Huevos de tinamou (nothoprocta perdicaria): una nueva alternativa en Chile / Chilean tinamou eggs (nothoprocta perdicaria): a new alternative in Chile

El objetivo de esta revisión fue comparar algunas características nutricionales y de calidad de huevos de tinamou, con huevos de gallina y codorniz. Los huevos de tinamou contienen menos extracto etéreo y proteína en yema, y similar cantidad de proteínas en clara que huevos de gallina y codorniz. La clara del huevo de tinamou contiene más hierro (0,5 mg/100g) que huevos de gallina y codorniz (0,1-0,2 mg/100g). El ácido oleico es el principal ácido graso de la yema de huevos de tinamou, al igual que los otros. El contenido de colesterol en yema de huevo de tinamou (21,2 mg/g) es mayor a los rangos descritos en huevos de gallina (10,9-16,3 mg/g) y codorniz (11,1-15,9 mg/g). El huevo de tinamou tiene un aspecto físico distinto a huevos de gallina y codorniz, la cáscara es de color chocolate oscuro, pesa en promedio 35 g, sus dimensiones son de 50 x 36 mm, y tienen una unidad Haugh inferior a lo registrado para huevos de gallina y codorniz. El huevo de tinamou es una alternativa muy nutritiva como alimento, de características nutricionales similares a huevos de gallina y codorniz, a excepción de su mayor contenido de colesterol en yema y hierro en clara.

The objective of this review was to compare the nutritional characteristics and quality of tinamou eggs. Tinamou eggs have less ether extract and protein in the yolk, they also have a similar quantity of protein in the egg white than hen and quail eggs. The egg white of the tinamou egg has more iron (0,5 mg/100g) compared to hen and quail eggs (0,1-0,2 mg/100g). Oleic acid is the main fatty acid in all three types of eggs. On the other hand, the amount of cholesterol in the tinamou yolk (21,2 mg/g) is higher than the amounts described for hen eggs (10,9-16,3 mg/g) and those of quail (11,1-15,9 mg/g). In terms of the physical characteristics, the tinamou eggshell has a chocolate color, weighs an average of 35g, has a length about 50 x 36 mm and has an inferior Haugh unity than hen and quail eggs. The tinamou egg represents a high nutritive alternative with similar nutritional characteristics compared to hen and quail eggs, with the exception of cholesterol in the yolk and iron in the egg white.

Establishing a model of femoral head necrosis by alcohol burning in Cyan-Shank Partridge Chicken: A feasibility analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: To date, the pathological mechanism of femoral head necrosis is still unclear, and the existing experimental animal models of femoral head necrosis all have shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To establish a simple, reliable and stable animal model of femoral head necrosis in a Cyan-Shank Partridge Chicken, with similar biomechanical characteristics to human beings. METHODS: Twenty-four adult young Cyan-Shank Partridge Chickens were randomly divided into experimental group and control group (n=12 per group). One side of the femoral head was randomly selected for operation, and the other side was untreated (untreated group). In the experimental group, alcohol was used to burn the bone tissue in the drilled hole followed by implantation of the original bone. In the control group, the original bone was directly re-implanted after drilling. X-ray and CT scan examinations were performed 1 month after operation. The femoral head was then dissected for general observation, microCT observation and pathological staining. The study protocol was approved by the Animal Ethic Committee of Xuzhou Medical University in China (approval No. AEC2018-020). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the Cyan-Shank Partridge Chickens were alive without wrongful death. They could walk upright with no obvious claudication at 1-3 days after operation. X-ray and CT results revealed collapse of the femoral head with unclear trabecular bone in the experimental group. General observation indicated that the femoral head was collapsed with no smooth surface in the experimental group. MicroCT results showed significantly reduced number of bone trabeculae and significantly increased trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing and bone volume fraction in the experimental group as compared with the control and untreated groups (P < 0.05). Pathological staining showed that there was no obvious necrosis but similar shape of the femoral head in the control and untreated groups, but the number of subchondral vessels was less in the control group than the untreated group. However, the cells arranged disorderly and obvious necrosis such as empty lacuna was observed in the experimental group. To conclude, the use of alcohol to burn the bone tissue of the femoral head of the Cyan-Shank Partridge Chicken can be used to establish a typical animal model of femoral head necrosis, which has similar pathological characteristics of human femoral head necrosis.

