonding group(Group l) was correlated with more positive aspects of personality factors, and the affectionless control(Group lV) was correlated with more negative aspects of personality factors. In delinquent adolescents, however, results didn't match the above findings. CONCLUSION: The parent-child bonding patterns of incarcerated delinqent adolescents were related to multiple personality factors. In parental rearing of incarcerated delinqent adolescents, maternal care(MC) was lower and paternal overprotection(PO) was higher than in adolescents attending school. We suggest that personality factors of incarcerated delinqent adolescents are correlated with delinquent behaviors. However, early parent-child bonding patterns do not seem to be correlated with later personality development.