Association of short-term exposure to ambient PM1 with hospital admissions for angina in older adults / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To quantitatively evaluate the association of short-term exposure to ambient submicron particulate matter (PM1) with hospital admissions for angina in older adults. Methods A case-crossover study was conducted among 46 687 older adults hospitalized for angina from 2016 to 2019 in Guangzhou medical institutions. Grid data on ambient PM1 concentrations in Guangzhou were obtained from the ChinaHighAirPollutants (CHAP) dataset. Exposure to PM1 was assessed according to each subject's residential addresses. Conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the the exposure-response association between PM1 and hospital admissions for angina. Results From 2016 to 2019, the average exposure level of PM1 on the same day of hospital admissions (lag 0) for angina was 21.0 ± 11.5 μg/m3. The results of main model analysis showed that lag 0 day exposure to ambient PM1 was significantly associated with a higher odds of hospital admissions for angina in older adults. Each 10 μg/m3 increase of PM1 exposure level was significantly associated with a 1.31% (95% CI: 0.05%, 2.59%) increased odds of angina admissions. Results from a two-pollutant model adjusting for O3 showed that the association between short-term exposure to PM1 and odds of hospitalization for angina remained stable. According to the results of the above model, it was estimated that the excess hospitalization attributable to ambient PM1 exposure accounted for 2.46% (95% CI: 0.09%, 4.76%) of the total admissions in Guangzhou during 2016-2019, corresponding to 1539 (95% CI: 54, 2976) admissions. No significant effect modification on the associations was observed by sex, age, or season. Conclusion Short-term exposure to ambient PM1 was significantly associated with an increased odds of hospital admissions for angina in older adults.

Disease burden due to PM2.5 pollution before and after air quality improvement in Shijiazhuang / 环境与职业医学

Background Air pollution has gradually become a major environmental and public health problem faced by countries around the world. Hazy weather not only affects the health of the population, but also poses a threat to social and public safety. China has successively promulgated policies such as the "Ten Articles on Atmosphere" and the Three-year action plan to fight air pollution, aiming to improve ambient air quality. It is clear that the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has accomplished the set targets and improved air quality according to the environmental monitoring data of 2017. Objective To assess air quality improvements through the evaluation of the disease burden due to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in Shijiazhuang City before and after the air quality improvement from 2014 to 2021, including fatalities and health economic losses attributed to PM2.5 pollution. Methods Data on causes of death, PM2.5 concentrations, the number of permanent residents at the end of the year, gross regional product, and disposable income per capita in urban areas of Shijiazhuang were collected from 2014 to 2021. Total, non-accidental, circulatory, and respiratory deaths due to PM2.5 pollution were estimated by global exposure mortality models (GEMM). Health and economic losses due to selected diseases were calculated by value of statistical life (VOSL). Results During the study period, the average annual concentration of PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang was highest in 2014, and began to decline year by year in 2017, but all exceeded the current national limit of the second level of ambient air quality standards (35 μg·m−3). The total deaths, non-accidental deaths, circulatory disease deaths, and respiratory disease deaths attributed to PM2.5 pollution from 2014 to 2021 were 41326, 40246, 21792, and 5022, respectively; the associated health economic losses were 37.362, 36.369, 19.695, and 4.535 billion yuan, respectively. From the perspective of improved air quality, both the number of attributed deaths and health economic losses had declined in a volatile manner since 2017, with a significant decrease in 2019. If the average annual concentration of PM2.5 reached the second-level limit of China's ambient air quality standard (35 μg·m−3), the total deaths, non-accidental deaths, and deaths from circulatory diseases and respiratory diseases due to PM2.5 pollution would deducted by about 17000, 16000, 9000, and 2000, respectively; the corresponding health and economic losses would decreased by 15.201, 14.761, 7.959, and 1.859 billion yuan, respectively. If the average annual concentration of PM2.5 reached the latest PM2.5 air quality guidelines (5 μg·m−3) proposed by the World Health Organization, the total deaths, non-accidental deaths, circulatory disease deaths, and respiratory disease deaths due to PM2.5 pollution would deducted by 36000, 35000, 19000, and 4000, respectively, and the corresponding health and economic losses would reduced by 32.673, 31.796, 17.211, and 3.969 billion yuan, respectively. Conclusion PM2.5 pollution can lead to severe mortality burden and economic loss. Under the implementation of the State Council's "Ten Articles on Atmosphere" and the Three-year action plan to fight air pollution, Shijiazhuang's PM2.5 concentration and health economic losses have been significantly reduced, and further control of PM2.5 pollution can achieve greater health benefits and economic gains, affirming the positive results of local air pollution prevention work.

Effects of long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter on diabetes mellitus and the moderating effects of diet / 环境与职业医学