Physical characteristics of the eggs of red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) reared in captivity / Características físicas dos ovos da perdiz vermelha (Alectoris rufa) criada em cativeiro

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da idade das fêmeas (um, dois e três anos) e do mês de postura (março, abril e maio) sobre as características físicas dos ovos da perdiz vermelha (Alectoris rufa) criada em cativeiro. O peso (W), o comprimento máximo (L) e a largura máxima (B) de 2878 ovos foram determinados diretamente, enquanto o índice de forma (B/L), o volume (V) e a superfície (S) foram calculados com base nos parâmetros determinados diretamente. A análise mostrou diferenças significativas (P<0,01) no peso dos ovos entre as diferentes idades e entre meses de postura, com menor peso nas fêmeas mais jovens. Observaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,01) no comprimento do ovo entre as classes de idade, mas não entre os meses de postura (P>0,05). Observaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,01) na largura máxima e no índice de forma do ovo entre as diferentes classes de idades, com valores mais elevados nas fêmeas mais velhas e no período de postura mais tardio. O volume dos ovos estimados por meio de V1= 0,51LB2e V2=0,913W foi afetado significativamente (P<0,01) pela idade e pelo mês de postura, bem como as áreas, S1=4.835W0,662, S2=4,951V10,666e S3=4,951V20,666, as quais apresentaram os mesmos efeitos.

Concurrent Capillaria and Heterakis Infections in Zoo Rock Partridges, Alectoris graeca

Two adult rock partridges raised in a city zoo were examined parasitologically and pathologically. Two distinctive eggs resembling those of Capillaria and Heterakis were detected in the feces. At necropsy, a markedly-dilated duodenum with severe catarrhal exudates, containing adult worms of Capillaria sp. and Heterakis sp. in the cecum, was observed. Male Capillaria had the cloacal aperture extended almost terminally with a small bursal lobe and an unsheathed spicule with transverse folds without spines. Female Capillaria had a vulva that was slightly prominent and slightly posterior to the union of the esophagus and intestine. The esophagus of the adult Capillaria was more than a half as long as the body in the male, but was much shorter in the female. Based on these morphological features, the capillarid nematode was identified as Capillaria obsignata. The male adult worms of Heterakis was identifiable by 2 dissimilar spicules, a unique morphological feature where the right spicule was considerably longer than the left, which is also a characteristic feature of Heterakis gallinarum. This is the first report of concurrent infections with C. obsignata and H. gallinarium in rock partridges.

Morphometric study of Rynchotus rufescens testis throughout the year

The research aimed to study the morphologic variation of the testis, seeking to promote the selection and genetic control of those that present appreciable spermatic production throughout the year. Testis morphology of the Rynchotus rufescens partridge was investigated, analyzing the testis weight, the seminiferous tubules diameter, the thickness of the seminiferous epithelium, the amount of meiotic figures and the thickness of the tunica albuginea. Sixty male partridges were used, divided in 12 groups, and one group per month had the testis collected for the histological routine and the sections were stained using the Hematoxilin-Eosin technique. For the histological sections analysis, morphometric measures were taken, with the aid of an Image Analyzer and the resulting data were submitted to analysis of variance and to Tukey's test. Based on the histological modifications of the seminiferous epithelium and the morphometric analysis, the partridge testis morphology could be divided in four successive phases throughout the year. The reproductive phase occurred in the spring, characterized by the complete spermatogenesis process. The regression phase occurred in the summer, with the involution of the seminiferous epithelium. The rest phase took place in the fall, with spermatogonias presence and some spermatocytes beginning the meiosis. The phase of recrudescence occurred in the winter, with the recovery of the seminiferous epithelium and absence of spermatozoa. In conclusion, the characteristics analyzed revealed a variation over the year, with greater production of spermatozoa in the spring and less in the winter.

O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a variação morfológica do testículo, visando promover a seleção e o controle genético de exemplares que apresentem produção espermática apreciável ao longo do ano. A morfologia testicular de perdiz Rynchotus rufescens foi avaliada, analisando o peso do testículo, o diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, a espessura do epitélio seminífero, o número de figuras de meiose e a espessura da túnica albugínea. Foram utilizados 60 machos de perdizes, divididos em 12 grupos, sendo que um grupo por mês teve os testículos coletados para a rotina histológica e foram corados pela técnica de Hematoxilina-Eosina. Para a análise dos cortes histológicos, foram realizadas medidas morfométricas, com o auxílio de um Analisador de Imagem e os dados encontrados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey. Baseado nas modificações histológicas do epitélio seminífero e na análise morfométrica, a morfologia testicular da perdiz pôde ser dividida em quatro fases sucessivas ao longo do ano. A fase reprodutiva ocorreu na primavera, caracterizando-se pelo completo processo de espermatogênese. A fase de regressão aconteceu no verão, ocorrendo involução do epitélio seminífero. No outono ocorreu a fase de repouso, com a presença de espermatogônias e alguns espermatócitos em início de meiose, já a fase de recrudescência da perdiz aconteceu no inverno, com a recuperação do epitélio seminífero e ausência de espermatozóides. Em conclusão, as características analisadas revelaram uma variação durante o ano, com maior produção de espermatozóides na primavera e menor produção no inverno.