Hábitos de alimentación infantil y su relación con las prácticas y conocimientos nutricionales parentales

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las prácticas parentales de alimentación, los conocimientos nutricionales de los padres y los hábitos de alimentación infantil reportados por padres de cuatro instituciones educativas del suroccidente de Colombia. Método: Estudio observacional con diseño transversal correlacional. Se analizaron los datos de 1.162 padres de niñas y niños matriculados en los grados de preescolar hasta tercero de primaria de cuatro instituciones educativas públicas, quienes contestaron cuestionarios de autoinforme. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos e inferenciales. Resultados: La dieta de las niñas y los niños se caracteriza por un consumo frecuente de alimentos ultraprocesados y un consumo de frutas y verduras menor de lo esperado. Se encontraron relaciones entre las prácticas parentales de alimentación responsivas y el consumo de alimentos saludables en los hijos, así como entre las prácticas autoritarias y permisivas con el consumo frecuente de alimentos ultraprocesados. El nivel de conocimiento nutricional de los padres no se relacionó con la dieta de las niñas y los niños; sin embargo, se encontró una relación entre las prácticas parentales responsivas, un bajo nivel de conocimientos nutricionales de los padres y una baja frecuencia de consumo de frutas y verduras en los hijos. Conclusión: La alimentación es un fenómeno complejo, e implica la interacción entre los factores individuales y contextuales; en esta medida, la promoción de hábitos saludables involucra un trabajo conjunto en los múltiples niveles de interacción. Se espera que los resultados de este estudio posibiliten la construcción de intervenciones interdisciplinares oportunas, en poblaciones de bajos y medios ingresos en el territorio observado.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between parental feeding practices, parental nutritional knowledge, and child feeding habits reported by parents in four educational institutions in southwestern Colombia. Method: Observational study with correlational cross-sectional design. Data were analysed from 1.162 parents of children enroled in grades from preschool to third grade from four public educational institutions. Parents answered self-report questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. Results: The children's diet is characterised by frequent consumption of ultra-processed food and a lower consumption of fruits and vegetables. Relationships were found between responsive parenting practices and healthy food consumption in children, as well as between authoritarian and permissive practices with frequent consumption of ultra-processed foods. The level of nutritional knowledge of parents was not related to the children's diet; however, a relationship was found between responsive parenting practices, a low level of nutritional knowledge of parents, and a low frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption in children. Conclusion: Eating is a complex phenomenon and involves the interaction between individual and contextual factors. To this extent, the promotion of healthy habits involves joint work at multiple levels of interaction. The results of this study are expected to allow the construction of timely interdisciplinary interventions in low- and middle-income populations in the observed territory.

Associations between Sociodemographic and Behavioral Variables and Educational Practices on Mother-Child Dyads

The association between the sociodemographic variables of children with behavior problems and mothers with maternal depression is widely acknowledged in the literature. However, there is a lack of studies addressing the association of these variables with maternal parenting practices in typical samples, i.e., children without behavior problems and mothers without current depression indicators. The aim of this study was to identify associations between the sociodemographic variables of children and mothers with the mothers' parenting practices and children's behavioral indicators (resources and problems) in a sample of children without behavior problems and mothers without current depression indicators. This quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study addressed 46 biological mothers (married or in a stable relationship) and their children. A sociodemographic questionnaire and validated instruments addressing child behavior, maternal mental health, and parenting practices were applied. Findings showed that the mothers did not present mental health problems (e.g., behavior problems or maternal depression), but a) they presented deficits of positive practices and an excess of negative practices, and the children displayed deficits in social skills and behavior problems; b) there was an association between positive practices and the children's social skills and between negative practices and children's behavior problems; c) the frequency of positive and negative practices was equivalent among boys and girls, and d) boys more frequently presented behavior problems while school-aged children more frequently presented social skills deficits. The results indicate that even non-clinical samples may present harmful parenting practices, excess negative practices, and deficits in positive practices. Hence, there is a need for timely interventions to prevent behavior problems among children and maternal depression arising from conflicting interactions in the parenthood sphere.

Las asociaciones de variables sociodemográficas de madres con depresión materna y de sus hijos con problemas comportamentales son ampliamente reconocidas en la literatura. Por otro lado, en muestras típicas existe un vacío de estudios que traten de las asociaciones de esas variables con las prácticas parentales maternas; o sea, en niños de corta edad sin problemas comportamentales y en madres sin indicadores de depresión actual. Considerando lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar las asociaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas de hijos y de las prácticas parentales de sus madres con los indicadores comportamentales de recursos y problemas de los hijos. Se utilizó una muestra de hijos sin problemas comporta-mentales y de madres sin indicadores de depresión actual. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. Participaron 46 madres biológicas que vivían con su pareja y sus hijos. Las participantes respondieron al cuestionario sobre variables sociodemográficas y a los instrumentos calibrados sobre comportamientos infantiles, salud mental materna y prácticas educativas. Se identificó que: (a) a pesar de no presentar problemas de salud mental (problemas de comportamiento y depresión materna), las madres evidenciaron un déficit de prácticas positivas y un exceso de prácticas negativas; a su vez, los hijos presentaron déficit de habilidades sociales y hubo quejas comportamentales; (b) se encontró asociación entre las prácticas positivas y las habilidades sociales; también se encontró asociación entre las prácticas negativas y las quejas comportamentales; (c) las prácticas positivas y negativas ocurrieron de manera equivalente entre niños y niñas; y (d) los niños tuvieron más quejas comportamentales; además, los hijos, en edad escolar, tuvieron más déficits de habilidades sociales. Los datos indican que inclusive en muestras no clínicas existen variables de riesgo en lo que se refiere a la parentalidad, a excesos de prácticas negativas y a déficits de prácticas positivas. Lo encontrado sugiere la necesidad de intervenir precozmente, para evitar el surgimiento de problemas de comportamiento infantil y también de la depresión materna, cuando esta proviene de interacciones de conflictos en el ambiente de la parentalidad.

