ABSTRACT
The protection of language function is one of the major challenges of brain surgery. Over the past century, neurosurgeons have attempted to seek the optimal strategy for the preoperative and intraoperative identification of language-related brain regions. Neurosurgeons have investigated the neural mechanism of language, developed neurolinguistics theory, and provided unique evidence to further understand the neural basis of language functions by using intraoperative cortical and subcortical electrical stimulation. With the emergence of modern neuroscience techniques and dramatic advances in language models over the last 25 years, novel language mapping methods have been applied in the neurosurgical practice to help neurosurgeons protect the brain and reduce morbidity. The rapid advancements in brain-computer interface have provided the perfect platform for the combination of neurosurgery and neurolinguistics. In this review, the history of neurolinguistics models, advancements in modern technology, role of neurosurgery in language mapping, and modern language mapping methods (including noninvasive neuroimaging techniques and invasive cortical electroencephalogram) are presented.
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Mapping , Brain Neoplasms , Language , Neurosurgery , Neurosurgical ProceduresABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the performance evaluation framework and construction pathway model of international health system,and study the main theories,methods and laws of the framework construction systematically.Methods Descriptive systematic review was used to retrieve the literature, and the ideal type method was used to construct the critical pathway model,for a study of the frameworks.Results The performance evaluation framework is constructed by defining the five steps:the construction purposes,health system boundary,health system goal,health systems architecture,and health systems framework dimensions.Conclusions Purpose determines the function type of the framework,while the boundary and target determine the structure of the framework jointly.Generalized model of the health system structure and the narrowed model of the healthcare system are widely used in the health system performance evaluation.The construction of the bridge between obj ectives and structures of the health system is still faced with challenges.
ABSTRACT
Memory T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of tumors as a result of the long term of tumor immunity and the heterogeneity of T cells. Great progress in the studies on the generation, classification, mechanism of maintenance and function of memory T cells in tumor immunity have been made in recent years, which may facilitate our understanding of immunological memory and the clinical therapy of tumor.