Violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria: una revisión narrativa de la literatura / Intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity: a narrative review of the literature

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura que aborda a relação entre violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar. A busca por materiais foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e Medline. Foram incluídos estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos e transversais. O critério de inclusão foram estudos que relacionassem a violência por parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e insegurança alimentar, sendo selecionados16 artigos com esse tema. A avaliação da violência e da insegurança foi realizada com escalas e questionários próprios, que mediam, além da incidência, o nível de insegurança e os tipos de violência. Todos os estudos identificaram uma forte associação entre ambos os temas, identificando-se forte associação, bidirecional, entre violência por parceiro íntimo e insegurança alimentar, relação mediada principalmente por problemas psicológicos e econômicos.(AU)

El propósito de este artículo es revisar la literatura sobre la relación de la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer e inseguridad alimentaria. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs y Medline. Se incluyeron estudios prospectivos, retrospectivos y transversales. Los criterios de inclusión comprendieron estudios que relacionaron la violencia por parte de compañero íntimo contra la mujer con la inseguridad alimentaria, siendo seleccionados 16 artículos con esa temática. La evaluación de la violencia y de la inseguridad se realizó con escalas y cuestionarios propios que medían, además de la incidencia, el nivel de inseguridad y los tipos de violencia. Todos los estudios identificaron una fuerte asociación entre ambos temas, identificando una fuerte asociación, bidireccional, entre violencia por parte de compañero íntimo e inseguridad alimentaria, relación mediada principalmente, por problemas psicológicos y económicos.(AU)

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence against woman and food insecurity. The search was carried out in the Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs and Medline databases. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included. The inclusion criteria included studies that related intimate partner violence against women with food insecurity, being selected 16 articles with this theme. The assessment of violence and insecurity was made using scales and questionnaires, measuring the incidence, as well as the level of insecurity and the types of violence. All studies identified a strong and robust association between both topics, identifying a strong association, in a bidirectional way, between intimate partner violence and food insecurity, a relationship was mediated mainly by psychological and economic problems.(AU)

Prevalence and pattern of intimate partner violence among men and women in Edo State, Southern Nigeria

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a growing concern in Nigeria and globally. Although women are at greater risk of IPV, men are also affected, but this is less reported. Aim: This study sought to determine the prevalence and pattern of IPV among the respondents and to compare the pattern of IPV among the male and female respondents. Setting: The study was conducted in six towns (local government headquarters) across the three senatorial districts in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional, community-based study. A multistage sampling technique was used in selecting 1227 respondents from Edo State, Southern Nigeria. A semistructured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and the Extended Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream (E-HITS) tool were used to collect data, which were analysed with Epi Info version 7.1.2.0. Results: The study found an IPV prevalence of 37.7% among the respondents (confidence interval [CI]: 95%, odds ratio [OR]: 0.169­0.294). The mean age was 38 ± 12 and respondents were mostly female (725, 59.1%), married (770, 62.8%) and unemployed (406, S33.1%), with a tertiary level of education (766, 62.4%). Intimate partner violence was significantly higher among women compared with men (95% CI: 4.474, OR: 3.425­5.846). The pattern of IPV showed a lower OR between sexual and physical IPV (95% CI: 0.276, OR: 0.157­0.485). There was a higher likelihood of IPV among married women (95% CI: 1.737, OR: 1.279­2.358). Conclusion: There is a need to improve the socio-economic status of the Nigerian populace, especially women. Healthy, nonviolent and safe relationships should be promoted in communities by signalling what is socially unacceptable and strengthening sanctions against perpetrators.

Empathetic Dentistry: Noble Opportunity to Restore Broken Hearts of Malaysian Homes

@#Dentistry is not only about restoring teeth and beauty and there is more to it. One such unexplored dimension is the empathetic side of intimate partner violence victims attending dental hospitals. In Malaysian context, recent figures are staggering and 40% were victims; especially women. One must agree that family physician is the first person that victims contact and serving their best. Unfortunately, violence against women is almost universally under-reported to authorities. Thereby the prevalence of intimate partner violence is more than what is being projected in statistics. In such circumstances, it would be reasonable to investigate if dentists have anything to contribute in this regard. The honest truth that should urge dentists to screen intimate partner violence victims are the one being oro-facial injuries and other their close association with intra-oral anatomy. Given these facts, more opportunities exist to restore broken hearts of Malaysian homes.

