ABSTRACT
Mosquito-borne diseases present a significant threat to human health, with the possibility of outbreaks of new mosquito-borne diseases always looming. Unfortunately, current measures to combat these diseases such as vaccines and drugs are often either unavailable or ineffective. However, recent studies on microbiomes may reveal promising strategies to fight these diseases. In this review, we examine recent advances in our understanding of the effects of both the mosquito and vertebrate microbiomes on mosquito-borne diseases. We argue that the mosquito microbiome can have direct and indirect impacts on the transmission of these diseases, with mosquito symbiotic microorganisms, particularly Wolbachia bacteria, showing potential for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. Moreover, the skin microbiome of vertebrates plays a significant role in mosquito preferences, while the gut microbiome has an impact on the progression of mosquito-borne diseases in humans. As researchers continue to explore the role of microbiomes in mosquito-borne diseases, we highlight some promising future directions for this field. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes, their hosts, pathogens, and the microbiomes of mosquitoes and hosts may hold the key to preventing and controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Culicidae/microbiology , Vector Borne Diseases , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , WolbachiaABSTRACT
Abstract Feline Bartonella can be transmitted to humans through cat scratches or bites, and between cats, by the flea Ctenocephalides felis. The study was carried out in order to investigate the occurrence of Bartonella DNA in cats living in shelters and their ectoparasites and the relationship between the infection status of cats and ectoparasites they host. Bartonella DNA was detected in 47.8% of the cat blood samples, 18.3% of C. felis fleas, 13.3% of flea egg pools and 12.5% of lice pools. B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae DNA were detected in cat fleas, while B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and B. koehlerae were found in blood samples from bacteremic cats. Cats infested by positive ectoparasites showed approximately twice the odds of being infected. Our results indicate that shelter cats have high prevalence of Bartonella species that are known to be human pathogens. This highlights the importance of controlling infestations by ectoparasites to avoid cat and human infection.
Resumo Algumas espécies de Bartonella têm os felinos como principais hospedeiros reservatórios. Tais patógenos são transmitidos ao homem por intermédio da arranhadura ou mordedura de gatos e entre os gatos, por meio da pulga Ctenocephalides felis. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de DNA de Bartonella spp. em gatos de abrigos e seus ectoparasitas e a relação entre o estado de infecção dos gatos e dos ectoparasitas albergados por estes. Material genético bacteriano foi detectado em 47,8% das amostras de sangue de gatos, 18,3% das pulgas C. felis, 13,3% dos "pools" de ovos de pulgas e 12,5% dos "pools" de piolhos. DNA de B. henselae e B. clarridgeiae foi detectado em pulgas, e B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae e B. koehlerae, em amostras de sangue de gatos. Gatos infestados por ectoparasitas que carreavam DNA de Bartonella spp. demonstraram aproximadamente o dobro de chance de estarem infectados. Esses resultados indicam que os gatos de abrigos têm alta prevalência de infecção por espécies de Bartonella, capazes de causar doenças no homem. E também destacam a importância do controle e prevenção da infestação por ectoparasitas, no intuito de prevenir a infecção em gatos e humanos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Bartonella/genetics , Bartonella Infections/veterinary , Bartonella Infections/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Ctenocephalides , Flea Infestations/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Prevalence , Flea Infestations/veterinaryABSTRACT
Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by dengue virus , which is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions .Dengue virus can be classified into four serological serotypes ( DV-1 , DV-2 , DV-3 , and DV-4 ) .All of these serotypes are epidemic in China , but the dominant one thereof is DV-1.Since 1978, dengue fever epidemic has been reported almost every year , especially in the severely-afflicted area, Guangdong province , where more than 40 thousand people were infected with dengue fever in 2014 , thus arousing serious public concern .However , even now the public lack the knowledge about dengue fever , thus affecting the effects of prophylactic and control measures for public health.To solve this problem ,this paper introduces and analyzes dengue fever in terms of epidemic distri-bution rules, pathogenic characteristics of virus , clinical features for relevant diseases , prophylactic and control measures for dengue epidemic , etc.
ABSTRACT
Zika virus was discovered in 1947 and was believed to be epidemic only in the Asia , Europe and Africa .However , in 2015 , the Zika virus was first spread to Brazil , and then to most other countries in Americas .Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family and can be classified into the Asian lineage and the African lineage .Most Zika virus infections are asymptomatic ,but can be neurotropic or teratogenic ,giving rise to adult Guillain-Barre syndrome and neonatal microcephaly. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito-spread , besides , it can also be transmitted through blood transmission , sexual transmission ,and vertical transmission .At present , the most effective measure to prevent and control the spread of Zika virus is to control Aedes .No vaccines against Zika virus have appeared on the market so far .
ABSTRACT
Objective To compare the differences in intake and excretion between Musca domestica and other three species from families Muscidae and Calliphoridae which may help explaining the significance of house fly in the transmission of pathogens. Methods The four adult species were supplied with two concentrations of sucrose via modified capillary feeder assay system. The two sucrose concentrations were applied to one adult male/each experiment and the elimination spots were counted. Using 0.25 mol/L sucrose + 0.25% bromophenol blue, one active non-starved male/cup was observed carefully for 1 h to record its behavior. As a growing medium used in bacterial transmission experiments, undiluted trypticase soy broth was used to feed 3-day-old females and males of Musca domestica following two different diets upon emergence and the frequency of elimination spots was estimated. Results The two Musca species have half the weight of the two Phormia species. Comparing the volume of intake per hour, house fly took as much as the other species, all of which were larger. House fly produced twice, or more, the number of elimination spots/h than the other three species. Feeding the flies a sugar liquid diet resulted in producing more fecal spots than regurgitation spots. The male house flies produced less elimination spots/h when fed with trypticase soy broth than with the two sucrose solutions. Conclusions House flies eliminated more than the other examined fly species and most of these elimination events were defecation which implicates the fecal route for pathogen transmission by this important vector.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the differences in intake and excretion between Musca domestica and other three species from families Muscidae and Calliphoridae which may help explaining the significance of house fly in the transmission of pathogens. Methods: The four adult species were supplied with two concentrations of sucrose via modified capillary feeder assay system. The two sucrose concentrations were applied to one adult male/each experiment and the elimination spots were counted. Using 0.25 mol/L sucrose + 0.25% bromophenol blue, one active non-starved male/cup was observed carefully for 1 h to record its behavior. As a growing medium used in bacterial trans-mission experiments, undiluted trypticase soy broth was used to feed 3-day-old females and males of Musca domestica following two different diets upon emergence and the frequency of elimination spots was estimated. Results: The two Musca species have half the weight of the two Phormia species. Comparing the volume of intake per hour, house fly took as much as the other species, all of which were larger. House fly produced twice, or more, the number of elimination spots/h than the other three species. Feeding the flies a sugar liquid diet resulted in producing more fecal spots than regurgitation spots. The male house flies produced less elimination spots/h when fed with trypticase soy broth than with the two sucrose solutions. Conclusions: House flies eliminated more than the other examined fly species and most of these elimination events were defecation which implicates the fecal route for pathogen transmission by this important vector.