Background Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may increase the risk of diabetes, and a healthy diet can effectively control fasting blood glucose levels. However, it is unclear whether dietary factors have a moderating effect on the risk of diabetes associated with atmospheric PM2.5 exposure. Objective To investigate the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and diabetes in rural areas of Ningxia, and potential interaction of long-term exposure to atmospheric PM2.5 and diet on diabetes. Methods The study subjects were selected from the baseline survey data of the China Northwest Cohort-Ningxia (CNC-NX) , a natural population cohort. A total of 13917 subjects were included, excluding participants with missing covariate information. We utilized the annual average ambient PM2.5 concentration from 2014 to 2018 as the long-term exposure level. Logistic regression and multiple linear regression were employed to analyze the associations of long-term atmospheric PM2.5 exposure with diabetes and fasting blood glucose levels. Stratification by frequency of vegetable consumption, frequency of fruit consumption, and salty taste was used to examine moderating effects on the diabetes risk associated with atmospheric PM2.5 exposure. Results The mean age of the 13917 subjects was (56.8±10.0) years, and the prevalence of diabetes was 9.8%. Between 2014 and 2018, the average annual concentration of PM2.5 was (38.10±4.67) μg·m−3. The risk (OR) of diabetes was 1.018 (95%CI: 1.005, 1.032) and the fasting blood glucose was increased by 0.011 (95%CI: 0.004, 0.017) mmol·L−1 for each 1 μg·m−3 increase in PM2.5 concentration. Compared to those who consumed vegetables < 1 time per week, individuals who consume vegetables 1-3 times per week and ≥4 times per week had a reduced risk of developing diabetes by 27.1% (OR=0.729, 95%CI: 0.594, 0.893) and 16.8% (OR=0.832, 95%CI: 0.715, 0.971) respectively. Similarly, when compared to those who consumed fruits <1 time per week, individuals who consumed fruits 1-3 times per week and ≥4 times per week exhibited a reduced risk of diabetes by 16.4% (OR=0.836, 95%CI: 0.702, 0.998) and 18.2% (OR=0.818, 95%CI: 0.700, 0.959) respectively. Fasting blood glucose decreased by 0.202 (95%CI: -0.304, -0.101) mmol·L−1 in participants who ate vegetables 1-3 times per week. The effect of salty taste on diabetes and fasting blood glucose was not significant. The results of stratified analysis by dietary factors and PM2.5 concentration showed that the risks of diabetes were increased in the low PM2.5 pollution-low vegetable intake frequency group and the high PM2.5 pollution-low vegetable intake frequency group compared with the low PM2.5 pollution-high vegetable intake frequency group, with OR values of 3.987 (95%CI: 2.943, 5.371) and 1.433 (95%CI: 1.143, 1.796) respectively. The risk of diabetes was 50.1% higher in participants with high PM2.5 pollution and low fruit intake frequency than in participants with low PM2.5 pollution and high fruit intake frequency (OR=1.501, 95%CI: 1.171, 1.926). No interaction was found between salty taste and PM2.5 on diabetes. Conclusion Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with an increased fasting blood glucose and an elevated risk of diabetes in rural Ningxia population. Increasing the frequency of weekly consumption of vegetables or fruits may have a certain protective effect against diabetes occurrence, as well as a moderating effect on diabetes and fasting blood glucose levels associated with long-term exposure to atmospheric PM2.5.

Effects of PM2.5 sub-chronic exposure on liver metabolomics in mice / 环境与职业医学

Background Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can disrupt the metabolic homeostasis of the liver and accelerate the progression of liver diseases, but there are few studies on the effects of sub-chronic PM2.5 exposure on the liver metabolome. Objectives To investigate the effects of sub-chronic exposure to concentrated PM2.5 on hepatic metabolomics in mice by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and to identify potentially affected metabolites and metabolic pathways. Methods Twelve male C57BL/6J (6 weeks old) mice were randomly divided into two groups: a concentrated PM2.5 exposure group and a clean air exposure group. The mice were exposed to concentrated PM2.5 using the "Shanghai Meteorological and Environmental Animal Exposure System" at Fudan University. The exposure duration was 8 h per day, 6 d per week, for a total of 8 weeks. The mice's liver tissues were collected 24 h after the completion of exposure. LC-MS was performed to assess changes in the hepatic metabolome. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and t-test were employed to identify differentially regulated metabolites between the two groups under the conditions of variable important in projection (VIP)≥1.0 and P<0.05. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Results A total of 297 differentially regulated metabolites were identified between the concentrated PM2.5 exposure group and the clean air group. Among these metabolites, 142 were upregulated and 155 were downregulated. A total of 38 metabolic pathways were altered, with 7 pathways showing significant perturbation (P<0.05). These pathways involved amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, as well as cofactor and vitamin metabolism. The 7 significant metabolic pathways were pantothenic acid and coenzyme A biosynthesis; purine metabolism; amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and fructose and mannose metabolism. Conclusion The results from metabolomics analysis suggest that sub-chronic exposure to PM2.5 may disrupt hepatic energy metabolism and induce oxidative stress damage. Aspartic acid, succinic acid, ornithine, fumaric acid, as well as purine and xanthine derivatives, were identified as potential early biomarkers of hepatic response to sub-chronic PM2.5 exposure.

Airborne PM2.5 and Parkinson's disease: An updated meta-analysis / 环境与职业医学

Background An association between atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been suggested by previous studies, but the results of current epidemiological studies are still inconclusive. Objective To systematically evaluate the relationship between exposure to ambient PM2.5 and the risk of PD, as well as to explore potential influencing factors, aiming to provide scientific evidence for formulating early prevention strategies for PD. Methods Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, China National Know-ledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database were queried. The search terms included Parkinson's disease, particulate matter 2.5, and PM2.5 in both Chinese and English. Cohort studies examining the association between atmospheric PM2.5 exposure and the risk of PD were collected and searched from the inception of each database to June 26, 2023. The identified literature was screened, and the basic information of the included studies and their research subjects, outcome indicators, quantitative results of each study, as well as the information required by bias risk assessment were extracted. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was employed to assess the risk of literature bias. Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analysis were conducted in Stata 15.0 software. Results Twelve cohort studies were identified. A total of 17443136 participants with follow-up periods ranging from 3.5 to 22 years were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis, utilizing a random-effects model, revealed that PD risk was elevated by 6% after exposure to PM2.5 [HR=1.06 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.11), P=0.006]. The subgroup analysis demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 increased PD risk by 6% in North America [HR=1.06 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.12), P=0.033] and by 17% in East Asia [HR=1.17 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.33), P=0.020]. However, the effect was not statistically significant in Europe. PD risk exhibited a 7% rise [HR=1.07 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.14), P=0.011] in individuals aged 60 years and older, which was different from that in individuals younger than 60 years. Exposure to various concentrations of PM2.5 was observed to associate with an elevated risk of PD. The inclusion of adjustments for PD-related comorbidities did not alter the conclusion that ambient PM2.5 exposure might elevate the risk of PD. The studies with a follow-up duration exceeding 5 years and reporting more than 1000 PD cases suggested a significant increase in the risk of PD due to ambient PM2.5 exposure [HR=1.06 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.12), P=0.012; HR=1.06 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.11), P=0.027, respectively]. Conversely, no significant association was identified between ambient PM2.5 exposure and the risk of PD within the cohorts with a follow-up duration of less than 5 years and reporting fewer than 1000 PD cases [HR=1.09 (95%CI: 0.95, 1.26), P=0.214; HR=1.12 (95%CI: 0.98, 1.02), P=0.092, respectively]. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable. The publication bias analysis and the combined trim-and-fill method showed that the results were robust. Conclusion The risk of PD could be increased by ambient PM2.5 exposure and influenced by age and area. The research results might be affected by the duration of follow-up and the quantity of PD cases reported.