Assessing the link between endorsing attitudes justifying partner abuse and reproductive health care utilization among women in Lao PDR / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: Evidence from developing countries on the association between women’s endorsement of attitudes justifying partner abuse and their use of reproductive health services is suggestive but inconclusive. This study uses a nationally representative dataset from Lao PDR to provide strong evidence for the relationship between women’s endorsement of attitudes justifying partner abuse and use of reproductive health services.Methods: This study used data from the 2011–2012 Lao Social Indicator survey (LSIS). The analyses were performed on the responses of 4227 women. The exposure of interest in this study was endorsement of attitudes justifying partner abuse. Antenatal care (ANC) visits divided according to amount and quality, delivery care by type and place, and utilization of postnatal care (PNC) for mothers and newborn infants were used as representative outcome variables of reproductive health service utilization.Results: Approximately seven out of ten respondents (67.9%) believed that partner abuse was justified. Women who endorsed these attitudes were significantly less likely to receive any ANC, to seek institutional delivery, and to use trained medical personnel for delivery assistance. Endorsing attitudes were associated with reduced probability of receiving PNC services for mothers and newborn infants, reduced frequency of ANC visits, and receiving a fewer number of ANC components. Other sociodemographic factors likely to affect the increased utilization of several of the indicators of reproductive health care were living in the central region, belonging to the high bands of wealth, having higher level of education, being a young adult (20–34 years) or older (35–49 years), residing in urban areas, and being sexually empowered.Conclusions: In addition to a broad range of sociodemographic factors, our findings suggested that women’s endorsement of attitudes justifying partner abuse should be treated as an important psychosocial determinant of reproductive health care service utilization in Lao PDR.

Salud mental en mujeres maltratadas por su pareja. Un estudio con muestras de México y España / Mental health in women abused by their partners. A study with samples from Mexico and Spain

ANTECEDENTES: La violencia contra las mujeres se reconoce internacionalmente como un fenómeno social que representa un problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos. Su forma más común es la violencia de pareja, que afecta a corto y largo plazos la salud física y mental de las víctimas. OBJETIVO: Analizar el maltrato a la mujer por parte de su pareja en la población general mediante un estudio comparativo de mujeres de México y España. Para ello se estudiaron el impacto en la salud mental y la relevancia de los factores socioculturales en dicha violencia. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal con 101 mujeres mexicanas y 101 españolas de la población general evaluadas mediante siete pruebas psicológicas de maltrato de la pareja, salud mental, autoestima, apoyo social y actitudes hacia los roles de género. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de las mujeres mexicanas y más de la mitad de las españolas sufrían violencia por parte de su pareja; el maltrato psicológico era el tipo de violencia más frecuente. Esto se asociaba con peor salud mental, menor apoyo social y actitudes más tradicionales hacia los roles de género. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados del presente trabajo indican que la violencia de pareja, sobre todo la psicológica, es un problema común entre las mujeres de la población general, lo que coincide con los informes sobre la prevalencia de la misma en ambos países y parece estar influida por patrones socioculturales. El maltrato por parte de la pareja es una amenaza para la salud mental de las mujeres que requiere de atención poniendo énfasis en los factores socioculturales que la sostienen.

BACKGROUND: Violence against women is internationally recognized as a social phenomenon representing a public health and a human rights problem. Partner abuse is its most common form and it affects the victim's physical and mental health in the short- and long-term. OBJECTIVE: To analyze partner abuse in women from the general population based on a comparative study with women from Mexico and Spain. Another goal was to study the impact of this type of abuse on women's mental health and the relevance of socio-cultural risk factors. METHOD: Transversal study with 101 Mexican women and 101 Spaniard women from the general population evaluated in seven psychological tests on partner abuse, mental health, self-esteem, social support and attitudes towards gender roles. RESULTS: Most Mexican women and more than half of the Spaniards suffered abuse from their partners. Psychological maltreatment was the most frequent form of abuse. This was associated with worst mental health, less social support and more traditional attitudes towards gender roles. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that partner abuse, especially psychological is a common problem among women from the general population, coinciding with reports related to its prevalence in both countries, and it seems to be influenced by socio-cultural patterns. Partner abuse, especially psychological, is a threat for women's mental health that needs to be attended focusing on the socio-cultural risk factors underlying it.

Las representaciones sociales de la violencia en las relaciones de pareja en Medellín en el siglo XXI / Social representations of Intimate partner violence in Medellin in XXI century

La teoría de las representaciones sociales permite visibilizar la complejidad de las relaciones género y de los contextos que subyacen la violencia en las relaciones de pareja. El objetivo de la investigación presentada es comprender las representaciones sociales de las personas agredidas, agresoras y quienes les atienden, sobre la violencia en las relaciones de pareja, en los contextos histórico, sociocultural, político y económico de la ciudad de Medellín, en la primera década del siglo XXI. El desarrollo metodológico cualitativo de esta investigación, desde el feminismo, se basó en la teoría de las representaciones sociales, articulada con la historia discursiva, los estudios críticos del discurso, y los contextos explicativos de la violencia. Las representaciones sociales hegemónicas de género se están transformando, por la adopción de una ética civil laicicista, expresada en representaciones sociales emancipadas que consideran esta violencia como un delito y cuestionan los contraderechos patriarcales como el derecho masculino al castigo de la mujer. Esta violencia puede evitarse mediante iniciativas articuladas de orden académico, político, económico y sociocultural.

