Pais/cuidadores com e sem histórico de abuso: punições corporais e características psicológicas / Parents/caregivers with and without history of abuse: corporal punishment and psychological characteristics / Padres/cuidadores con y sin antecedentes de maltrato: castigos corporales y características psicológicas

A prevalência dos castigos físicos em crianças/adolescentes é muito elevada. Sua aceitação social é ampla, sendo que as legislações brasileiras criam brechas para sua ocorrência. Entre os cientistas, há dissenso quanto aos limites entre castigos e abusos físicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi contribuir com as discussões nesse âmbito, buscando verificar se grupos de pais/responsáveis sem e com histórico de notificação ao sistema de proteção por abuso físico se diferenciariam quanto à forma de punir/castigar e quanto a variáveis psicossociais consideradas fatores de risco para abuso físico. A abordagem adotada no estudo foi quantitativa, com delineamento transversal e comparativo. Participaram do estudo pais/cuidadores que faziam utilização da punição corporal: 47 sem histórico de notificação e 40 com histórico de notificação por abuso físico. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: Questionário de Caracterização Sociodemográfica, Roteiro de Entrevista sobre Prática Parental, Inventário de Potencial de Maus-Tratos Infantil (Child Abuse Potential Inventory - CAP). Os pais notificados relataram punições corporais mais graves (ou seja, mais frequentes, mais gravosas e em regiões do corpo mais vulneráveis) e mais angústia, rigidez, infelicidade, problemas com a criança, problemas com os outros e solidão. Todavia, em ambos os grupos, segundo o reportado, a raiva moveria o ato de punir. Esses resultados reiteram a ideia de que todas as formas de punição física são maus-tratos (expressões de violência), pois decorrem das necessidades dos cuidadores ("descarga emocional"). Remetem, porém, a um fenômeno heterogêneo, em termos de gravidade e de fatores associados, que precisa ser assim considerado na proposição de programas de prevenção e de tratamento.(AU)

Physical punishment of children / adolescents is highly prevalent and socially accepted, with a series of loopholes in the Brazilian legislation that favor this practice. Scientists tend to disagree in regard to the limits between physical punishment and physical abuse. This study aimed to contribute to the discussions around this theme, verifying whether practices of physical punishment and psychosocial variables considered risk factors for physical abuse differ among parents / caregivers with and without history of physical abuse notifications to protection agencies. The study was conducted with parents / caregivers who adopt practices of corporal punishment, 47 of whom without and 40 with history of physical abuse notification. Data were collected by means of Characterization Questionnaire, Parental Practice Interview, and Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP). Notified parents reported more severe corporal punishments (more frequent, more dangerous, in more vulnerable body regions) and more distress, severity, unhappiness, problems with the child and other people, and loneliness. Both groups reported that the act of punishing was moved by anger. These results reiterate the notion that all forms of physical punishment are maltreatment (expressions of violence) resulting from the needs of the caregivers ("emotional discharge"). However, these practices refer to a heterogeneous phenomenon in terms of severity and associated factors, which must be considered when proposing prevention and treatment programs.(AU)

Los castigos corporales de niños/adolescentes tiene una prevalencia muy elevada. Su aceptación social es amplia, y las legislaciones brasileñas no logran abarcar las puniciones adecuadas para esta práctica. No existe un consenso entre los científicos en cuanto a los límites entre punición corporal y maltrato físico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue contribuir con las discusiones sobre ese tema, verificando si grupos de padres/responsables sin y con antecedentes de notificación al Sistema de Protección por maltrato físico se diferenciarían en la forma de castigar/punir y en variables psicosociales consideradas factores de riesgo para maltrato físico. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, de tipo transversal y comparativo. Participaron en el estudio padres/cuidadores que hacían uso del castigo corporal: 47 sin antecedentes de notificación al sistema; 40 con antecedentes de notificación por maltrato físico. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de datos fueron: Cuestionario de Datos Sociodemográficos, Entrevista sobre Práctica Parental, Inventario de Potencial de Maltrato Infantil (Child Abuse Potential Inventory - CAP). Los padres notificados reportaron castigos corporales más graves (es decir, más frecuentes, más graves, en regiones del cuerpo más vulnerables) y más angustia, rigidez, infelicidad, problemas con el niño, problemas con los demás y soledad. Según el reportado, en ambos grupos, la rabia movería el acto de castigar. Estos resultados reiteran la idea de que todas las formas de castigo físico son maltrato (manifestación de violencia), pues se derivan de las necesidades de los cuidadores ("descarga emocional"). Sin embargo, remiten a un fenómeno heterogéneo, en términos de gravedad y de factores asociados, que necesita considerarse en la propuesta de programas de prevención y de tratamiento.(AU)

