Indicator-based management recommendations for an artisanal bottom-longline fishery in Costa Rica, Central America / Recomendaciones de manejo basadas en indicadores para la pesca artesanal con líneas de fondo en Costa Rica, Centroamérica

AbstractThere is a growing need to strengthen the small-scale fishing sector with emerging governance methods that improve fishers' threatened livelihoods. Therefore, this study's aim was to develop management recommendations, based on easily interpreted conclusions that can be used to address the socio-ecological difficulties that the artisanal, bottom-longline fishery in Bejuco, Pacific coast of Costa Rica faces. The results of previously recorded fisher socio-ecological perceptions and an evaluation of the spotted rose snapper's, Lutjanus guttatus, population dynamics were assigned a measurable set of indicators in reference to the fishery's natural, human and management sub-systems. This was done via the traffic light method with easily interpreted colors based on a review of similar published fisheries studies. According to these results, a stock assessment for the fishery's target species and research to determine the composition and magnitude of the fishery's discarded species were recommended. Fisher economic dependence on bottom-longline activities led to the recommendation to develop alternative livelihood strategies. Also, the promotion of alternative markets and sustainability certification strategies for the snapper fishery are advised. Enlargement of the multi-use marine protected areas within the fishery's grounds and improvement of their management strategies is also recommended. In order for this to occur, improved resource user coordination in the form of a fisher association that has the capability to lobby for increased enforcement of the protected areas from destructive fisheries must be realized. Doing so would aid the development of a local management plan and participatory governance system. Such an initiative would justify the development of community lead marine protected area management regimes.

ResumenExiste una creciente necesidad de fortalecer el sector de la pesca de pequeña escala con métodos de gobernanza emergentes que mejoren las estrategias de subsistencia de los pescadores. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio se centró en el desarrollo de recomendaciones de manejo, basadas en conclusiones fácilmente interpretables, que ayuden a atender las dificultades socio-ecológicas que enfrentan los pescadores artesanales que utilizan líneas de fondo en Bejuco, Pacífico de Costa Rica. Se asignó un conjunto medible de indicadores para cada sub-sistema (natural, humano y manejo) de la pesquería a partir de los resultados de un análisis previo de las percepciones socioecológicas de los pescadores y una evaluación de aspectos biológico-pesqueros para el pargo manchado Lutjanus guttatus. Se usó la técnica de semáforo con la cual se asignaron colores para la evaluación de indicadores construidos con base en la revisión de literatura publicada. Se propusieron recomendaciones de manejo basadas en los resultados. Se sugiere un análisis del estado del stock de la principal especie objetivo de pesca y un estudio que determine la magnitud y composición de las especies descartadas. Debido a la alta dependencia económica de los pescadores, se recomienda la implementación de programas que permitan el desarrollo de opciones alternativas del empleo. Además, se recomienda promover mercados alternativos y sistemas de certificación sostenible para la captura de pargo manchado. También se recomienda la ampliación de las áreas marinas protegidas de uso múltiple de la zona. Para esto es necesario mejorar la coordinación y participación de los usuarios mediante la formación de una asociación que tenga la capacidad de vincular a la contraparte gubernamental en la solución de múltiples limitaciones y problemas (p. ej pesca ilegal) en la actividad pesquera de Bejuco.Esto facilitaría la construcción de un plan de manejo local bajo un sistema de gobernanza participativa.

Participação social na conquista das políticas de saúde para mulheres no Brasil / Social participation in the achievement of health policies to women in Brazil

Esse artigo analisa a evolução, a partir dos anos setenta, do processo participativo dos movimentos de mulheres, especialmente aqueles identificados com o feminismo, articulado à construção de políticas para a saúde das mulheres no Brasil. Para isso, se apóia na bibliografia e análise documental. Identifica o caráter inicial colaboracionista que predominou na relação dos movimentos feministas com as instituições do Estado e sua recente atuação nas instâncias institucionalizadas de participação e controle social. Assinala ainda mudanças de eixos de luta desses movimentos, antes defensores da saúde integral das mulheres e abordando toda a complexidade de suas amplas demandas e necessidades, para uma atuação focalizada, essencialmente voltada aos direitos reprodutivos. Ao lado dos numerosos avanços identificados, a autora ressalta a necessidade de disseminação do debate sobre o tema da saúde das mulheres em todos os espaços de interlocução entre governo e sociedade civil, repolitizando este debate e fortalecendo as demandas das mulheres.

This article analyzes the evolution of the participatory process in women’s movements, especially those related to feminism, in the elaboration of health care policies to women in Brazil, from the 1970s until the present time. For this purpose, it is based on bibliography and on documentary analysis. The article determines the collaboration character that predominated in the beginning of the feminist movements’ relations with State institutions, and their recent actions regarding institutionalized instances of social participation and control. It further underlines some changes in the political activism of these movements, formerly advocating comprehensive health care to women and approaching the complexity of the broad demands and needs, and subsequently shifting to the defense of a focused acting, essentially when it comes to reproductive rights matters. Parallel to the acknowledgement of several achievements, the author emphasizes the necessity of disseminating the debate over women’s health care in every space available for dialogue between the Government and the civil society in order to re-politicize this debate and to strengthen women’s demands.