ABSTRACT
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs, are commonly defined as RNA molecules more than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNA has been shown to get involved in various biological processes, such as chromatin modification, transcriptional activation and intranuclear transport. Emerging research have also indicated that lncRNA plays a vital role in the pathological processes of many diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases with an increasing incidence. Recent studies have confirmed that lncRNAs are key contributors to pathological processes that are underpinning the initiation and progression of NAFLD, including insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders and inflammation. This review summarizes the findings of the role of lncRNAs in the pathological processes of NAFLD that have obtained to date, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention, treatment, clinical detection of NAFLD, and the development of innovative anti-NAFLD drugs.
ABSTRACT
Circadian rhythm is a periodic and continuous change in physiological, behavioral, and mental characteristics that occurs in most organisms on the Earth, because the Earth rotates in a 24-hour cycle. The circadian system regulates daily rhythms of physiology and behavior, such as the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, hormonal secretion, and mood. The influence of circadian rhythm is very powerful, but limited research has addressed its effects. However, many recent studies have shown that circadian dysregulation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. This review study examined current and noteworthy studies, including the authors' own works, and proposes a possible clinical application of bipolar disorder based on evidence that circadian rhythm dysregulation in bipolar disorder may be a key pathogenetic mechanism.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder , Body Temperature , Chronobiology Disorders , Circadian Rhythm , PhysiologyABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world.China is known as the country with the highest prevalence of liver cancer,and more than half of the cases of HCC worldwide occur in China.Recently,immunotherapy for HCC has drawn wide attention owing to its satisfying effects on specific solid malignancies.Both basic and clinical researches on immunotherapy for HCC have made some progress,which has laid a foundation for future clinical application of immunotherapy in HCC patients.The main immunological strategies for HCC include adoptive immunotherapy,indirect immunotherapy,and indirect non-immunological therapy.Despite the potential benefits for HCC,challenges and obstacles of immunotherapy remain,such as the self-tolerance immune mechanism of the liver and the lack of ideal target antigen.In a word,the application of immunotherapy for HCC in clinical practice is a tough task to accomplish and a long way to go.
ABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. China is known as "the country with the highest prevalence of liver cancer", and more than half of the cases of HCC worldwide occur in China. Recently, immunotherapy for HCC has drawn wide attention owing to its satisfying effects on specific solid malignancies. Both basic and clinical researches on immunotherapy for HCC have made some progress, which has laid a foundation for future clinical application of immunotherapy in HCC patients. The main immunological strategies for HCC include adoptive immunotherapy, indirect immunotherapy, and indirect non-immunological therapy. Despite the potential benefits for HCC, challenges and obstacles of immunotherapy remain, such as the self-tolerance immune mechanism of the liver and the lack of ideal target antigen. In a word, the application of immunotherapy for HCC in clinical practice is a tough task to accomplish and a long way to go.
ABSTRACT
Vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS) manifests as progressive destruction and disappearance of the intrahepatic bile duct caused by various factors and cholestasis. VBDS associated with drug-induced liver injury (D-VBDS) is an important etiology of VBDS, and immune disorder or immune imbalance may be the main pathogenesis. According to its clinical symptoms, serological markers, and course of the disease, D-VBDS is classified into major form and minor form, and its clinical features are based on various pathomorphological findings. Its prognosis is associated various factors including regeneration of bile duct cells, number of bile duct injuries, level and range of bile duct injury, bile duct proliferation, and compensatory shunt of bile duct branches. This disease has various clinical outcomes; most patients have good prognosis after drug withdrawal, and some patients may experience cholestatic cirrhosis, liver failure, and even death. Due to the clinical manifestation and biochemical changes are similar to the primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), it need to identify by clinical physician.
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of thrombocytopenia requires thorough clinical history, examination, complete hemogram, including platelet indices and bone marrow study whenever indicated. The etiopathogenetic mechanism decides patient management. The aim was to study relationship between thrombocytopenia and platelet indices with respect to underlying mechanisms. Methods: Totally 100 thrombocytopenic patients with sufficient clinico-hematological workup were included in our study. Results were confirmed by peripheral smear examination and manual platelet count wherever necessary. Similar data during the year 2012 were collected from 100 controls and compared. Results: Patients were grouped based on mechanism-hypoproduction 15 (megaloblastic anemia 8, myelodysplastic syndrome 1, leukemia 6), hyperdestruction 4 (immune thrombocytopenic purpura), hyperspleenism 19 (chronic dengue 10, chronic malaria 6, chronic liver disease 3) and mixed 62 (chronic dengue 29, chronic malaria 24, thalassemia on regular transfusion 3, sepsis 4, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy 2). Conclusion: (1) Platelet indices showed inverse relationship-increase (mean platelet volume [MPV] r = −0.805, platelet distribution width [PDW] r = –0.996) with decreasing platelet count in most increased destruction cases, (2) linear relationship (MPV r = 0.84, PDW r = 0.37) was seen in most hypoproduction cases. p values were also calculated, (3) variable results were obtained in hyperspleenism, mixed and few of above two groups, (4) platelet indices provide important information about platelet kinetics. However, relationship with platelet count is helpful but not always confirmative of mechanism of thrombocytopenias.
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The pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma has been an important topic in tumor research ,but it is still unclear.Recent clinical studies showed that the expression level of Toll -like receptor 4(TLR4)was signif-icantly high in mantle cell lymphoma tissue and a variety of lymphoma cell lines .At the same time,the TLR4 ex-pression level was correlated with prognosis .The Role of TLR4 in malignant lymphoma for occurrence and devel-opment is reviewed in this article ,which may elucidate the pathogenesis and provide a new basis for the therapy of lymphoma.
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Although the relationship between tumor and venous thromboembolism has been demonstrated, the clinical implications of this association still have to be thoroughly elucidated. The aim of this paper is to review the pathogenetic mechanisms accounting for the development of venous thrombosis, the relationship between tumor and venous thromboembolism, the prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis in tumor patients.