Parenting practices during early childhood: validity evidence of a Brazilian scale

Abstract Objective: The present study aims to analyze the validity of evidence and internal consistency of an inventory for assessing parenting practices during early childhood. Method: Participants were 857 mothers of one-to-42-months children recruited in three cities in the Southeast region and one city in the Midwest region of Brazil. The participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire with maternal and child data, and the Parenting Styles Inventory for Mothers of Babies (IEPMB). The IEPMB includes 25 questions about positive and negative parenting practices that mothers use to raise their children. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the following criteria to indicate adequate model fit: root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) < .08; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) < .09; comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.90. For the hypothesis-testing method, a comparison between groups using a student's t-test based on the child's age (infants vs. toddlers) and mother's age (adolescents vs. adults) was carried out. Results: The final 11 items model of the measure revealed an adequate overall model fit (RMSEA = 0.04; SRMR = 0.04; CFI = 0.94). The items were grouped into three constructs: Aggressiveness and Emotional Dysregulation, Relaxed Discipline, and Positive Monitoring. Adolescent mothers reported less positive monitoring than adult mothers (p < 0.001). Mothers of toddlers reported more aggressiveness/emotional dysregulation (p < 0.001) and relaxed discipline (p = 0.05) than mothers of infants. Conclusions: The instrument named from this study as the Parenting Practices Inventory for Mothers of Babies showed evidence for measuring mothers' parenting practices in early childhood and allows the identification of parents who need support.

Burnout y estrategias de regulación emocional parental: Un estudio en contexto de pandemia por Covid-19 en Chile / Burnout and parental emotional regulation strategies: A study in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in Chile

Resumen El COVID-19 ha afectado la salud mental de la población pudiendo incrementar el riesgo de burnout parental (Griffith, 2020), definido como un síndrome resultante de la exposición duradera al estrés crónico de los padres en su rol de cuidadores (Mikolajczak et al. 2019). Este fenómeno puede tener graves implicancias en la crianza y el desarrollo normal de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, puesto que afecta múltiples áreas del funcionamiento de los padres, y lesiona el vínculo que mantienen con sus hijos (Mikolajczak et al, 2018). El objetivo de este estudio es comprender la relación entre las estrategias de regulación y el burnout parental en contexto de pandemia. La muestra se compuso de 693 participantes, recolectados mediante un muestreo no aleatorio que incluyó 133 padres y 560 madres mayores de 18 años que habitan actualmente en Chile, viviendo con al menos un hijo/a menor. Se utilizó el instrumento Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) para evaluar el burnout parental, y comprender su relación con el impacto negativo percibido de la pandemia sobre las prácticas de crianza; el rol las estrategias de regulación emocional de supresión y reevaluación -medidas a través del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ)-; y el género. Los resultados arrojaron niveles más altos de burnout parental en las madres, quienes reportaron mayor impacto negativo de la crisis por COVID-19, usando más estrategias de supresión y menos de reevaluación. A partir de este estudio, se puede concluir que existe una interacción significativamente positiva entre la apreciación subjetiva que hacen los padres y madres de las consecuencias que la pandemia ha tenido sobre sus prácticas de crianza, y sus niveles de burnout parental.

Abstract: COVID-19 has affected the population's mental health, increasing the risk of parental burnout (Griffith, 2020), defined as a syndrome resulting from long-term exposure to chronic stress of parents in their role as caregivers (Mikolajczak et al. 2019). This phenomenon can have serious implications for the upbringing and normal development of children and adolescents, since it affects multiple areas of parental functioning, as well as damage the bond they maintain with their children (Mikolajczak et al, 2018). This study included 693 participants, collected through a non-random sample that included 133 fathers and 560 mothers over 18 years of age who currently live in Chile, living with at least one child. Linear regressions were performed to understand the relationship between parental burnout -measured using the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA)- and the perceived negative impact of the pandemic on parenting practices; the role of emotional regulation strategies of suppression and reappraisal -measured through the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)-; and gender. Higher levels of parental burnout were found in mothers, who reported a greater negative impact of the COVID-19 crisis, using more suppression strategies and less reappraisal.

Estilos parentais e a relação com traços de personalidade de crianças em idade escolar / Parenting styles and relationship with personality traits of school children

As relações entre os cuidadores e as crianças têm se mostrado fundamentais para o desenvolvimento infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre estilos parentais (EP) com os traços de personalidade das crianças. Participaram 50 mães e seus filhos de 10 a 12 anos, de três escolas públicas. O questionário sociodemográfico e o Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP) foram respondidos pelas mães e o IEP e o Questionário de Personalidade Junior-Eysenck pelas crianças. Foi realizado o teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnova e após os dados mostrarem seguir distribuição normal, utilizou-se a análise de correlação de Pearson através do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) com um nível de significância p ≤ 0,05. Houve divergência quanto à percepção das crianças em relação ao EP adotado pelas mães e da visão das mães sob seus estilos EP frente aos filhos. Associações significativas demonstraram a existência da relação entre os EP das mães e os traços de personalidade de seus filhos. A punição, disciplina relaxada, monitoria negativa, negligência e abuso se correlacionaram de forma positiva, com intensidade de fraca a moderada, principalmente com os traços de personalidade psicoticismo e neuroticismo.

