Antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties of antibiotic pastes used in regenerative endodontics

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pH, solubility and antimicrobial action of Calcium Hydroxide Paste (CH), Double Antibiotic Paste (metronidazole+ciprofloxacin-DAP), calcium hydroxide added to DAP (CH/DAP) and Triple Antibiotic Paste (metronidazole + ciprofloxacin+minocycline-TAP). pH (n=10) were measured by pHmeter. Root canals of acrylic teeth (n=10) were filled with the above-mentioned intracanal-dressings, immersed in ultrapure water, and solubility was measured by the difference between the initial and final volume (7,15 and 30 days) by using micro-computed tomography. Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was induced on bovine dentin disc surfaces (n=20), and treated with the pastes for 7 days. Percentage bacterial viability was verified by confocal microscope, with LIVE/DEAD dye. CH and CH/DAP presented the highest pH values. Regarding solubility, after 7 days, antibiotic groups presented significant volume loss. CH and CH/DAP showed no statistical difference compared with the Control in antimicrobial action against E. faecalis biofilm. However, TAP and DAP presented a significant percentage reduction in bacterial population. Due to high solubility of the pastes, renewing antibiotic dressings every 7 days, or using the medications for this period in regeneration protocols is recommended. DAP is indicated for killing E. faecalis in biofilm because it has antimicrobial action similar to TAP. Adding Calcium Hydroxide to DAP significantly decreased its antimicrobial action. In spite of its the low solubility and high pH values, the CH paste showed a low level of antimicrobial action against E. faecalis in biofilm.

Resumo A proposição deste estudo foi avaliar o pH, solubilidade e ação antimicrobiana da pasta de Hidróxido de Cálcio (HC), Pasta Diantibiótica (metronidazol+ciprofloxacina-DAP), Hidróxido de Cálcio adicionado a DAP (HC/DAP) e pasta Triantibiótica (metronidazol + ciprofloxacina + miociclina - TAP). a medição do pH e liberação de íons cálcio (n=10) foram avaliadas através de peagômetro e espectofotômetro de absorção atômica. Canais de dentes de acrílico (n=10) foram preenchidos com as medicações de canal mencionadas, imersos em água ultrapura e a solubilidade foi aferida pela diferença entre o volume inicial e final (7,15 e 30 dias) usando micro tomografia computadorizada. O biofilme de Enterococcus faecalis foi induzido em blocos de dentina bovina (n=20) e tratados com as pastas em questão por 7 dias. A porcentagem de bactérias vivas foi verificada usando o microscópio confocal com corante LIVE/DEAD. HC e HC/DAP apresentaram os maiores valores de pH e liberação de íons cálcio. A respeito da solubilidade, depois de 7 dias, os grupos com pastas antibióticas apresentaram perda de volume significante. HC e HC/DAP não tiveram diferenças estatísticas com o grupo controle na ação antimicrobiana contra biofilme. No entanto, a TAP e a DAP mostraram porcentagem significante de redução bacteriana. Conclusões: Devido à alta solubilidade das pastas, renovar as medicações antibióticas a cada 7 dias ou usa-las por esse período em protocolos regenerativos é recomendado. DAP é indicada para matar E. faecalis na forma de biofilme porque tem ação antimicrobiana similar a TAP. A adição do CH à DAP reduz significantemente sua ação antimicrobiana. Apesar da baixa solubilidade e altos valores de pH, a pasta de CH apresenta baixa ação antimicrobiana contra E. faecalis em biofilme.

Simultaneous Determination of Eugenol and Thymol in Mummification Pastes by HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of eugenol and thymol in mummification pastes.METHODS:HPLC method was adopted.The determination was performed on Wonda Cract C18 column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.2％ phosphoric acid (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The detection wavelength was 274 nm,and column temperature was set at 25 ℃.The sample size was 10 μL.RESULTS:The linear ranges of eugenol and thymol were 0.02-0.19 mg/mL (r=0.999 7) and 0.03-0.30 mg/mL (r=0.999 6).RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.0％.The recoveries were 95.85％-99.84％(RSD=1.11％,n=9) and 95.81％-100.91％(RSD=1.59％,n=9).CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple and accurate,and can be applied to simultaneous determination of eugenol and thymol in mummification pastes.

