ABSTRACT
@#Caring is the fundamental essence of nursing practice. Swanson's theory of caring provides the process of care for women who have experienced miscarriage. However, there is a gap in theory and knowledge in providing care to fathers experiencing a miscarriage. Studies have shown that the experience of fathers during a miscarriage is different from their wives. According to Jones et al (2019), fathers' experience during a neonatal loss is different from their partners. They feel isolated. Thus, men feel that they are disconnected from their partners, and also are not involved in the caring process, are overwhelmed by the situation, fathers feel that the role fathers play as a protector for their partner was not done well and they experience a lack of support from healthcare providers during that period. This concept of paternal care during a miscarriage is to help fathers who are experiencing neonatal loss by applying the appropriate nursing action to provide the necessary nursing care. The concept analysis methodology from Walker and Avant (2005) would define the concept, attributes, antecedents, consequences, cases, and empirical referent on paternal care during a miscarriage. This paper concludes that providing paternal care to fathers during miscarriage helps them deal with the loss and understand the process they are going through. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theory that provides the care process to fathers going through a miscarriage. Hence, the theory of paternal care during a miscarriage is proposed.
Subject(s)
Abortion, Spontaneous , EmpathyABSTRACT
This review of the state of art aimed to present the most recent data on neuronal, neurochemical, hormonal and genetic bases of paternal care using MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases (1970-2013). An integrated model of biological substrates that assist men in the transition to fatherhood is presented. Guided by a genetic background, hypothalamic-midbrain-limbic-paralimbic-cortical circuits were found to be activated in fathers when infant stimuli are presented. A set of specific neuropeptides and steroid hormones are produced and seem to be related to brain activation, potentiating the paternal phenotype. Together, genetic, brain and hormonal processes suggest the existence of biological bases of paternal care in humans, activated and enhanced by infant stimuli and responsive to variations in the father-infant relationship. (AU)
A presente revisão teve por objectivo apresentar o estado de arte dos dados mais recentes sobre as bases neuronais, neuroquímicas, hormonais e genéticas da paternidade, com recurso às bases de dados MEDLINE e PsycInfo (1970-2013). É apresentado um modelo de integração conceptual dos substratos biológicos que assistem os homens na transição para a parentalidade. Guiado por um background genético, circuitos neuronais hipotalámicos-mesencefálicos-límbicos-paralímbicos-corticais surgem ativados em pais quando lhes são apresentados estímulos infantís. Um conjunto de neuropéptidos e hormonas esteróides são também produzidos e relacionam-se com a activação neuronal, potenciando o fenótipo paternal. No seu conjunto, processos genéticos, neuronais e hormonais sugerem a existência de uma base biológica do comportamento paternal em humanos, activada e potenciada por estímulos infantís e responsiva a variações na relação pai-filho. (AU)