Relationships between caregivers and children have been fundamental to child development. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between these parenting styles (EP) with the children's personality traits. Fifty mothers and their children aged 10 to 12 years, from three public schools participated. The sociodemographic questionnaire and the Parenting Styles Inventory (IEP) were answered by the mothers and the IEP and the Junior-Eysenck Personality Questionnaire by the children. The Kolmogorov-Smirnova normality test was performed and after the data showed to follow normal distribution, using a Pearson correlation analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with a significance level p ≤ 0.05. There was disagreement regarding the children's perception of the EP adopted by the mothers and the mothers' view under their EP styles in relation to their children. Relevant associations demonstrated the existence of a relationship between the mothers' EPs and their children's personality traits. Punishment, relaxed discipline, negative monitoring, neglect and abuse were positively correlated, with weak to moderate intensity, mainly with personality traits, psychoticism and neuroticism.

Parenting practices and family relationships during the COVID-19 lockdown in Ghana

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been far reaching across almost every sphere of life. Families, which are the basic units of society, have not been spared the ravages of the pandemic. Changes in family daily routines as a result of COVID-19 can affect spousal relationships, parenting and childcare practices. However, the extent to which the pandemic has affected parenting practices and family relationships in Ghana is not known. The goal of this study was to assess how parenting practices and family relationships have been influenced during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana. Data for this paper was drawn from an online questionnaire response from 463 participants in Ghana as a subset analysis from a multi-country study on personal and family coping system with COVID-19 pandemic in the global south. The mean score for pre-COVID-19 relationship with partner (36.86) was higher (p<0.0001) than the mean score for during COVID-19 relationship with partner (35.32) indicating that COVID-19 has had negative influence on relationships. The mean score for pre-COVID-19 parenting (32.78) was higher (p<0.0001) compared to the mean score for during COVID-19 parenting (31.40) indicating negative influence on parenting. We have predicted that participants whose coping levels were "Well" on the average, are likely to be doing well in relationship with partners and parenting practices during the COVID-19 period The challenging public health containment measures of the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively influenced the relationship between partners and parenting practices in Ghana.

Interação Mãe-Bebê: A Relação Entre o Processo de Vinculação e as Práticas Parentais / Mother-Baby Interaction: The Relationship Between the Bonding Process and Parentenal Pratictices

Buscou-se descrever as práticas parentais de mães de bebês aos três meses e investigar o seu efeito sobre a interação mãe-bebê. Participaram do estudo, 39 díades mães-bebê. As mães responderam a um Inventário de Estilos Parentais para Pais e Mães de Bebês (IEPMB). As díades foram filmadas em condição estruturada (Face-to-Face Still Face ­ FFSF). As práticas parentais identificadas a partir do IEPMB foram classificadas como Positivas ou Negativas, distribuídas entre os níveis Baixo, Médio e Alto. Os comportamentos observados durante o FFSF foram categorizados em Orientação Social Positiva (OSP), negativa (OSN) (para bebês e mães) e Autorregulação do bebê. Houve predominância de práticas parentais positivas, com efeito da Prática Positiva Alta indicando maior ocorrência de autorregulação dos bebês durante o 2o episódio. A interação dos fatores indicou efeito sobre a OSP dos bebês e suas mães, no 3o episódio, com melhores resultados para mães com Prática Positiva Média e Negativa baixa. Os resultados podem subsidiar programas de intervenção na primeira infância.

This research aims to practices the parenting practices of three-month-old babies' mothers and to investigate its effect on mother-baby interaction. Thirty-nine mother-baby dyads participated in the study. The mothers responded to an Inventory of Parenting Styles for Fathers and Mothers Babies (IEPMB). The dyads were filmed in a structured condition (Face-to-Face Still Face - FFSF). The Parental practices identified from the IEPMB were classified as Positive or Negative, distributed among the Low, Medium and High levels. The Interactive behaviors were categorized into Positive Social Orientation (OSP) or Negative (OSN) (for babies and mothers) and baby Self-Regulation. There was a predominance of positive parenting practices, with the effect of High Positive Practice indicating a higher occurrence of babies' self-regulation during the 2nd episode. The interaction of the factors indicated an effect on the OSP of babies and their mothers in the 3rd episode, with better results for mothers with Medium Positive and Low Negative Practices. The results can subsidize early childhood intervention programs.

Intergeracionalidade no contexto das práticas educativas de mães de crianças pré-escolares / Intergeracionality inthe context of parenting practices of mothers of preschoolers / Intergeneracionalidad en el contexto de las prácticas educativas de madres de niños preescolares

Este estudo objetivou analisar as lembranças de infância e das práticas educativas de mães de crianças pré-escolares que usam práticas coercitivas ou indutivas na criação dos próprios filhos. Foram entrevistadas 12 mães, sendo que seis delas adotavam estratégias predominantemente indutivas (MPI) e seis, predominantemente coercitivas (MPC). A teoria fundamentada norteou a análise qualitativa. Entre os resultados, constatou-se que a infância das MPI foi caracterizada pelo predomínio do afeto e de eventos positivos e lúdicos. Ainda que algumas mães tenham sido alvo de ações coercitivas, elas relataram forte presença de práticas educativas indutivas. Por outro lado, as MPC relataram vivência de situações traumáticas, como alcoolismo, violência psicológica e sexual, associadas ao uso de punição física, ameaças e privação de afeto como estratégias disciplinares. Os dados sugerem a transmissão intergeracional das práticas educativas, caracterizadas pela forma como os pais educam, e as diversas estratégias que utilizam para orientar o comportamento dos filhos. Discute-se a implementação de programas de orientação parental que possam favorecer o uso de práticas educativas indutivas.(AU)