Short-term effects of air pollutants on outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in Guiyang / 环境与职业医学

Background Affected by concentration, composition, and population tolerance of air pollutants, the relationship between air pollutants and population health has regional differences. There is still a research gap in Guiyang. Objective To explore the short-term effects of air pollutant concentrations in low-pollution areas on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. Methods Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between air pollutants, meteorological factors, and respiratory outpatient volume from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 in Guiyang City. A single pollutant distribution lag nonlinear model and a multi-pollutant interaction model were established based on Poisson distribution. A three-dimensional diagram was drawn to display the relationship between air pollutants and respiratory outpatient volume. Quantitative analysis was conducted on the attribution risk and lag effect of air pollutant concentration on outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in Guiyang City. Results The results of the single pollutant model showed that fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum relative risk (RR) and 95%CI values of PM2.5, NO2,CO, and SO2 appeared on Day 2, 0, 5, and 6, respectively, which were 1.019 (1.015, 1.023), 1.146 (1.122, 1.171), 1.129 (1.116, 1.143), and 1.046(1.040, 1.052), respectively. For every quartile concentration increment of PM2.5, NO2, CO, or SO2, the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases increased by 0.943% (0.111%, 1.782%), 4.050% (3.573%, 4.529%), 0.595% (0.317%, 0.874%), or 0.667% (0.235%, 1.100%), respectively. The maximum RR (95%CI) of O3 was 1.015 (1.007, 1.023) and appeared on Day 0. The results of multi-pollutant model showed that PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2, and O3 all elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum RR values of PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3 appeared on Day 14, 0, 5, 7 and 0, respectively, which were 1.027 (1.021, 1.034), 1.213 (1.179, 1.248), 1.059 (1.043, 1.074), 1.016 (1.005, 1.026), and 1.024 (1.015, 1.033), respectively. Compared with the single pollutant model, the RR values of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in the multi-pollutant model showed an upward trend, while the RR values of CO and SO2 in the multi-pollutant model showed a downward trend. Conclusion The impact of low concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, CO, and SO2 on human health cannot be ignored.

Source analysis and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM2.5 in a district of Taizhou City from 2019 to 2021 / 环境与职业医学

Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the main components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), have a certain impact on ambient air quality, and long-term exposure to PAHs may pose potential health risks to human beings. Objective To identify the distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs in atmospheric PM2.5 in a district of Taizhou City from 2019 to 2021, and to evaluate the health risks of PAHs to the population in the area through the inhalation pathway. Methods From 2019 to 2021, air PM2.5 sampling was carried out at a state-controlled surveillance point in a district of Taizhou City for 7 consecutive days on the 10th-16th of each month, the sampling time was 24 h·d−1, and the sampling flow rate was 100 L·min−1. PM2.5 mass concentration was calculated by gravimetric method. A total of 16 PAHs were determined by ultrasonic extraction-liquid chromatography. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the distribution charac teristics of PAHs concentrations by years and seasons, characteristic ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze their sources, and a lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) model was used to assess the health risk of PAHs. Results From 2019 to 2021, the annual average concentrations [M (P25, P75)] of ∑PAHs in atmospheric PM2.5 in the selected district of Taizhou City were 6.52 (2.46, 10.59), 8.52 (4.56, 12.29), and 3.72 (1.51, 7.11) ng·m−3, respectively, and the annual benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) excess rates (national limit: 1 ng·m−3) were 27.38% (23/84), 47.62% (40/84), and 19.04% (16/84), respectively, both presenting 2020> 2019 > 2021 (P<0.001, P<0.05). The ∑PAHs concentration distribution showed a seasonal variation, with the highest value in winter and the lowest value in summer (P<0.05). Among the atmospheric PM2.5 samples, the proportion of 5-ring PAHs was the highest, the proportion of 2-3-ring PAHs was the lowest; the proportion of 2-4-ring PAHs showed a yearly upward trend, and the proportion of 5-6-ring PAHs showed yearly downward trend (P<0.05). The characteristic ratio and PCA results suggested that the sources of sampled PAHs were mainly mixed sources such as dust, fossil fuel (natural gas), coal combustion, industrial emissions, and motor vehicle exhaust emissions. The ILCR (RILCR) of PAHs by inhalation for men, women, and children were 1.83×10−6, 2.35×10−6, and 2.04×10−6, respectively, and the annual average RILCR was 2.07×10−6, all greater than 1×10−6. Conclusion For the sampled time period, the main sources of PAHs pollution in atmospheric PM2.5 in the target district of Taizhou City are dust, fossil fuel (natural gas), coal combustion, industrial emissions, motor vehicle emissions, etc., and PAHs may have a potential carcinogenic risk to local residents.