Estilos de crianza, autoeficacia parental y problemas conductuales infantiles en tres municipios de Santander / Parental style, parental self-efficacy and children behavioral problems in three municipalities of Santander

Resumen Introducción: La familia, a partir de la crianza, juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de habilidades sociales y de autocuidado de las personas. Objetivo: Describir los estilos de crianza, la autoeficacia parental y la percepción de problemas de la conducta infantil por parte de padres y cuidadores de niños, además, explorar diferencias por sexo y zona de residencia en tres municipios de Santander. Materiales y método: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron padres y cuidadores adultos de niños menores de 12 años residentes en los municipios de Girón, Lebrija y Matanza. Se aplicaron el cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades, la escala de estilo parental y la lista de verificación de las tareas parentales. Se realizaron comparaciones por sexo, municipio y zona (urbana/rural). Resultados: Participaron 1.425 adultos cuidadores de niños menores de 12 años. La mayoría de los participantes fueron mujeres (80%) y su rol era madre (70%). Se identificó una prevalencia alta de estilos de crianza disfuncionales caracterizados por la sobrerreactividad (36%), la laxitud (23%) y la hostilidad (22%). En la zona rural se encontró una mayor proporción de falta de autoeficacia contextual (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Se evidencia la presencia de estilos de crianza disfuncionales y alteraciones comportamentales de los niños que sugieren la necesidad de intervenciones poblacionales intersectoriales a padres y cuidadores. Se propone posicionar la crianza como un proceso de interés en salud pública.

Abstract Introduction: The family, through child rearing, has a key role in the development of children's social skills and self-care. Objective: To describe parental styles, parental self-efficacy and perception of children behavior's problems among parents and caregivers, and explore differences by sex and place of residence in three municipalities of Santander. Material and Method: Quantitative, observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants were parents and caregivers of children under 12 years old, living in the municipalities of Girón, Lebrija, and Matanza. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Parenting Scale and the Parenting Tasks Checklist were used. Comparisons were made by sex, municipality, and zone (urban/rural). Results: Participants were 1425 parents and caregivers of children under 12 years old. Most participants were female (80%) and mothers (70%). High prevalence of dysfunctional parental styles was identified with predominance of over reactivity (36%), laxness (23%) and hostility (22%). Higher percentage of difficulties with parent's contextual self-efficacy was identified in the rural area (p<0,001). Conclusions: This study found dysfunctional parental styles and perception of children's behavioral problems that suggest the need for population-based interventions focused on parental skills for parents and caregivers. Child rearing is proposed as a process of interest in public health.

Estilos parentales en la discapacidad: examen de la evidencia empírica sobre un modelo / Parental Styles in Disability: Examination of the empirical evidence on a model

Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivos definir y examinar, a partir de la evidencia empírica, un modelo que describe los procesos de crianza de personas con discapacidad -MEPD- Modelo Estilos Parentales en la Discapacidad (Manjarrés 2012), e identificar la configuración de los estilos parentales presentes en una muestra de 195 casos ubicados en cuatro departamentos de Colombia (Santander, Bolívar, Cundinamarca y Antioquia). Los participantes fueron: padres (14), madres (120), hijos con discapacidad (35), hermanos (14) y miembros de la familia extensa (12), quienes informaron sobre los procesos de crianza de la persona con discapacidad, centrando su atención en las acciones realizadas por quien(es) ejerce(n) la función parental. Se desarrolló un análisis mediante dos procedimientos multivariantes sucesivos: análisis de correspondencias múltiples y análisis de conglomerados. Los resultados permitieron examinar, depurar y definir operacionalmente el marco estructural del modelo, identificar tres ejes factoriales importantes en la configuración del estilo parental (la confianza en la capacidad del hijo, el control y el afecto) y caracterizar cuatro estilos parentales presentes en la crianza de personas con discapacidad, denominados impulsador-reflexivo, dominador-inflexible, dominado-complaciente y dominado-distante.