This study aimed to analyze childhood memories and parenting practices of mothers of preschoolers with coercive or inductive parenting practices. The study was conducted with twelve mothers: six who used predominantly inductive discipline (PIM) and six predominantly coercive discipline (PCM). Qualitative analysis was guided by the Grounded-Theory. The results indicate that the childhood of predominantly inductive mothers was characterized by affection and positive and playful events. Although exposed to some coercive practices, they reported predominance of inductive parenting practices. Conversely, the childhood of predominantly coercive mothers was characterized by traumatic events such as alcohol abuse, sexual and psychological violence, physical punishment, threats, and lack of affection. Such findings suggest intergenerational transmission of parenting practices, observable through the way parents educate their children and the different strategies used to guide their behavior. In this scenario, this study discussed the implementation of parental guidance programs that may foment use of inductive parenting practices.(AU)

Este estudio propone analizar los recuerdos de la infancia y de la creación de madres de niños preescolares que utilizan prácticas coercitivas o inductivas en la creación de sus propios hijos. De las 12 madres entrevistadas, seis madres adoptaban las estrategias predominantemente inductivas (MPI) y seis, las predominantemente coercitivas (MPC). La teoría fundamentada orientó el análisis cualitativo. Se constató que la infancia de las MPI fue caracterizada por el predominio del afecto y de las ocasiones positivas y lúdicas. Aunque algunas madres hayan sufrido acciones coercitivas, relataron fuerte presencia de las prácticas educativas inductivas. Por otro lado, las MPC relataron experiencias traumáticas, como alcoholismo, violencia psicológica y sexual asociadas al uso del castigo físico, de las amenazas y de la privación de afecto como estrategias disciplinarias. Los datos sugieren la transmisión intergeneracional de las prácticas educativas, caracterizadas por como los padres educan y las diversas estrategias que utilizan para orientar el comportamiento de sus hijos. Se discute la implementación de programas de entrenamiento parental que puedan favorecer el uso de prácticas educativas inductivas.(AU)

Association of mothers’ parenting practices and clinical and reported oral health outcomes in primary-school age girls

Purpose: This study was to assess the relationship between mothers’ positive parenting, disciplining, and authoritative parenting practices and clinically assessed and child-reported oral health in a primary school-age girl. Methods: A crosssectional study included girls in primary schools in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, in 2018. Clinical examination assessed caries experience in primary and permanent teeth, plaque, and gingivitis. The girls responded to questionnaires assessing sociodemographic background, dental behaviors, and reported oral health outcomes. Three questionnaires assessed the frequency of disciplining practices, positive parenting practices, and authoritative parenting. Multivariate general linear regression was used to assess the relationship between outcome variables (clinical and child-reported outcomes) and explanatory variables (parenting practices) controlling for confounders (sociodemographic variables and dental behaviors). Results: The response rate was 92.5% (284/307). The girls were 11 years on average, with 62% nonuniversity educated fathers and mothers. Frequent disciplining was associated with impact on daily life (B = 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05, 0.65) and poorer perceived dental health (B = −0.20, 95% CI = −0.39, −0.001). Authoritative parenting was associated with fewer permanent teeth with caries experience (B = −0.07, 95% CI = −0.12, −0.02). Frequent positive parenting practices were associated with more sound primary teeth (B = 1.46, 95% CI= 0.15, 2.77), fewer sound permanent teeth (B = −2.66, 95% CI = −4.36, −0.96), and better perceived dental health (B = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.60). Conclusion: Authoritative parenting was associated with good clinical oral health outcomes and frequent disciplining was negatively associated with child-reported outcomes. Frequent positive parenting practices had a positive association with the health of primary teeth but not permanent teeth.

Behavioral problems and their relationship to maternal depression, marital relationships, social skills and parenting

Abstract Behavioral problems have been associated with multiple variables; however, studies simultaneously investigating parenting practices, marital relationships in bi-parental families, maternal depression, and child behavior remain a gap in the literature. The objective was to verify associations between positive and negative parenting practices, marital relationships, social skills, and behavioral problems among children from bi-parental families with and those without maternal depression; to identify the predictive effect of positive and negative parenting practices, marital relationships, children's social skills, and maternal depression, for internalizing, externalizing behavior problems and internalizing and externalizing comorbidities. A case-control study with a cross-sectional design was adopted to ensure the groups were homogeneous in regard to the children's, mothers', and families' sociodemographic characteristics. A total of 35 mothers currently with depression and 35 without depression indicators participated in the study, while the children were 25 preschoolers and 23 school-aged children. The mothers responded to instruments addressing depression, child behavior, parenting practices, and marital relationships. The results reveal maternal depression associated with marital relationships, positive parenting, and context variables. Maternal depression and marital relationship were found to influence externalizing problems; maternal depression, childrearing practices, marital relationships, and the children's behavioral repertoires influence internalizing and externalizing comorbidities; and none of the independent variables influenced the occurrence of internalizing problems.

Las creencias parentales en el proceso de crianza y sus relaciones con el comportamiento adolescente / As crenças parentais na parentalidade e suas relações com o comportamento do adolescente / Parental beliefs in the parenting process and their relations with adolescent behavior / Les croyances parentales dans le processus parental et leurs relations avec le comportement des adolescents

Resumen Las creencias parentales están integradas estructuralmente en la relación entre padres e hijos y pueden ser consideradas como contribuciones para comprender el desarrollo adolescente. El presente trabajo busca analizar los vínculos entre las creencias parentales y el comportamiento adolescente, para ello se desarrolló una revisión bibliográfica en seis bases de datos, que incluyó 53 estudios en donde se dimensiona la influencia de las creencias parentales en la crianza con adolescentes. En el análisis de datos, se destacaron como "creencias parentales" los siguientes conceptos: las creencias generales sobre los atributos y las experiencias humanas, las expectativas parentales, las percepciones sobre las capacidades de los hijos, los valores y metas parentales, la autoeficacia parental y las creencias sobre el control de las situaciones. Se concluye que las creencias parentales son afectadas por los atributos y las experiencias de los padres, lo que influye en un efecto de cascada sobre el comportamiento adolescente.