Preparation Optimization for TCM Pastes (Tonic Semifluid Extract of Ten Ingredients) by Response Sur-face Method / 中国药师

Objective:To screen the best decocting technology by multi-index comprehensive score combined with response sur-face. Methods:The content of paeoniflroin and the ratio of dry extraction were used as the indicators, and response surface Central Composite with two factors and five levels was used in the experimental design. The effects of the ratio of solvent to solid, decocting du-ration and decocting times on the preparation process of tonic semifluid extract of ten ingredients were studied. Results:Design Expert 8. 0. 6b software was used for the data analysis. A quadratic mathematical model between the factors and the comprehensive score of paeoniflroin content and the ratio of dry extraction was established. Combined with the actual production, the best decocting conditions were as following:the ratio of solvent to solid was 10. 6 ml·g-1 , the decocting duration was 96 min, and decocted 3 times. Conclu-sion:The optimal decocting technology is scientific, reasonable and stable.

Development of Pastes in Hubei Province in 2013 / 中国药师

Objective:To understand the development reality of pastes in Hubei province through the investigation of paste busi-ness in 2013. Methods:Issued by Hubei provincial administration of traditional Chinese medicine, a questionnaire investigation was a-dopted in the study. The implementation, usage amount, scope, composition of the users, price, technical personnel and propaganda of pastes were investigated and statistically analyzed in 91 TCM, integrated Chinese and western and national hospitals in our province. Results:The business conduction rate of pastes in Hubei province was nearly 61. 54% in 2013 with the production of approximately 45,000 batches and the technical personnel of 1 538. The paste business created great economic value of 0. 48 million yuan in 2013 with strengthened propaganda. However, the brand building was slightly weak. Conclusion:The business of pastes in Hubei province has developed rapidly and still shows great development potential.

Avaliação da densidade óptica de três pastas de hidróxido de cálcio / Evaluation of three calcium hydroxide pastes' optical density

A radiopacidade é uma das propriedades físicas requeridas pelos diferentes materiais de uso endodôntico, permitindo avaliar o preenchimentodo sistema de canais radiculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a densidade óptica de três pastas de hidróxido de cálcio – hidróxido de cálcio pró-análise (Biodinâmica) + propilenoglicol 400 (Farmácia Extrato Puro), pasta Calen (SS White) e pasta UltraCal XS (UltraDent), associadas a um simulador de tecidos. Foram confeccionados 15 corpos-de-prova a partir de um tubo de polietileno, que originou três grupos experimentais, com cinco tubos preenchidos com cada uma das pastas avaliadas. Com o intuito de averiguar a interferência do tubo utilizado na radiopacidade, foram incluídos como amostras, mais dois grupos; um composto apenas com o dente e outro com um tubo vazio inserido no interior do canal radicular. Foram obtidas 25 imagens digitais padronizadas, utilizando o sistema Visualix, sendo 5 para cada grupo. As imagens foram exportadas para o programa Adobe Photoshop v. 7.0, no qual foi determinada a média e o desvio padrão da densidade óptica em uma área padronizada da imagem, correspondente à posição do tubo. Os valores médios de densidade óptica encontrados foram, em ordem decrescente, pasta UltraCal XS (236,25 ± 2,96), pasta Calen (230,32 ± 3,49) e pasta Pró-análise + Propilenoglicol (210,95 ± 3,29). O sistema Visualix foi capaz de identificar diferentes padrões de radiopacidade para os materiais testados, sendo que todas as pastas apresentaram radiopacidade significativamente maior que a do conduto radicular vazio e diferiram significativamente entre si.