Individual and interactive effects of atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 on mortality of circulatory system diseases in Ningxia / 环境与职业医学

Background The impact of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) on the mortality of circulatory system diseases cannot be ignored. However, whether the interaction between PM2.5 and O3 can affect population health is rarely reported and requires study. Objective To investigate the individual and interactive impacts of atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 on the mortality of circulatory system diseases in the population of Ningxia region. Methods The data of 119647 deaths due to circulatory system diseases, daily average concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, and meteorological data in Ningxia from 2013 to 2020 were retrieved. PM2.5 was divided into low, medium, and high concentrations according to the primary and secondary national limits (35 and 75 μg·m−3) of the Ambient air quality standards. Similarly, O3 was divided into low, medium, and high concentrations according to the national limits (100 and 160 μg·m−3). Using a generalized additive mixed model based on quasi Poisson distribution, the impacts of atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 as well as their interaction on the mortality of circulatory system diseases were analyzed using the population data of Ningxia region. Results During the target period, males and the ≥ 65 year group accounted for larger proportions of deaths due to circulatory system diseases (55.47% and 79.87% respectively). The daily average concentration of PM2.5 (40.25 μg·m−3) exceeded the national primary limit. In the single pollution model, the highest cumulative lag effects for mortality from circulatory system diseases were PM2.5 exposure over previous 1 d (lag01) and O3 exposure for previous 2 d (lag02), and their excess risk (ER) values were 1.03% (95%CI: 0.67%, 1.40%) and 1.02% (95%CI: 0.57%, 1.50%), respectively. The results of concentration stratification analysis showed that the most significant risks of death from circulatory system diseases [ER (95%CI): 1.12% (0.32%, 1.92%) and 0.95% (0.13%, 1.79%) respectively] were found at medium PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. The interaction analysis revealed that under, a synergistic effect on the risk of death from circulatory system diseases was identified (relative excess risk due to interaction=3.08%, attributable proportion of interaction=2.90%, synergy index=1.89) when considering the coexistence of PM2.5 and O3 above the primary limit. As the concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 increased, the synergistic effect increased the risk of death from circulatory system diseases in the general population, men, women, and the ≥ 65 years group. Conclusion Both atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 can increase the risk of death from circulatory system diseases, and the two pollutants have a synergistic effect on the risk of death from circulatory system diseases.

Assessment of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air of different settings and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p 0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.

Resumo O material particulado (MP) é um importante poluente do ar que causa sérios problemas de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir a concentração de MP no ar ambiente e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão. Vinte e três amostras foram coletadas em várias instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias na cidade de Haripur. A concentração de MP2,5 (µg/m3) e MP10 (µg/m3) foi medida por meio do contador de MP portátil Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A. Os resultados revelaram que os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 estavam acima dos limites permitidos (35 µg/m3 para MP2,5 e 150 µg/m3 para MP10) estabelecidos pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental do Paquistão (Pak-EPA) em todas as instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias investigadas. Além disso, foi encontrada variação significativa (p 0,05) na concentração de MP2,5 e MP10 em todos os locais estudados. A concentração de MP2,5 correlacionou-se positivamente com a concentração de MP10 em todos os locais de amostragem. Portanto, a partir da escala padrão 1-14 do índice de saúde, os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 mostraram que a qualidade do ar ambiente na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão, está sob alto risco. Se as autoridades reguladoras, como a Pak-EPA, o Departamento de Saúde e o governo local, monitorarem a poluição por MP em diferentes configurações da cidade de Haripur, pode ser que haja uma diminuição no nível de poluição. As medidas que podem ser tomadas para superar o problema da poluição do ar ambiente, como o MP, são o plantio de árvores nos locais onde há maiores níveis de poluentes atmosféricos, o uso de máscaras e a implantação de sistema de controle de poluição nas propriedades industriais de Hattar, na cidade Haripur, Paquistão.

Assessment of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air of different settings and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan / Avaliação de material particulado (MP) no ar ambiente de diferentes configurações e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão

Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p<0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.

O material particulado (MP) é um importante poluente do ar que causa sérios problemas de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir a concentração de MP no ar ambiente e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão. Vinte e três amostras foram coletadas em várias instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias na cidade de Haripur. A concentração de MP2,5 (µg/m3) e MP10 (µg/m3) foi medida por meio do contador de MP portátil Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A. Os resultados revelaram que os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 estavam acima dos limites permitidos (35 µg/m3 para MP2,5 e 150 µg/m3 para MP10) estabelecidos pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental do Paquistão (Pak-EPA) em todas as instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias investigadas. Além disso, foi encontrada variação significativa (p < 0,05) na concentração de MP2,5 e MP10 em todos os locais estudados. A concentração de MP2,5 correlacionou-se positivamente com a concentração de MP10 em todos os locais de amostragem. Portanto, a partir da escala padrão 1-14 do índice de saúde, os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 mostraram que a qualidade do ar ambiente na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão, está sob alto risco. Se as autoridades reguladoras, como a Pak-EPA, o Departamento de Saúde e o governo local, monitorarem a poluição por MP em diferentes configurações da cidade de Haripur, pode ser que haja uma diminuição no nível de poluição. As medidas que podem ser tomadas para superar o problema da poluição do ar ambiente, como o MP, são o plantio de árvores nos locais onde há maiores níveis de poluentes atmosféricos, o uso de máscaras e a implantação de sistema de controle de poluição nas propriedades industriais de Hattar, na cidade Haripur, Paquistão.

Defectos congénitos y exposición prenatal a material particulado en una población colombiana

Objetivo. Determinar la existencia de asociación entre defectos congénitos y la exposición prenatal de mujeres gestantes a PM10 en una población colombiana. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se incluyeron casos de madres de recién nacidos con defectos congénitos confirmados posnatalmente y controles sin defectos congénitos. La exposición a emisiones se determinó mediante disgregación temporo-espacial mediante ArcGIS® y georreferenciación mediante gvSIG, Google Earth y Google Street View®, usando estimaciones previamente publicadas y validadas para la ciudad. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando Jamovi-Stats Open now. Resultados . Se incluyeron un total de 101 pacientes, correspondiendo a 31 casos y 70 controles. Existió un aumento del riesgo de desarrollar defectos congénitos tras la exposición a emisiones de PM10 superiores a 2,23 Ton/año/250 m2 (OR: 8,17; IC 95%: 1.61 a 41.46; p = 0,011). Conclusiones. Existió relación entre la exposición a niveles elevados de PM10 y aumento en el riesgo de defectos congénitos en la población estudiada. Se sugiere la realización de futuras investigaciones sobre la relación entre contaminación medioambiental y eventos obstétricos adversos.

