Anti-inflammatory Assessment of Methanol Extract of Acalypha ciliata Leaves and It’s Leucocyte Mobilization in Adult Wistar Rats

Aim: The study's objective was to examine the anti-inflammatory activity and leucocyte mobilization of a methanol extract of leaves from Acalypha ciliata in adult Wistar rats. Study Design: Egg albumin-induced edema was used for anti-inflammatory test and leucocyte mobilization test was carried out to check for total leucocyte cout and differentials. Place and Duration of the Study: This original study was conducted between January and June 2013 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Methology: The pulverized leaf of Acalypha ciliata was extracted using cold maceration, and the Treas and Evans technique of phytochemical screening was used. The anti-inflammatory study was conducted using the method of Winter et al., and the acute toxicity study was assessed using Lorke's method. ANOVA was used to statistically examine the collected data. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, soluble carbohydrates, phenols, glycosides, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Flavonoids, Alkaloids, and Soluble carbohydrates appeared in abundant concentration (2199.76±10.81, 2141.6±7.583, 913±21.06). Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. Anti-inflammatory study revealed that group treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract significantly (P =0.05) and in a dose dependant manner decreased in TLC when compared with normal control. Moreover, the group treated with 100,200,400 mg/kg b.w of extract and reference drug(Indometacin) mobilized the leucocyte at the rate of 36, 22, 12 and 62 % respectively. A significant (P = 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 5 hours when compared to the toxic group. Conclusion: As a result of this study's findings, it can be concluded that methanol extract of the Acalypha ciliata leaf has anti-inflammatory characteristics. High dosages of the extract resulted in a better decrease of oedema and an increase in leukocyte mobilization in response to agar suspension than low doses. Many anti-inflammatory herbs and substances alter inflammatory reactions by hastening the breakdown of or reversing the effect of the inflammatory mediators. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory compounds.

Anti inflammatory effect of rhizome of Curcuma longa. Linn, in Albino rats by the method of Carrageenin induced paw oedema

Background: Curcuma longa or turmeric is a popular Ayurvedic herb, traditionally used for various inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis and spondylitis. Turmeric which containing phytochemical ingredient curcumin is used in India for centuries as a topical anti inflammatory agent. Many of the currently used anti inflammatory agents like NSAID’s and glucocorticoids have many undesirable adverse effects, especially when they are used for long period. In the present study, Curcuma longa, a plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family was chosen for investigating its anti-inflammatory effects.Methods: The rhizomes of Curcuma longa were collected locally. The extract was prepared by soxlet extraction with 50% ethanol. Albino rats of Wistar strain (170-250grams) obtained from the animal house of medical college Thiruvananthapuram were used. Aspirin was purchased from sigma Labs, Mumbai. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was done in rats by the method of Carrageenin induced paw oedema.Results: The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa inhibited the development of oedema at the end of 3 hours. The anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by the extract was dose dependent and statistically significant at dose levels of 1000-mg/kg and comparable to that of standard drug used Aspirin.Conclusions: The present study with extract of Curcuma longa revealed that it has significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, effect on blood pressure & gastric tolerability of antidepressants.

Background & objectives: Antidepressants are being used as analgesics for various pain related disorders like neuropathic and non neuropathic pain. Although their analgesic activity is well recognized but anti-inflammatory potential of antidepressants is still inconclusive. Since the antidepressants are used for longer duration, it becomes important to elucidate effect of anti-depressants on blood pressure and gastric mucosa. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of various antidepressant drugs as well as their effect on blood pressure and gastric tolerability on chronic administration in rats. Methods: Rat paw oedema model was used for studying anti-inflammatory activity, single dose of test drug (venlafaxine 20 and 40 mg/kg, amitryptline 25 mg/kg, fluoxetine 20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 45 min prior to administration of 0.1 ml of 1 per cent carrageenan in sub-planter region. Oedema induced in test group was compared with normal saline treated control group. For studying effect on blood pressure and gastric tolerability, test drugs were administered for 14 days. Blood pressure was recorded on days 0, 7 and 14 using tail cuff method. On day 14, 4 h after drug administration, rats were sacrificed and stomach mucosa was examined for ulcerations. Results: Pretreatment of rats with venlafaxine (40 mg/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in paw oedema as compared to control (2.4 ± 0.15 to 1.1 ± 0.16 ml, P<0.01). Similarly, in the group pretreated with fluoxetine, significant decrease in paw oedema was observed in comparison to control (P<0.05). Significant change in mean blood pressure was seen in rats pretreated with venlafaxine 40 mg/kg (126.7 ± 4.2 to 155.2 ± 9.7, P<0.05) and fluoxetine (143.5 ± 2.6 to 158.3 ± 1.2, P<0.05) on day 7. No significant difference with regard to gastric tolerability was observed among groups. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings showed significant anti-inflammatory activity of venlafaxine (40 mg/kg) and fluoxetine but these drugs were also associated with an increase in blood pressure. No significant change in mean ulcer index was observed among groups.

Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of Fioria vitifolia.

Fioria vitifolia Linn., (Malvacae) has been extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of common cold, flu, and upper respiratory infections and also as an immune system booster. Steroids, flavonoids, and triterpenes, gossypin alkaloids have been isolated from the whole part of the plant. In the present study, the methanolic extract of dried plant of Fioria vitifolia (MEFV) was investigated for anti-inflammatory (carrageenan induced rat paw oedema) and anti-pyretic (brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia) activities. Pre-treatment with the extract (250-500mg/ kg, p. o) significantly prevented increase in volume of paw oedema in dose dependent manner. A maximal effect was observed at 500mg/kg which was comparable to diclofenac (20mg/kg, orally). Ceiling effect at the dose of 500mg/kg was observed. The anti-pyretic effect of MEFV (measured as % reduction in body temperature) was compared with paracetamol (150mg/kg, orally). MEFV in dose of 500mg/kg caused significant decrease in body temperature of rats. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity and anti pyretic activity of Fioria vitifolia and thus, justifies the ethnicuses of the plant.

Preliminary in vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and ethanolic whole plant extracts of Phyllanthus fraternus on Carrageenan-induced Paw Oedema in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Medicinal plants represent potential sources for the discovery of new anti-inflammatory agents. Aqueous and ethanolic whole plant extracts of Phyllanthus fraternus were evaluated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory activities on carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Sprague-Dawley rats. The extracts were also screened for phytochemicals. Some of the phytochemicals found in the extracts have previously been implicated as antiinflammatory agents. The LD50 of both extracts was investigated and found to be greater than 5000mg/kg. The extracts at doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg showed modest anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. The aqueous extract demonstrated better inhibition of paw oedema compared with the ethanolic extract at 200mg/kg after 4hrs. The activity of the standard drug, indomethacin at 25.0 mg/kg was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than those of the extracts. The results suggest that whole plant extract of P. fraternus possess antiinflammatory activity and will be useful in the search for novel anti-inflammatory agents.

Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of Fioria vitifolia.

Fioria vitifolia Linn., (Malvacae) has been extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of common cold, flu, and upper respiratory infections and also as an immune system booster. Steroids, flavonoids, and triterpenes, gossypin alkaloids have been isolated from the whole part of the plant. In the present study, the methanolic extract of dried plant of Fioria vitifolia (MEFV) was investigated for anti-inflammatory (carrageenan induced rat paw oedema) and anti-pyretic (brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia) activities. Pre-treatment with the extract (250-500mg/ kg, p. o) significantly prevented increase in volume of paw oedema in dose dependent manner. A maximal effect was observed at 500mg/kg which was comparable to diclofenac (20mg/kg, orally). Ceiling effect at the dose of 500mg/kg was observed. The anti-pyretic effect of MEFV (measured as % reduction in body temperature) was compared with paracetamol (150mg/kg, orally). MEFV in dose of 500mg/kg caused significant decrease in body temperature of rats. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity and anti pyretic activity of Fioria vitifolia and thus, justifies the ethnicuses of the plant.

In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Exacum wightianum Arn. (Gentianaceae)- An Endemic Medicinal Plant.

The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol, methanol and chloroform extracts of Exacum wightianum, was evaluated by carrageenan induced rat paw odema method. The dose effects of 200 mg/kg b.wt. of the ethanolic, methanolic and chloroform extracts of E. wightianum was more active than 100 mg/kg b.wt. and found to be statistically significant. In acute inflammation as produced by carrageenan 72.30% and 86.89% protection was observed in methanol extract of E. wightianum. These extracts did not show any sign of toxicity up to a dose of 1000 mg/kg.bw in rats.The results suggested that the methanolic extract of E. wightianum has exhibited an effective anti-inflammatory activity mediated via either by inhibition of cyclooxygenase cascade and by blocking the release of vasoactive substances like histamine, serotonin and kinins. The results also justified the use of this plant in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of inflammation.

Antiinflammatory activity of fractionated extracts of Achyranthes aspera Linn leaves.

The present work has been designed to evaluate the potency of anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions of ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera leaves. Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method was used for screening. Ethanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane fraction was screened among which ethyl acetate fraction was found to be most potent one with percentage inhibition of 50, 74, 84, 86% at 1st to 4th hour respectively. By this experiment it seems that leaves of Achyranthes aspera can be used for the treatment of acute inflammation.