The implementation of social representation theory allows the visualization of gender relations and contexts evident in cases of intimate partner violence. The objective of this research is to understand representations of abused people, aggressors and their practitioners attending, on intimate partner violence, in historical, sociocultural, political and economic contexts of the city of Medellin in the first decade of XXI century. The qualitative methodological development of this research derived from feminism; is based on social representation theory that is articulated through the discursive history, in depth study, and explanatory contexts of violence. Hegemonic social representations of gender are being transformed by the adoption of a secular civil ethics expressed in emancipated social representations that consider this violence as a crime and have questioned unacceptable rights like the male right to punish a woman. This violence can be avoided by the administration of academic, political, economic and cultural initiatives.

Violencia de pareja en el Departamento del Quindío, Colombia / Intimate partner violence in the Quindio, Department of Colombia

Objetivo Identificar los factores de riesgo para violencia de pareja mediante análisis de los datos del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica para violencia intrafamiliar (SIVIF) en el Quindío del año 2009. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, sobre 1.906 notificaciones del (SIVIF) del departamento del Quindío, Colombia, del año 2009, donde 583 (n=583) corresponden a casos donde el agredido y agresor eran parejas. Resultados Los principales municipios generaron la mayoría de los casos. Las mujeres, las más agredidas. Son frecuentes la violencia física, múltiple y sexual; la agresión con el propio cuerpo; la influencia de la ira, consumo de alcohol y drogas, celos, y problemas emocionales y psicológicos; agredidos y agresores ≤35 años; las mujeres agredidas amas de casa e informales; violencia psicológica, verbal o grave negligencia y las mujeres ≥35 años agredidas de forma reiterativa, y que no convivían en la misma residencia ni tampoco estaban casadas. Conclusiones No existen muchos estudios ni antecedentes acerca del tema, es una necesidad regional imperiosa, contar con ulteriores estudios, pues éste es un fenómeno social urbano y repetitivo marcado por la violencia física, sexual o múltiple, con víctimas mujeres jóvenes, más frecuente en personas con educación superior.(AU)

Objective Identify risk factors for intimate partner violence by analyzing data from the surveillance system to domestic violence (SIVIF) in Quindio, 2009. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross- sectional descriptive study, about 1,906 notifications SIVIF database in the department of Quindío, Colombia, in 2009, of which 583 (n=583) correspond to cases where the independent of marital relationship between the victim-offender was married, a number that was taken as sample size, analyzing 100 % of such cases as to the origin, receipt of notification, type of coexistence of the couple, circumstances through aggression also features assaulted/aggressor. Results The two main municipalities generated most cases. Women, the most abused. More common types of physical violence, multiple sexual aggression with the body of the offender, the influence of anger, alcohol and drugs, jealousy, and emotional and psychological problems, the people attacked and attackers ≤ 35 years; battered women housewives and informal psychological violence, verbal or gross negligence and women ≥35 years so repeatedly assaulted, and who were not living in the same residence nor were married. Conclusions There are many studies on the subject, even unprecedented in the region and in the national literature. It is imperative for the department of Quindio, further studies have to extend the present. Dating violence in Quindio, is a purely social phenomenon with chronicity of the city, marked by physical, sexual or multiple, with victims young women, more common in people with higher education, although the elderly were more often victimized so psychological, verbal and gross negligence.(AU)

Comparación entre mujeres blancas y negras víctimas de la violencia de pareja en el nordeste de Brasil / A comparison of black and white women victims of partner violence in northeastern Brazil

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los casos de mujeres blancas y negras víctimas de la violencia de pareja en el nordeste de Brasil, así como determinar las diferencias de abuso dentro del marco de una relación de pareja en función de diversas variables sociodemográficas. Una muestra de 386 mujeres (183 blancas y 203 negras) con relación de pareja heterosexual desde hacía al menos seis meses contestó al Index of Spouse Abuse. Los resultados encontrados permiten concluir que las mujeres de raza negra sufren más abusos en su relación de pareja que las blancas, y que la edad, el nivel educativo, la ocupación, la práctica religiosa y la ideología política no se relacionan con la frecuencia de abuso físico y no físico.

The aim of this study was to compare the partner violence among white and black women in northeastern Brazil and to determine the differences of abuse within an intimate relation in function of various sociodemographic variables. The Index of Spouse Abuse was administered in one sample of 386 heterosexual women (183 white and 203 black). These results allow to infer that black women experience more abuse than white women, and that age, educational level, occupation, religious practice and political ideology are not related to the frequency of physical and non physical abuse.