Objective: To determine the existence of an association between birth defects and prenatal exposure of pregnant women to PM10 in a Colombian population. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. Cases of mothers of newborns with postnatally confirmed congenital defects and controls without congenital defects were included. Emission exposure was determined by temporo-spatial disaggregation using ArcGIS® and georeferencing using gvSIG®, Google Earth® and Google Street View®, using previously published and validated estimates for the city. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi-Stats Open now®. Results: A total of 101 patients were included, corresponding to 31 cases and 70 controls. There was an increased risk of developing birth defects after exposure to PM10 emissions above 2.23 Ton/year/250m2 (OR: 8.17; 95% CI: 1.61 - 41.46; p = 0.011). Conclusions: There was a relationship between exposure to high levels of PM10 and increased risk of birth defects in the population studied. Future research on the relationship between environmental contamination and adverse obstetric events is suggested.

To Study the Effect of Interventions to Reduce the Indoor Air Pollution in Asthmatic Children of Rural India

Background: Around 2.6 billion people cook their food using biomass fuel (BMF), kerosene oil, and coal fuel, by which each year, 4 million people die prematurely from household air pollution or by this inefficient cooking practices. So, this study was planned to measure the effect of interventions of cooking fuel (BMF to LPG) to reduce the indoor air pollution in asthmatic children of rural India. Methods: Prospective observational study was done by door-to-door survey, among school-age children. Households of asthmatic children were encouraged to change their cooking fuel to more secure and were followed up for a period of 9 months. The intervention was in the form of a change of cooking fuel (from BMF to LPG) and proper education. The levels of indoor pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) were measured before and after 3 months of follow-up. Result: A total of 56 asthmatic children from 42 households were followed-up for the following 9 months at every 3 months visit. The mean age was 9.27 ± 3.94 years with an equivalent sex ratio. There was at least one smoker in 73.81% of households of asthmatic children. Nearly, 45% of children were living in 101–500 square yard area and 67.86% with the inhabitation of ? 3/room. The level of all particulate matter decreased significantly at 3 months (p < 0.05). At 3, 6, 9 months of follow-up, respiratory symptoms and morbidity significantly diminished. Conclusion: The change in cooking fuel to more secure was found to be one of the factors decreasing indoor pollutants and respiratory symptoms/morbidity among asthmatic children in rural areas.

Consultas por enfermedades respiratorias agudas en la población pediátrica y su relación con el material particulado atmosférico en Bahía Blanca: un estudio ecológico / Consultations for acute respiratory diseases in the pediatric population and their relationship with atmospheric particulate matter in Bahía Blanca: an ecological study

Introducción. El material particulado (PM) es uno de los contaminantes del aire que mayor implicación tienen en la aparición o exacerbación de cuadros respiratorios en niños. Objetivo. Describir las características de las consultas por enfermedades respiratorias agudas en menores de 15 años, los niveles de PM en el aire, y analizar la asociación existente entre ellos en un sector de Bahía Blanca entre abril de 2019 y marzo de 2020. Población y métodos. Estudio ecológico de series temporales y grupos múltiples. Análisis descriptivo de consultas totales, por área, diagnóstico, y del PM. Modelo de correlación y regresión lineal generalizado para determinar la relación entre las variables. Se utilizó el programa SPSS®. Resultados. Se recopilaron 4787 consultas. Un 38,6 % (1846) correspondieron a rinitis y un 21,1 % (1011) a broncoespasmo. El PM de 10 nm (PM10) superó su valor límite el 31 % (115) de los días de estudio y el de 2,5 nm (PM2,5) un 3 % (8). Un aumento del 10 % del PM2,5 demostró incrementos de 1,3 % en las consultas totales; el incremento llegó al 2,1 % en el área más cercana al sector industrial (p <0,05). En esta última, el aumento del 10 % de los valores de PM10 se asoció al aumento del 1,8 % de las consultas (p <0,05). Conclusión. Se demostró asociación positiva entre las consultas por enfermedad respiratoria aguda y los niveles de PM del aire, sobre todo con el PM2,5 y en el área más cercana al sector industrial.

Introduction. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the air pollutants most involved in the onset or exacerbation of respiratory conditions in children. Objective. To describe the characteristics of consultations for acute respiratory diseases in children younger than 15 years and the levels of PM in the air and to analyze their association in a sector of Bahía Blanca between April 2019 and March 2020. Population and methods. Ecological, time-series study with multiple groups. Descriptive analysis of total number of consultations, by area, diagnosis, and PM. Generalized linear correlation and regression model to determine the relationship among variables. The SPSS® software was used. Results. Data from 4787 consultations were collected. Of these, 38.6% (1846) were related to rhinitis and 21.1% (1011), to bronchospasm. PM of 10 nm (PM10) exceeded its limit value on 31% (115) of the study days, and PM of 2.5 nm (PM2.5), on 3% (8). A 10% increase in PM2.5 showed increases of 1.3% in total consultations; the increase reached 2.1% in the area closest to the industrial sector (p < 0.05). In the latter, a 10% increase in PM10 was associated with an increase of 1.8% in consultations (p < 0.05). Conclusion. A positive association was evidenced between consultations for acute respiratory diseases and PM levels in the air, especially with PM2.5 and in the area closest to the industrial sector.