Resumo As crenças parentais são estruturalmente integradas na relação pai-filho, o que pode ser considerado como uma contribuição para entender o desenvolvimento do adolescente. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a ligação entre as crenças dos pais e o comportamento dos adolescentes, para o qual realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico em seis bases de dados, incluindo 53 estudos que avaliaram quantitativamente a influência das crenças dos pais nas práticas parentais com filhos adolescentes. Na análise das informações, os seguintes conceitos foram destacados como "crenças dos pais": crenças gerais sobre atributos e experiências humanas, expectativas dos pais, percepções das habilidades das crianças, valores e objetivos dos pais, autoeficácia dos pais e crenças sobre o controle de situações. Como conclusões, se estabeleceu que existem indicadores teóricos apropriados para considerar que as crenças parentais são afetadas pelos atributos e experiências dos pais, influenciando em efeito cascata o comportamento das crianças durante a adolescência.

Abstract Parental beliefs are structurally integrated into the relation between parents and adolescents, and could be considered as contributions to understand adolescent development. The objective of this article is to analyze the links between the beliefs of the parents and the behavior of the adolescents, for which a bibliographical review was performed in six databases, including 53 studies that quantitatively measure the influence of the beliefs of the parents in parenting practices with adolescents. In the analysis of the information, the following concepts were highlighted as "parental beliefs": general beliefs about human attributes and experiences, parent expectations, perceptions of the adolescent abilities, parental values and goals, parental self-efficacy and beliefs about control of the situation. As conclusions, it is established that there are appropriate theoretical indicators to consider that parental beliefs are affected by the attributes and experiences of the parents, influencing in a cascade effect the behavior of the adolescents.

Résumé Les croyances des parents sont structurellement intégrées dans la relation parents-enfants et peuvent être considérées comme des contributions à la compréhension du développement des adolescents. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les liens entre les croyances parentales et le comportement des adolescents, pour lesquels une revue bibliographique a été développée dans six bases de données, dont 53 études évaluant quantitativement l'influence des croyances parentales sur les pratiques parentales avec les adolescents. Dans l'analyse de l'information, les concepts suivants ont été mis en évidence comme « croyances parentales ¼ : croyances générales sur les attributs et expériences de l'être humain, attentes parentales, perceptions des capacités de l'enfant, valeurs et objectifs parentaux, l'auto-efficacité parentale et les croyances sur le contrôle des situations. En conclusion, il est établi que les attributs et les expériences des parents influent sur les croyances parentales, ce qui a un effet en cascade sur le comportement des adolescents.

Los contenidos de la formación parental y sus implicaciones en el comportamiento de los adolescentes: elementos desde una revisión / Contents of parental training and its implications for adolescent behavior: elements from a review

Resumen Los padres buscan apoyo para enfrentar los desafíos que sus hijos tienen en la adolescencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los tópicos abordados en la formación de padres con hijos adolescentes y su relación con las tendencias comportamentales de estos. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión cualitativa de intervenciones y programas centrados en fortalecer el proceso de crianza, estableciéndose una concentración en los aspectos regulatorios, comunicativos y emocionales de la relación padre-hijo. Por medio de un análisis cuantitativo, también se pudo establecer que los tópicos abordados tienen efectos significativos sobre los adolescentes, como la reducción en problemas de comportamiento, manejo adecuado de la sexualidad y disminución en la tendencia al consumo de sustancias. Teniendo en cuenta la información registrada, es posible plantear que la formación parental puede abordarse en diferentes formatos de acuerdo con los objetivos y condiciones disponibles, lo que puede representar beneficios importantes para el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes.

Abstract Parents seek support to cope with the challenges their adolescents face. The objective of this paper is to analyze the topics addressed in the training of parents and their relation with adolescent behavioral tendencies. A qualitative review of interventions and programs focused on strengthening the parenting process was carried out, establishing a concentration on the regulatory, communicative and emotional aspects of the parent-child relationship. Through a quantitative analysis, it was also identified that the topics addressed have significant effects on adolescents, such as the reduction of behavioral problems, adequate management of sexuality and a decrease in the tendency to use substances. With this considered, it is possible to state that parental training can be addressed in different formats according to the objectives and conditions available, which can represent important benefits for the healthy development of adolescents.

Internal consistency and confirmatory validity of the parenting practices inventory in a Mexican population sample / Consistencia interna y validez confirmatoria del inventario de prácticas de crianza en una muestra de población mexicana

Abstract Introduction Parenting practices refer to specific behaviours used by parents and caretakers of children to guide childhood development and socialization goals. These practices are associated with children's health, psychological, and physical development. Objective To determine the psychometric properties of the Parenting Practices Inventory (PPI) among a group of child caregivers in Mexico City. Method The PPI was applied to 443 caregivers of children and adolescents, who attended a general health care centre in Mexico City. For the psychometric evaluation of the instrument, the full distribution and discrimination of the items was analysed first. Then, the validity of the construct was tested through an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory analysis with structural equation modelling. Results The internal consistency of the PPI showed α = .867 and 41.25% of variance explained for all four dimensions of interest. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model had goodness of fit. It included twenty-four items with adequate consistency and validity indices. Discussion and conclusion The PPI is therefore a potentially useful psychometric measure for evaluating parenting practices among this type of population and could have major implications for the development of interventions and preventive programmes. It provides scientific bases for diagnostic decision-making and primary health care from the moment of initial contact to specialized medical care.