¿Cuándo utilizan servicios de salud las mujeres que viven en condiciones de violencia de pareja?

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: Introduction Violence is recognized as a Public Health problem around the world. In the specific case of Intímate Partner Abuse, which occurs at home, women are particularly vulnerable to be abused by their partners. In Mexico, as in other countries in Latin America, the systematic study of violence towards women is incipient. However, it is a highly predominant problem, which has a big impact on women's health, and represents a significant challenge to the Health System demanding health care due to intentional injuries. This paper analyzed information generated by the first National Survey of violence against women in 2003 (ENVIM, by his name in Spanish). Objective The main objective is to identify the factors associated with the health services utilization by women, because of partner abuse. Methodology A cross-sectional design was used, including women users of health care services on public institutions all over the country in 2003. Intimate partner abuse was defined as "the repetitive event of abuse from the male partner side towards the woman, that is characterized by coercive conducts that could include physical, emotional or sexual violence". It was measure in a scale of 27 items, using the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) and the Severity of Violence against Women Scale (SVAWS). Both indexes were vali-dated previously in Mexican population. A factorial analysis was used and the factors that explain the variability were obtained. The selection of women to be interviewed was done using a probabilistic stratify biethapic sample. For the first one, medical unites were selected, and for the second, women over 14 years old who went to those medical unities to demand any kind of health care services. The ethic considerations were resolved using the next procedures: participants received information about the research objectives and signed an informant consent letter endorsed by the ethical committee of the Institution. They also received a brochure with information about the local institutions where they can go in case of abuse. Interviewers trained in technical areas as well as abuse management using a questionnaire on private spaces did the data collection. The answer rate was of 98%. The analyzed variables were Socio demographic, search of support on the health staff or reasons for not doing this. An index of socio-economic level categorized as very low, medium and high. Type of institution and services used. The dependent variable was utilization of the health services to attend the injuries due to a partner abuse event, during the last 12 months. The analysis used was simple and bivariate using chi square, and binary logistic regression model. The final model included the variables that in the binary showed a value of p<0.25. We ad-justed the model using the Goodness of Fit Test of Pearson. Results From 24,958 women that utilized public health services 21% reported to have had a partner abuse event in the last year. From these, only 7.3% utilized health services. The more important variables were: age between 25 to 34 years old, elementary schooling and women having a job. Of the sample 94% belong to the very low and medium socio-economic levels; almost half of them (47%) do not have health insurance. More than 80% have a partner at present; 7.6% reported severe violence. From those who had injuries, 72% declared to have had just one minor injury (bruises, body aches), 25.5% reported more than one type of injuries, from which 10.8% were severe and required surgery or hospitalization. The type of injuries that demand more utilization of health services were those subsequent to sexual abuse as genital infection and genital bleeding. Only 45% of the women users' report to have medical insurance. Less than 6% of abused women talked with the health staff about their abuse situation and the main reason was the lack of trust. The factors associated to the utilization of health services were ages over 24 years(ORA 1.57, CI 95% 1.9 - 2.06) alcohol intake by the women (ORA =1.66 CI 95% 1.57-1.75) High Socio economic status (ORA =1.29 CI95% 1.07-1.54). The model was adjusted by severity index and to having medical insurance. There were not significative interactions (p>0.15) and the global adjusted model was p= 0.23. Discussion and conclusions There is a low percentage of abused women injured that utilize formal medical care. This is a very important result for the identification of prevention and control strategies of the partner abuse problem in the health services. The study shows the existence of different types of injuries or medical problems such as genital infections and bleedings, fainting spells, body aches that provoked on one hand that women did not seek medical attention immediately and on the other that the health staff could not identify this kind of health problems with intimate partner abuse. There is a group of more vulnerable women who do not use health services to take care of the consequences of abuse, because they are uninsured. This inequality reveals that it is urgent to provide support services to poor women in the country. The finding about the difficulty for battered women to report their injuries to the health staff because of their lack of trust, agrees with different studies that report the different obstacles found by abused women in facing the health services. The last situation reveals the obstacles to be solved for the NOM implementation too. It is important to mention the study limitations related with the design utilized, and the selection bias due to the inclusion only of users of services. This situation leaves at one side women with less resources, who confront big obstacles for the utilization of health services, and at the other, women from high socio-economic levels, who utilize private health services; therefore there is no accuracy the point out differences. The way in which the question about the utilization of health services was made, makes it difficult to know the number of times these were used. This variable must be explored in future studies. The information generated by the ENVIM allows the Health Sector to define identification-attention strategies of battered women and provides information about the importance of training the health staff to generate trust among in partner-abused women.