Abstract The objective of the study was to define and analyze, based on the empirical evidence, a model that describes the processes of parenting of people with disabilities -MEPD- Model of Parental Styles in Disability (Manjarrés 2012), and to identify the configuration of parental styles Present in a sample of 195 cases distributed in four departments of Colombia (Santander, Bolívar, Cundinamarca and Antioquia). The participants were: parents (14), mothers (120), children with disabilities (35), siblings (14) and members of the extended family (12), who reported on the processes of parenting the person with disabilities, focusing their attention in the actions carried out by who (s) exercise (s) the parental function. It is an analysis through two successive analysis methods: multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. The results allowed us to examine, refine, and operationally define the structural framework of the model, identify the important factor axes in the configuration of the parental style (trust in the child's capacity, control and affect) and characterize the parental styles present in the Raising people with disabilities, called impulsive-reflexive, dominator-inflexible, dominated-complacent and dominated-distant.

Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire - Adaptação da Versão Portuguesa de Heterorrelato / Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire - Adaption of the Observer Reporting Version to the Portuguese Population / Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire - Adaptación de la Versión Portuguesa de Heteroinforme

Resumo O presente estudo procura analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) e adaptar para a população portuguesa a sua versão de heterorrelato. A amostra foi constituída por 604 adolescentes com idades entre os 15 e os 18 anos (M=15.99, DP=.97). A confiabilidade foi avaliada através do alfa de Cronbach, que revelou índices de .86/.81 para a totalidade do instrumento na versão do pai e da mãe respetivamente, e índices que variaram entre .48A85 para as respetivas subescalas. A análise fatorial confirmatória evidenciou que os índices de ajustamento apresentaram valores desajustados. Confirmou-se a estrutura original do instrumento organizada em três fatores mediante as análises de componentes principais que revelaram a presença de um item do estilo permissivo a saturar noutro fator. Através da análise semântica deste item e da sua respetiva reorganização, verificaram-se índices de ajustamento adequados. Propõe-se a nova estrutura fatorial do PSDQ por se considerar que é mais ajustada à cultura portuguesa.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and adapts its observer reporting version to the Portuguese population. The sample consisted of 604 adolescents 15 to 18 years old (M=15.99, SD=.97). Reliability as measured by Cronbach's alpha revealed indices of .86/.81 for the totality of the instrument in the father and mother version respectively, with indices that varied between .48A85 for the respective subscales. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated mismatched values for the goodness of fit indices. The analysis of principal components study confirmed the original structure of the instrument organized in three factors that revealed the presence of a permissive item saturating into another factor. Semantic analysis of this item and its respective reorganization verified adequate goodness of fit indices. The new factor structure of the PSDQ is proposed as more adjusted to the Portuguese culture.

Resumen El presente estudio busca analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) y adaptar su versión de heterorrelato a la población portuguesa. La muestra se constituyó por 604 adolescentes con edades entre los 15 y los 18 años (M=15.99,dP=.97). La fiabilidade se evaluó por medio del alfa de Cronbach, que reveló índices de .86/.81 para la totalidad del instrumento en la versión del padre y de la madre respectivamente, e índices que variaron entre .48A85 para las respectivas subescalas. El análisis factorial confirmatorio evidenció que los índices de ajustamiento presentaron valores desajustados. Se confirmó la estructura original del instrumento organizada en tres factores mediante los análisis de componentes principales que revelaron la presencia de un ítem del estilo permisivo a saturar en otro factor. Por medio del análisis semántico de este ítem y su respectiva reorganización, se verificaron índices de ajustamiento adecuados. Se plantea la nueva estructura factorial del PSDQ porque se considera que es más ajustada a la cultura portuguesa.