Resumen Introducción Las prácticas de crianza se refieren a comportamientos específicos utilizados por los padres y cuidadores de niños para guiar su desarrollo y metas de socialización infantil. Estas prácticas están asociadas con la salud, el desarrollo psicológico y físico de los niños. Objetivo Determinar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Prácticas de Crianza (IPC) entre un grupo de cuidadores de niños en la Ciudad de México. Método El IPC se aplicó a 443 cuidadores de niños y adolescentes, que asistieron a consulta médica general en un Centro de salud en la Ciudad de México. Para la evaluación psicométrica del instrumento se analizó la distribución total y la discriminación de los reactivos. La validez de constructo se probó a través de análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis confirmatorio con modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados El IPC mostró α = .867 y 41.25% de la varianza explicada para las cuatro dimensiones de interés. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que el modelo tuvo buena bondad de ajuste. Incluyó veinticuatro ítems con una consistencia e índices de validez adecuados. Discusión y conclusión El IPC es una medida psicométrica potencialmente útil para evaluar las prácticas de crianza en esta población y podría tener implicaciones importantes para el desarrollo de intervenciones y programas preventivos. Esto brinda bases científicas para la toma de decisiones en la atención primaria de la salud desde el momento del contacto inicial hasta la atención médica especializada en caso de ser requerida.

Prácticas alimentarias de mujeres indígenas en función del estado nutricio y sexo de sus hijos/as / Food practices of indigenous women according to the nutritional status and sex of their children

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las prácticas alimentarias (PA) de mujeres indígenas de Hidalgo (México), a partir del sexo y el estado nutricio (EN) de sus hijos/as. Participaron 19 diadas madre-hijo/a (Medad madre = 33.5 años, DE= 7.1; Medad hijo = 6.0 años; DE = 0.4). Las madres fueron entrevistadas y, para estimar el EN de sus hijos/as, estos fueron pesados y medidos. La información fue analizada mediante categorías basadas en los factores del Cuestionario de Actitudes, Creencias y Prácticas de los Padres hacia la Alimentación de sus Hijos. Aunque las madres con hijos/as saludables (estatura normal y normopeso) y aquellas otras de hijos con mala nutrición mostraron PA comunes, también presentaron algunas diferencias. Éstas principalmente relacionadas con la percepción del peso de su hijo/a, la que no fue congruente con el EN real, caracterizándose por la subestimación. En ambos sexos (hijo/hija) se notó una presencia alta de casi todas las categorías de análisis, pero mayormente entre aquellas madres con niñas. Este estudio representa un primer acercamiento al conocimiento de las PA maternas de mujeres indígenas en función del EN y sexo de sus hijos, cuyos resultados fundamentan la necesidad de seguir profundizando en el estudio de este tipo de población.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to describe the eating practices (EP) of indigenous women in Hidalgo (Mexico), based on their children's sex and nutritional status (NS). A total of 19 mother-child dyads participated (Mage mother = 33.5 years, SD = 7.1, Mage children = 6.0 years, SD = 0.4). The mothers were interviewed and, to estimate the NS of their children, they were weighed and measured. The information was analyzed by categories based on the factors of the Questionnaire of Attitudes, Beliefs and Practices of the Parents towards the Feeding of their Children. Alt hough mothers with healthy children (height normal and normal weight) and those of children with poor nutrition showed common EP, they also presented some differences. These were mainly related to the perception of the weight of their children, which was not consistent with the real NS, characterized by underestimation. In both sexes (son/daughter) there was a high presence of almost all categories of analysis, but mostly among mothers with girls. This study represents a first approach to the knowledge of the maternal EP of indigenous women according to the NS and sex of their children, whose results support the need to continue deepening the study of this type of population.

Prácticas parentales como predictoras de la ideación suicida en adolescentes colombianos / Parenting practices, predictor of Colombian adolescents suicidal ideation

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar en qué medida las prácticas parentales paternas y maternas predicen la ideación suicida en un grupo de hombres y mujeres adolescentes colombianos. Método: Participaron 328 estudiantes adolescentes inscritos en escuelas públicas. Se utilizó la escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) elaborada por Andrade y Betancourt y una escala para medir la Ideación Suicida, constituida por ocho ítems que refieren a ideas de quitarse la vida. Resultados: Indican la existencia de correlaciones entre ideación suicida y control psicológico materno (0,183**) e imposición (-,282**) en los hombres y entre ideación suicida y autonomía (-,383**), control psicológico materno (,302**) e imposición (,383**) en mu jeres. También se evidenció que las dimensiones que predicen en mayor medida la ideación sui cida en hombres y mujeres son el control psicológico materno y la imposición paterna. Conclu siones: Se discute el papel de algunas prácticas parentales que pueden constituirse como posible factor de riesgo para disponer a los jóvenes hacia el suicidio.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to determine how parental and maternal parenting practices may predict suicidal ideation in a group of Colombian male and female teenagers. Method: 328 teen agers who belong to public schools were sampled. 7-items related to wanting to take one's own life, (PP-A) Parenting Practices scale for teenagers was used. Results: Show correlations between suicidal ideation and maternal psychological control (0,183**) and impose (-, 282 **), in men between suicidal ideation and autonomy (-, 383**), in women, maternal psychological control (, 302**) and impose (, 383**). Also, it is shown that maternal psychological control and parental impose are evident aspects which predict further suicidal ideation in men and women. Conclu sion: The role of some parenting practices can become a suicidal risk factor for young people.