Association between exposure to air pollutants and hospitalization for SARS-Cov-2: an ecological time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollutants and illness by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection can cause serious pulmonary impairment. OBJECTIVE: To identify a possible association between exposure to air pollutants and hospitalizations due to SARS-Cov-2. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological time-series study carried out in Taubaté, Tremembé, and Pindamonhangaba in 2020 and 2021. METHODS: Study with Sars-Cov-2 hospitalizations with information on hospitalization date, sex and age of the subjects, duration of hospitalization, type of discharge, and costs of these hospitalizations. Statistical analysis was performed through a negative binomial regression, with data on pollutant concentrations, temperature, air relative humidity, and hospitalization date. Coefficients obtained by the analysis were transformed into relative risk for hospitalization, which estimated hospitalizations excess according to an increase in pollutant concentrations. RESULTS: There were 1,300 hospitalizations and 368 deaths, with a predominance of men (61.7%). These data represent an incidence rate of 250.4 per 100,000 inhabitants and 28.4% hospital lethality. Significant exposure (P value < 0.05) occurred seven days before hospital admission (lag 7) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (relative risk, RR = 1.0124) and two days before hospital admission for PM2.5 (RR = 1.0216). A 10 μg/m3 in NO2 concentration would decrease by 320 hospitalizations and ¼ US $ 240,000 in costs; a 5 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentration would decrease by 278 hospitalizations and ¼ US $ 190,000 in costs. CONCLUSION: An association between exposure to air pollutants and hospital admission due to Sars-Cov-2 was observed with excess hospitalization and costs for the Brazilian public health system.

Air pollution from forest burning as environmental risk for millions of inhabitants of the Brazilian Amazon: an exposure indicator for human health / Poluição do ar por queimadas florestais como risco ambiental para milhões de habitantes da Amazônia brasileira: um indicador de exposição para a saúde humana / Contaminación del aire por incendios forestales como riesgo ambiental para millones de habitantes de la Amazonía brasileña: un indicador de exposición para la salud humana

Abstract: In this study, we propose an indicator of air pollution exposure to identify potential hazardous areas for human health in the Amazon and Central-West Regions of Brazil from 2010 to 2019. This indicator aggregates both concentrations and time of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), according to the current limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). We used daily PM2.5 averages obtained from the Brazilian Health Integrated Environmental Information System (SISAM) to calculate the percentages of days with PM2.5 concentrations exceeding the limit of 15µg/m³ per year and per month. From 2010 to 2019, the months from August to October presented the largest areas and the highest percentages of days with unacceptable pollution concentration values, harmful to human health. These areas were concentrated in the Arc of Deforestation. Therefore, 60% of the residents of the Amazon and Central-West regions were subjected to inadequate air quality for approximately six months per year. The proposed indicator is reproducible and appropriate to monitor areas of exposure and risk for human health.

Resumo: Este estudo propõe um indicador de exposição à poluição do ar para identificar potenciais áreas de risco para a saúde humana na região amazônica e no Centro-oeste do Brasil de 2010 a 2019. Esse indicador agrega as concentrações e o tempo de exposição à partículas finas de poluição (PM2.5), de acordo com o limite atual recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Foram utilizadas médias diárias de PM2.5 obtidas do Sistema de Informações Ambientais Integrado a Saúde (SISAM) para o cálculo dos percentuais de dias cujas concentrações ultrapassaram o limite de 15μg/m³ por ano e por mês. De 2010 a 2019, os meses de agosto a outubro apresentaram as maiores áreas e os maiores percentuais de dias com valores de concentração inaceitáveis para a saúde humana. Tais áreas estavam concentradas na região do arco do desmatamento. Além disso, 60% dos moradores da região amazônica e do Centro-oeste eram expostos a uma qualidade inadequada do ar por aproximadamente seis meses por ano. O indicador proposto é reprodutível e adequado para monitorizar as áreas de exposição e de risco para a saúde humana.

Resumen: Este estudio propone un indicador de exposición a la contaminación del aire para identificar posibles áreas de riesgo para la salud humana en la región amazónica y el Medio Oeste de Brasil de 2010 a 2019. Este indicador agrega las concentraciones y el tiempo de exposición a partículas finas de contaminación (PM2.5), de acuerdo con el límite actual recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se utilizaron los promedios diarios de PM2.5 obtenidos del Sistema Integrado de Información Ambiental en Salud (SISAM) para calcular el porcentaje de días cuyas concentraciones superaron el límite de 15μg/m³ por año y por mes. En la década de 2010 a 2019, los meses de agosto a octubre tuvieron las áreas más grandes y los porcentajes más altos de días con valores de concentración inaceptables para la salud humana. Tales áreas se concentraron en la región del arco de la deforestación. Además, el 60% de los residentes de la región amazónica y el Medio Oeste estuvieron sujetos a una calidad del aire inadecuada durante aproximadamente seis meses al año. El indicador propuesto es reproducible y adecuado para monitorizar las áreas de exposición y de riesgo para la salud humana.

Evidence of the adverse effects of air pollution on the population's health in Spain: analysis of the economic costs of premature deaths / Evidencias sobre los efectos adversos de la contaminación atmosférica en la salud de la población de España: análisis de los costes económicos de las muertes prematuras / Evidências sobre os efeitos adversos da poluição do ar sobre a saúde da população na Espanha: análise dos custos econômicos das mortes prematuras

Abstract: Exposure to ambient air pollution increases mortality and morbidity, leading disabilities, and premature deaths. Air pollution has been identified as a leading cause of global disease burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries in 2015 (Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study, 2015). This study explores the relation between mortality rates and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the 50 Spanish regions for the period 2002-2017. Moreover, we estimated the premature deaths due to PM in Spain according to welfare and production losses in 2017. Random-effects models were developed to evaluate the relation between mortality rates and PM concentrations. The economic cost of premature deaths was assessed using the Willingness to Pay approach to quantify welfare losses and the Human Capital method to estimate production losses. PM10 concentrations are positively related to mortality due to respiratory diseases and stroke. Based on 10,342 premature deaths in 2017, losses in welfare amount to EUR 36,227 million (3.1% of Spanish GDP). The economic value of current and future production losses reached EUR 229 million (0.02% of GDP). From a social perspective, air pollution is a public health concern that greatly impacts health and quality of life. Results highlight the need to implement or strengthen regulatory, fiscal, and health public policies to substantially benefit the population's health by reducing their exposure to air pollution.