Two-year prospective study of natural course and risk factors of depressive symptoms in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the natural course and psychosocial risk factors of depressive symptoms in college freshmen.Methods:Changes in depressive symptoms among college freshmen were observed for two year periods,self-reporting questionnaires were used to collect data every half yearly.The depressive symptoms were assessed with the Centre for Epidemiological Study-Depression Scale,and psychosocial factors were tested as the potential risk factors,rating by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Neuroticism Subscale,Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale,Parental Rearing Scale,Adolescents Self-Rating Life Events Checklist,Epworth Sleepiness Scale,daytime sleep time,Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire.Generalized estimating equations model was used to analyze the date.Results:Totally 1339 college students were recruited in the survey.It was found the depressive scores significantly increased in the second and third surveys,then decreased in the fourth and fifth surveys.Male (Coef=-1.01,SE =0.42,P =0.017),not interested in the major (Coef=3.89,SE =1.42,P =0.006),neuroticism(Coef =0.79,SE =0.23,P =0.001),self-esteem(Coef =-1.57,SE =0.25,P ＜ 0.001),anxiety(Coef =4.79,SE =0.16,P ＜ 0.001),life events (Coef =0.08,SE =0.01,P ＜ 0.00l),daytime sleepiness (Coef =0.80,SE =4.56,P ＜ 0.001) were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms.Conclusion:The first year of college is a critical time in the prevention depression.Not interested in the major,high neuroticism,low self-esteem,anxiety,life events,daytime sleepiness may be risk factors of depressive symptom in college students.

A controlled study of family environment, parenting style and personality of internalizing and externalizing mental disorders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore family environment,parenting style,and personality of the patients with internalizing and externalizing mental disorders.Methods 137 adolescents with internalizing mental disorder(IMD),63 adolescents with externalizing mental disorder(EMD) and 228 normal subjects (control group) were investigated with Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV),Family Upbringing Style Questionnaire (FUSQ) and the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI).Results (1) The IMD group scored significantly lower on the cohesion (6.17 ± 2.68),active recreational orientation (3.84 ±2.50),moral-religious emphasis (4.48± 1.65),organization (5.35±2.30),expressiveness (4.60±2.00),achievement orientation (5.31 ± 1.84),and higher on the conflict (4.01 ± 2.38) than control group (P＜ 0.05).The EMD group scored only higher on the conflict (4.01±2.38) than control group (P＜0.05).(2) The all dimensional scores(apart from the parent's expect-demanding) of the IMD group were significantly lower than that of control group on the FUSQ (P＜0.05).The scores on the mother's democracy-authoritarian,parent care-protect,catholic-indulgences,parental-control,and expect-demanding were significantly lower in the EMD group than those in the control group (P＜0.05).(3) Relative to the control group,the IMD group got lower scores on the agreeableness (42.02±5.01),conscientiousness (38.91±8.01),and extraversion (35.17±8.57),and higher score on the neuroticism (40.10±8.55);the EMD group got lower scores on the agreeableness(42.75±5.12),conscientiousness (39.95±8.27) and openness (40.00±6.75).Conclusion Adolescents with mental disorders are living in conflict and discord family environment,feel more negative parenting such as authoritarian,harsh,indulgence,control,and demanding,and show some unhealthy personality such as low agreeableness,low conscientiousness,and high neurotic.

Estilo parental de origem e ansiedade em homens com histórico de agressão à parceira / Parental style in families of origin and anxiety among batterers

O presente estudo investigou o estilo parental da família de origem do agressor conjugal e o nível de ansiedade de tal homem, comparando-os com dados de homens não agressores de idade, nível sócio-econômico, escolaridade e estado civil semelhantes. A amostra foi constituída por 20 agressores conjugais e 20 não agressores. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Roteiro de Entrevista Individual Semi-Estruturada da Família de Origem do Agressor, Inventário de Estilos Parentais e o Inventário de Ansiedade Beck (BAI). Os grupos não se diferenciaram estatisticamente no que se refere à idade, escolaridade, renda e estado civil. Os grupos se diferiram estatisticamente nas duas variáveis analisadas: estilo parental de origem e ansiedade. Pode-se sugerir que a ansiedade, quando combinada com práticas parentais inapropriadas na família de origem, contribua para a agressão do parceiro íntimo. Futuros estudos com amostras maiores poderiam fortalecer tal relação.

The present study was aimed at investigating male batterers' family of origin's parental style, and its relationship with anxiety symptoms in such men, by comparing these variables with men without a history of domestic violence with similar age, socio-economic status, education and marital status. A sample of 20 batterers and 20 men without a violence history was utilized. The instruments in Portuguese included: a Batterer's Family of Origin Semi-Structured Interview, The Parental Style Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Both groups did not differ statistically in regards to age, socio-economic status, education and marital status. However, the groups were statistically different in terms of the variables family of origin's parental style and anxiety. It is suggested that anxiety, combined with family of origin's inappropriate parenting, may contribute to intimate partner violence. Future studies could further investigate this possibility using larger samples.