Niñez y crianza en una zona rural tseltal en Altos de Chiapas* / Childhood and child-rearing in a Tzeltal indigenous rural area in Los Altos de Chiapas / A infancia na zona rural indígena tseltal em Altos de Chiapas

Resumen (descriptivo): Estudio de enfoque cualitativo de corte fenomenológico sobre las características de las prácticas y estilos de crianza de madres con niños y niñas de 1 a 6 años de edad, en una zona de Oxchuc, Chiapas, México, hablantes de la lengua tseltal. Seleccionamos 20 mujeres de la comunidad y les hicimos entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación participante. Los resultados indican un papel preponderante del chulel en el desarrollo infantil. El trabajo y el mundo ritual son referentes para los procesos de enseñanza de la niñez. Resaltamos la importancia de observar los juegos e interacciones sociales sin establecer condiciones adultas en lo lúdico. Castigan física y verbalmente la falta de respeto y el desobedecimiento de instrucciones. Proponemos un modelo conceptual alternativo para describir los procesos de crianza en esta zona indígena.

Abstract (descriptive): This paper describes a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach that investigates the characteristics of the parenting practices and styles of mothers with children aged 1-6 years in an area of Oxchuc, Chiapas, Mexico, who speak the Tzeltal language. 20 women were selected from the community and were the subjects of semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The results indicate the important role of chulel (souls or spirits) in child development. Work and the world of rituals are reference points for the education of children. The researchers observed the importance of children's games and social interactions without adults setting the rules. Lack of respect for others and not knowing how to follow instructions is physically and verbally punished. An alternative conceptual model is proposed to describe the child-rearing processes in this indigenous region.

Resumo (descriptivo): Trata-se de um estudo de enfoque qualitativo de corte fenomenológico sobre as características das práticas e estilos de criação de mães com crianças de 1 a 6 anos de idade, na zona de Oxchuc, Chiapas, México, falantes da língua tseltal. Foram selecionadas 20 mulheres da comunidade, com as quais foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Os resultados indicam um papel preponderante do chulel no desenvolvimento infantil. Ressalta-se a importância de se observar os jogos e interações sociais sem se estabelecer condições dos adultos no lúdico. Foram observados castigos físicos e verbais pela a falta de respeito e seguimento das instruções. É proposto um modelo conceitual alternativo para descrever os processos de educação (criação) dos filhos nesta zona indígena.

Efectos de las prácticas de crianza en el desempeño cognitivo en niños de edad preescolar / Effects of parenting practices on cognitive performance in preschool children

Se ha reportado que la variación en la crianza, especialmente ante patrones inadecuados, impacta en la consolidación de diferentes habilidades cognitivas, mientras que la crianza recíproca y sensible es asociada con beneficios para los niños en términos de lenguaje, cognición, conducta emocional y social. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar las diferencias en el desempeño cognitivo de niños en edad preescolar cuyo cuidador primario ocupe diferentes prácticas de crianza (autoritativas, autoritarias, indulgentes y negligentes). Participaron 88 niños de 4 y 5 años de edad, divididos en cuatro grupos según la práctica de crianza que empleara el cuidador primario. Los resultados indican que los niños criados con patrones de crianza autoritativa (caracterizado por altos niveles de respuesta y disciplina) obtienen mejores resultados en lenguaje expresivo, comprensivo y estructuración espacial, lo que a su vez repercute en el desempeño general; en comparación con la crianza autoritaria y negligente (ambas prácticas caracterizadas por bajos niveles de respuesta a sus hijos) quienes presentan el menor desempeño. Se sugiere que las prácticas de crianza adoptadas por el cuidador primario tienen un impacto sobre el desempeño cognitivo en diferentes habilidades básicas, lo que puede repercutir en el desempeño de los niños tanto a corto plazo como a largo plazo en diferentes ámbitos de su vida. .

Variation in parenting, especially in inadequate patterns, has been reported to impact on the consolidation of different cognitive abilities, while reciprocal and sensitive parenting is associated with benefits for children in terms of language, cognition, emotional and social behavior. The aim of the present study was to identify the differences in the cognitive performance of preschool children whose primary caregiver occupies different parenting practices (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and negligent). Participated 88 children of 4 and 5 years of age, divided into four groups according to the parenting practice used by the primary caregiver. The results indicate that children raised with authoritative parenting patterns (characterized by high levels of response and discipline) obt0ain better results in expressive, comprehensive language and spatial structure, which in turn has an impact on overall performance; in comparison with authoritarian and negligent parenting (both practices characterized by low levels of response to their children) who have the lowest performance. It is suggested that parenting practices adopted by the primary caregiver have an impact on cognitive performance in different basic skills, which can impact both short-term and long-term child performance in different areas of life.

Percepción de prácticas de crianza: análisis confirmatorio de una escala para adolescentes / Perception of parenting practices: confirmatory analysis of a scale for adolescents

Resumen Las prácticas de crianza parentales son significativas en etapas tempranas del desarrollo. En la adolescencia, aunque existe influencia de otros ámbitos sociales, estas prácticas aún continúan teniendo un papel significativo. El diseño y la construcción de instrumentos de medición para estas prácticas de crianza en adolescentes se han caracterizado por la complejización de variables. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo elaborar y aportar evidencias de validez estructural de la Escala de Percepción de Prácticas de Crianza para Adolescentes (Flores et al., 2010), en una muestra conformada por 623 adolescentes de Mérida, Yucatán, de entre 12 y 18 años (51.8% mujeres y 48.2% hombres). Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostraron ajustes significativos (X 2 = 1,423.049, gl = 374, p = 0.000; CFI = 0.916, GFI = 0.917, TLI = 0.909, RMSEA = 0.049, RMR = 0.055) en un modelo de tres dimensiones: afectividad (a = 0.93), control (a = 0.81) y apoyo (a = 0.62), con propiedades psicométricas y evidencias de validez estructural significativas. Se reporta que la afectividad y el apoyo se asocian con la percepción de las prácticas de crianza maternas en adolescentes, mientras que la dimensión de control se asocia con las prácticas de crianza paternas.