Resumen: La exposición a la contaminación atmosférica aumenta la mortalidad y la morbilidad, lo que conduce a la discapacidad y a la muerte prematura. La contaminación del aire se identificó como una de las principales causas de la carga mundial de enfermedades, sobre todo en países de ingresos bajos y medianos en el 2015 (Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study, 2015). Este artículo explora la relación entre las tasas de mortalidad y la concentración de material particulado (PM) en las 50 regiones españolas desde el 2002 hasta el 2017. Además, se realizó una estimación de las muertes prematuras provocadas por PM en España en términos de bienestar y pérdidas de producción en el 2017. Se desarrollaron modelos de efectos aleatorios para estudiar la relación entre las tasas de mortalidad y las concentraciones de PM. El costo económico de las muertes prematuras se evaluó usando el enfoque "disposición a pagar" para monetizar las pérdidas de bienestar y el método del capital humano para estimar las pérdidas de producción. Las concentraciones de PM10 están positivamente asociadas con la mortalidad por enfermedades respiratorias y accidente cerebrovascular. Con base en 10.342 muertes prematuras en el 2017, las pérdidas en el bienestar social ascendieron a EUR 36.227 millones (3,1% del PIB español). El valor económico de las pérdidas de producción presentes y futuras llegó a EUR 229 millones (0,02% del PIB). Desde un punto de vista social, la contaminación del aire es un problema de salud pública que tiene un gran impacto en la salud y en la calidad de vida. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de implementar o de fortalecer políticas públicas regulatorias, fiscales y de salud para obtener beneficios sustanciales para la salud con la reducción de la exposición.

Resumo: A exposição à poluição do ar ambiente aumenta a mortalidade e a morbidade, levando a incapacidades e mortes prematuras. A poluição do ar foi identificada como uma das principais causas da carga global de doenças, principalmente em países de baixa e média renda em 2015 (Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study, 2015). Este artigo explora a relação entre as taxas de mortalidade e a concentração de material particulado (PM) nas 50 regiões espanholas de 2002 a 2017. Além disso, foi realizada uma estimativa das mortes prematuras causadas por PM na Espanha em termos de bem-estar e perdas de produção em 2017. Modelos de efeitos aleatórios foram desenvolvidos para estudar a relação entre as taxas de mortalidade e as concentrações de PMP. O custo econômico das mortes prematuras foi avaliado usando a abordagem "disposição a pagar" para monetizar as perdas de bem-estar e o método do capital humano para estimar as perdas de produção. As concentrações de PM10 estão positivamente associadas à mortalidade por doenças respiratórias e acidente vascular cerebral. Com base em 10.342 mortes prematuras em 2017, as perdas no bem-estar social subiram para EUR 36,227 bilhões (3,1% do PIB espanhol). O valor econômico das perdas de produção presentes e futuras atingiu os EUR 229 milhões (0,02% do PIB). Do ponto de vista social, a poluição do ar é um problema de saúde pública que tem grande impacto na saúde e na qualidade de vida. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de implementar ou fortalecer políticas públicas regulatórias, fiscais e de saúde para obter benefícios substanciais à saúde com a redução da exposição.

The potential impact of PM2.5 on the covid-19 crisis in the Brazilian Amazon region

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess covid-19 morbidity, mortality, and severity from 2020 to 2021 in five Brazilian Amazon states with the highest records of wildfires. METHODS A distributed lag non-linear model was applied to estimate the potential exposure risk association with particulate matter smaller than 2.5-µm in diameter (PM2.5). Daily mean temperature, relative humidity, percentual of community mobility, number of hospital beds, days of the week, and holidays were considered in the final models for controlling the confounding factors. RESULTS The states of Para, Mato Grosso, and Amazonas have reported the highest values of overall cases, deaths, and severe cases of covid-19. The worrying growth in the percentual rates in 2020/2021 for the incidence, severity, and mortality were highlighted in Rondônia and Mato Grosso. The growth in 2020/2021 in the estimations of PM2.5 concentrations was higher in Mato Grosso, with an increase of 24.4%, followed by Rondônia (14.9%). CONCLUSION This study establishes an association between wildfire-generated PM2.5 and increasing covid-19 incidence, mortality, and severity within the studied area. The findings showed that the risk of covid-19 morbidity and mortality is nearly two times higher among individuals exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5. The attributable fraction to PM2.5 in the studied area represents an important role in the risk associated with covid-19 in the Brazilian Amazon region.