Radiopacity is one of the physical properties requested by the different materials of endodontic use, which evaluate the filling of the pulp canal system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of three calcium hydroxide pastes: calcium hydroxide pro-analysis (biodynamics) + Propilenoglicol 400 (pharmacy pure extract), Calen (SS white) and UltraCal XS (Ultra Dent), associated to a tissue simulator. Fifteen samples were manufactured using a polyethylene tube, originating three experimental groups, with five tubes filled with each one of the pastes evaluated. In order to find out the interference of the tube in the radiopacity, another two groups were included: one composed just by the tooth and other with an empty tube inserted in the root canal. Using the Visuallix system, 25 standardized digital images were obtained (5 of each group). The images were exported to Adobe Photoshop v. 7.0 software, in order to obtain the mean values and standard deviation of gray levels in a standardized area of the image, corresponding to the tube position. The mean values of optic density were, in decreasing order, UltraCal XS (236,25 +2,96), Calen (230,32 + 3,49) and pro-analysis+ propilenoglicol (210,95 + 3,29). The Visualix system was able to identify different patterns of the radiopacity in the tested materials, which were more radiopaque than the empty root canal and significantly different in terms of radiopacity.

Padronizaçäo de método e quantificaçäo de matérias estranhas e filamentos micelianos. I. Doces de frutas em pasta / Standardization of method and quantification of the extraneous materials and mycelial of mods. I. Fruit pastes in sweets

Com objetivos de padronizar procedimentos analíticos e avaliar a contaminaçäo por matérias estranhas e filamentos micelianos de fungos em doces de frutas em pastas industrializados (bananada, goiabada e marmelada), foram colhidas 57 amostras dos doces citados em supermercados da cidade de Säo Paulo. Os métodos utilizados para determinaçäo dos parâmetros estudados mostraram-se adequados. Quanto aos resultados das análises, 54,4 por cento das amostras apresentaram matérias estranhas (principalmente fragmentos de insetos); 80,7 por cento continham filamentos micelianos pela contagem Howard e 31,6 por cento estavam positivas para hifas de Geotrichum. Considerando a legislaçäo de alimentos em vigor, 83,0 por cento das amostras de doces em pasta estavam positivas em pelo menos uma das três determinaçöes, podendo concluir que os produtos analisados apresentaram alto índice de contaminaçäo, tendo como principal fator a presença de filamentos micelianos

In order to standardize analytical procedures and to evaluate the contamination for extraneousmaterials and mycelial of molds in industrialized fruits pastes in sweets (banana sweet paste, guava sweetpaste and quince sweet paste), 57 samples of such sweet products were gathered in supermarkets fromSão Paulo city, Brazil. The methods used for determination of the cited parameters revealed adequate. Inrelation to the results of the analyses, 54.4% of the samples presented extraneous materials (mainly insectsfragments); 80,7% contained mycelial fragments for the Howard mold counting and 31.6% were positivefor mycelial fragments of Geotrichum mold. Considering the food legislation in force, 83.0% of the fruitpastes in sweets were positive in at least one of the three determination, we can conclude that the analyzedproducts presented high index of contamination, having as main factor the presence of mycelial fragments

The evaluation of the masking ability of the Rely X~(TM) Veneer try-in pastes / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the masking ability of the Rely XTM Veneer try-in pastes. Methods: 100 discolored teeth, including 50 nonvital ones and 50 vital ones, has been collected and restored respectively with all-ceramic crowns and veneers. Five try-in pastes including A1, A3, Translucent (Trt), White opaque(WOT) and B0.5 Opaque(B0.5),which were different in shade, were used to try in before adhesion. The color was measured by a digital colorimeter, and expressed in terms of 3 coordinate values(L*、a*、b*) of the CIE1976- L*a*b* system.Then the color differences of crowns and veneers ?E=[(?L*)2+(?a*)2+(?b*)2]1/2 as well as the value of Light (L= L*)、Chroma[C=〔(a*)2+(b*)2〕1/2] and Hue [H=arctan(b*/a*)] were calculated. The thickness of the measurement point was also measured and recorded. A one-way ANOVA was used to analyze ?E as well as L, C and H. Results:The chromatism of the veneers after try-in was higher than that of the crowns(P