Abstract The parental parenting practices are significant in the early stages of development. In adolescence, although there is influence from other social spheres, these parental practices still continue to play a significant role. However the design and construction of measurement instruments for these adolescent parenting practices have been characterized by the complexization of variables. This research aims to elaborate and provide evidence of structural validity of the Parenting Perception Scale for Adolescents (Flores et al., 2010) in a sample consisted of 623 adolescents of Mérida, Yucatán, between 12 and 18 years old (51.8% are women, and 48.2% are men)). The results showed that the structural equivalence and confirmatory analyzes obtained significant adjustments (X 2 = 1,423.049, gl = 374, P = .000; CFI = .916, GFI = .917, TLI = .909, RMSEA = .049, RMR = .055) in a three dimensional model: the affectivity dimension (a = 93), the control dimension (a = .81) and the support dimension (a = .62). Psychometric properties and evidence of significant structural validity in the scale were found. It is reported that the affective dimension and the support dimension are associated with the perception of maternal parenting practices in adolescents, while the control dimension is associated with perception of parental parenting practices.

A questão da parentalidade: contribuições para o trabalho do psicólogo na terapia de famílias com filhos pequenos / The issue of parenting: contributions to psychologists working in family therapy with young children

O cuidado e a educação dos filhos destacam-se como importantes desafios de famílias que se encontram em fase de aquisição, sendo esta uma das demandas de trabalho do psicólogo clínico. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar subsídios teóricos e práticos disponíveis na literatura científica a respeito do tema da parentalidade, os quais podem auxiliar o trabalho do terapeuta de famílias com filhos pequenos na avaliação das práticas parentais. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura assistemática, com base em autores que trabalham com este tema na abordagem Sistêmica, bem como autores que realizam pesquisas sobre parentalidade nos mais diferentes contextos, sendo selecionado o Modelo de Componentes da Parentalidade de Heidi Keller. A partir disso, foram identificados e sistematizados alguns instrumentos que podem ser utilizados para avaliar as mais diversas dimensões de cuidados parentais. Concluiu-se que, diante das mudanças do mundo contemporâneo, cada vez mais o psicólogo deve recorrer aos achados dos pesquisadores que trabalham com as famílias ao longo das diferentes etapas do ciclo vital. Além disso, a prática deve ser sempre re-pensada e re-construída de acordo com as próprias necessidades das famílias que procuram atendimento psicológico.(AU)

Childrearing and educational practices are important challenges for young children’s parents, and it can be a demand for clinical psychologists. This paper aims to present theoretical models and practical instruments available in the scientific literature on the subject of parenting, which can be used by therapists on their practice with families with young children. A literature review was conducted, based on authors that work with this subject in the Systemic approach, as well as authors who conduct researches about parenting in different contexts, being selected the Parenting Component Model of Heidi Keller. It was also selected and systematized some tools that can be used to assess the various dimensions of parenting. It was concluded that, given fast changes of modern world, even more the psychologist must use new findings from researchers who work with families throughout the different lifecycle stages. Furthermore, clinical practices must always be transformed in accordance with families needs.(AU)

Diseñado para bebés. Objetos y prácticas en el primer año de vida / Designed for babies. Objects and practices in the first year / Projetado para bebês. Objetos e práticas no primeiro ano de vida

En este artículo se presentan resultados de investigación sobre la vida cotidiana de bebés en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. En el mismo se proponen como objetivos (1) rastrear el mundo de prácticas y objetos ligados a la crianza y cuidado de bebés; (2) evaluar la prevalencia del uso de objetos diseñados para bebés por oposición a la elección de objetos de uso general; (3) identificar los sentidos, razones y formas de legitimación de las prácticas y objetos utilizados y (4) analizar efectos no previstos asociados a los mismos. La información utilizada consiste en 14 entrevistas realizadas en hogares con bebés de 7 a 12 meses. Como principales resultados se destacan una presencia amplia de objetos específicos, niveles heterogéneos de adopción de los mismos, fuerte vinculación entre el éxito de los objetos diseñados y su capacidad de habilitar a los padres a realizar actividades en simultáneo al cuidado del bebé.

This article presents research results about the everyday lives of babies in the city of Buenos Aires. Its three main objectives are: (1) to map and describe the practices and objects used in child rearing and caring for babies; (2) to evaluate the pervasiveness of the use of objects designed for babies compared to general-purpose objects; (3) identify the meanings, reasons and forms of legitimization of the practices and objects used; and (4) analyze unexpected effects associated with these objects and practices. The data for the analysis consists of 14 in-depth interviews with mothers of infants aged between 7 and 12 months. The main results from the study include: the identification of a broad presence of objects specifically designed for babies; heterogeneous levels of adoption; strong links between the success of objects specifically designed for babies and their ability to allow parents to simultaneously engage in other activities while caring for their baby.

Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a vida cotidiana de bebês na cidade de Buenos Aires. Os objetivos principais são: (1) mapear e descrever as práticas e os objetos relacionados às crianças e aos cuidados com os bebês; (2) avaliar a prevalência do uso de objetos projetados para bebês ao invés de objetos de uso geral; (3) identificar os principais fatores que estimulam e legitimam a sua utilização e (4) analisar os efeitos não previstos associados a eles. Os dados para a análise consistem em 14 entrevistas em profundidade com mães de crianças cujas idades são entre 7 e 12 meses. Como principais resultados destaca-se uma ampla existência de objetos projetados especificamente para bebês; seus níveis heterogêneos de adoção; forte associação entre o sucesso desses objetos e sua capacidade para habilitar os pais e as mães a realizarem atividades simultaneamente aos cuidados com o bebê.