Characteristics and Differences of Household Fine Particulate Matter Pollution Caused by Fuel Burning in Urban and Rural Areas in China / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the overall level,distribution characteristics,and differences in household fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution caused by fuel burning in urban and rural areas in China. Methods The relevant articles published from 1991 to 2021 were retrieved and included in this study.The data including the average concentration of household PM2.5 and urban and rural areas were extracted,and the stoves and fuel types were reclassified.The average concentration of PM2.5 in different areas was calculated and analyzed by nonparametric test. Results The average household PM2.5 concentration in China was (178.81±249.91) μg/m3.The mean household PM2.5 concentration was higher in rural areas than in urban areas[(206.08±279.40) μg/m3 vs. (110.63±131.16) μg/m3;Z=-5.45,P<0.001] and higher in northern areas than in southern areas[(224.27±301.66) μg/m3 vs.(130.11±140.61) μg/m3;Z=-2.38,P=0.017].The north-south difference in household PM2.5 concentration was more significant in rural areas than in urban areas[(324.19±367.94) μg/m3 vs.(141.20±151.05) μg/m3,χ2=-5.06,P<0.001].The PM2.5 pollution level showed differences between urban and rural households using different fuel types (χ2=92.85,P<0.001),stove types (χ2=74.42,P<0.001),and whether they were heating (Z=-4.43,P<0.001).Specifically,rural households mainly used solid fuels (manure,charcoal,coal) and traditional or improved stoves,while urban households mainly used clean fuels (gas) and clean stoves.The PM2.5 concentrations in heated households were higher than those in non-heated households in both rural and urban areas (Z=-4.43,P<0.001). Conclusions The household PM2.5 pollution caused by fuel combustion in China remains a high level.The PM2.5 concentration shows a significant difference between urban and rural households,and the PM2.5 pollution is more serious in rural households.The difference in the household PM2.5 concentration between urban and rural areas is more significant in northern China.PM2.5 pollution in the households using solid fuel,traditional stoves,and heating is serious,and thus targeted measures should be taken to control PM2.5 pollution in these households.

Progress on toxicity of co-exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and e-cigarettes / 环境与职业医学

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, and has an extremely wide range of sources. It affects the environmental quality in many cities and regions around the world, and associates with lots of negative effects on public health. E-cigarettes, a group of products that atomize e-liquid by an atomizer and then deliver nicotine and/or other substances to the respiratory system, have been introduced as smoking cessation products or replacement of tobacco cigarettes in recent years. The usage rate of e-cigarettes has grown rapidly all over the world. When these two pollutants coexist in the same atmosphere, they would induce certain adverse health effects not only on the e-cigarette users, but also on the people around them. Besides causing cardiopulmonary toxicity, the co-existing pollutants may associate with higher risks of developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity. In addition, the combined exposure may be related with the occurrence of depression. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct studies on the toxic potential of the combined exposure to PM2.5 and e-cigarettes, which is also important for the evaluation and control of the atmospheric compound pollution associated health risk. This paper reviewed the current situation of PM2.5 pollution and e-cigarettes use, introduced the epidemiological studies of PM2.5 and e-cigarette combined exposure, their toxic effects in vivo and in vitro, and possible mechanisms, aiming to provide a reference for subsequent toxicity studies.

Regulating anaerobic metabolism and promoting myocardial ischemia-hypoxia injury by diesel particulate matter and its key component benzoapyrene via targeting oxygen sensors / 环境与职业医学

Background The exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) and its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is closely related to the morbidity and mortality of ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, it is unclear what key components and targets of DPM exposure involve in myocardial ischemia-hypoxia injury and associated mechanisms. Objective To identify key PAH components of DPM that act on myocardial hypoxic injury, andclarify the role of oxygen sensors-regulated anaerobic metabolism in DPM and key components-induced hypoxic injury and the targets of the key PAH components. Methods Human cardiomyocyte cell line AC16 cells were exposed to 0, 1, 5, and 10 μg·mL−1 DPM in a high glucose DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (HGM) or low FBS (0.5%) in high glucose DMEM medium (LFM), for 12 h under 2% O2, and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Bax, and Cleaved-caspase3 was determined by Western blotting. Under normal condition, the cell viability was detected after PAH exposure for 12 h. Under the condition of ischemia-hypoxia model, cells were exposed to 0, 0.005, 0.5, and 5 µg·mL−1 PAH for 12 h, and the protein expression of HIF-1α, Bax, and Cleaved-caspase3 was determined. After exposure to DPM or PAH for 12 h, the contents of pyruvate and lactate in cells were detected. Pretreatment with glycolysis inhibitor GSK2837808A was used to explore the role of glycolysis in DPM and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced hypoxia injury. A molecular docking technique was used to analyze the binding affinity between PAH and oxygen sensors (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2, PHD2, and factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1, FIH1), and the protein levels of PHD2, FIH1, and hydroxyl-HIF-1-alpha (OH-HIF-1α) after the DPM or BaP treatment were further determined. Results Under hypoxia, DPM exposure in the LFM induced the expression of HIF-1α, Bax, and Cleaved-caspase3 (P<0.01). Therefore, hypoxia and LFM were selected as the basic ischemia and hypoxia condition. Except for anthracene (Ant) (P>0.05), other PAH decreased cell viability when the concentration was above 1 μg·mL−1 (P<0.05). All concentrations of BaP induced the expression of HIF-1α protein (P<0.05), and the protein levels of Bax and Cleaved-caspase3 were up-regulated after the 0.5 and 5 µg·mL−1 BaP exposure (P<0.01). After exposure to DPM (1, 5 and 10 μg·mL−1) or BaP (0.5 and 5 μg·mL−1), the intracellular pyruvate and lactate contents increased (P<0.05). The glycolysis inhibitor co-treatment decreased the levels of HIF-1α, Bax, and Cleaved-caspase3 proteins compared with the DPM or BaP exposure group for 12 h (P＜0.05). The binding abilities of the five PAHs to the oxygen sensors PHD2 and FIH1 were strong, and BaP was the strongest. Although the DPM or BaP exposure had no effects on the protein levels of PHD2 and FIH1 in AC16 cells (P＜0.05), the protein level of OH-HIF-1α was decreased (P＜0.01). Conclusion BaP exposure can promote hypoxia and injury of myocardial cells and is the key PAH component of DPM that induces myocardial ischemia and hypoxia injury. BaP exposure inhibits the hydroxylation function of PHD2 on HIF-1α by combining with PHD2, decreases the level of OH-HIF-1α and induces HIF-1α accumulation. And then HIF-1α promotes anaerobic metabolism and accelerates ischemia and hypoxia injury of myocardial cells.