ACTIVIDAD ANTIINFLAMATORIA DE EXTRACTOS Y FRACCIONES DE Myrcianthes leucoxila, Calea prunifolia, Curatella americana Y Physalis peruviana EN LOS MODELOS EDEMA AURICULAR POR TPA, EDEMA PLANTAR POR CARRAGENINA Y ARTRITIS INDUCIDA POR COLÁGENO / ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS OF Myrcianthes leucoxila, Calea prunifolia, Curatella americana Y Physalis peruviana OBTAINED FROM ON TPA-INDUCED EAR OEDEMA, CARRAGEENANINDUCED PAW OEDEMA AND COLLAGEN-INDUCED ARTHRITIS

Introducción. El empleo etnofarmacológico de plantas en el manejo de procesos inflamatorios crónicos y la necesidad su caracterización farmacológica, promueven la evaluación de actividad antiinflamatoria de sustancias en modelos in vivo. Materiales y métodos. Evaluación de extractos y fracciones de Calea prunifolia (CP), Curatella americana (CA), Myrcianthes leucoxila (ML) y Physalis peruviana (PP) sobre los modelos edema auricular por acetato de tetradecanoilforbol (TPA) en ratón albino ICR y edema plantar por carragenina en ratas Wistar, seleccionando un extracto para valorar su actividad antiartrítica en el modelo artritis inducida por colágeno en ratones DBA. Resultados. Las fracciones con mayor porcentaje de inhibición del edema en el modelo edema auricular por TPA fueron ML etanólica total (82±6%), CP rica en terpenos (81±6%) y CA rica en terpenos (81±7%) (P<0,05). No se obtuvo actividad antiinflamatoria significativa sobre el modelo edema plantar por carragenina. Se evaluó la actividad antiartrítica de la fracción rica en terpenos de ML sobre el modelo artritis inducida por colágeno, sin encontrarse efecto significativo sobre edema de patas traseras, peso corporal, escala histopatológica de severidad de artritis ni inmunohistoquímica para factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (P>0,05). Discusión. La actividad antiinflamatoria en el modelo de inflamación aguda edema auricular por TPA para los extractos y fracciones de CP, CA y ML se puede relacionar con la afectación de mediadores relacionados con fosfolipasa A2 dado el nivel de efecto similar a indometacina encontrado. La fracción terpénica de ML no mostró actividad antiartrítica ni modificó la expresión de TNF-a en el modelo de artritis crónica autoinmune empleado, por lo cual no posee actividad inmunomoduladora ni antiinflamatoria en la dosis evaluada. Conclusión: Las fracciones terpénicas de los extractos de CA y CP y los extractos metanólicos de ML mostraron una actividad antiinflamatoria significativa en el edema auricular inducida por TPA. Estos extractos tuvieron poca actividad sobre el edema inducido por carragenina en la pata. La fracción terpénica del extracto ML no presentó actividad antiartrítica en el modelo de artritis inducido por el colágeno.

Introduction. Ethnopharmacological use of plants in management of chronic inflammatory diseases and the need to have their pharmacological characterization promote the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity over in vivo models. Materials and methods. Evaluation of extracts and fractions of Calea prunifolia (CP), Curatella americana (CA), Myrcianthes leucoxila(ML) and Physalis peruviana (PP) on auricular edema by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-in ICR albino mice and carrageenan-induced leg edema in Wistar rats selecting an extract to evaluate its anti-arthritic activity in collagen-induced arthritis model in DBA mice. Results. The fractions with greater edema inhibition percentage on TPA-induced ear edema included whole ethanolic fraction of ML (82±6%), CP terpenes rich fraction (81±6%) and CA terpenes rich fraction (81±7%) (P<0.05). Significant antiinflamatory activity was not obtained on the carrageenan-induced leg edema. Evaluation of antiarthritic activityof the ML terpenes rich fraction was carried out on collagen induced arthritis. Without finding any significant effect on back leg edema, corporal weight, arthritis histopathology severity scale or immunohistochemical tumoral necrosis factor alfa immunohistochemical evaluation (P>0.05). Discussion. Anti-inflammatory activity in TPAinduced acute ear edema model for CP, CA, and ML extracts and fractions can be interfered by phospholipase A2 related mediators due to similar effect with indomethacin was found. The ML terpens rich fraction neither show any anti-arthritic activity nor affected TNF-a expression on the autoimmune chronic arthritis model used, reason why it does not have immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory effect on the evaluated dose. Conclusion. CA and CP terpenic rich fractions and ML ethanol extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in TPA-induced ear edema. They did have some activity in carrageenan-induced leg edema. The ML terpenic rich fraction did not have anti-arthritic activity in the collagen-induced arthritis model.

Enterolobin induces rat paw oedema independently of PAF-acether

The potential participation of PAF-acether (PAF) on the paw oedema triggered by enterolobin was investigated. Intraplantar injections of enterolobin )5-20 µg/paw) yielded a dose response curve for edema which appeared after 30 min, peaked in the interval between 2-4 h and faded after 24h. The pre-treatment with BN 52021, but not with other PAF antagonists such as PCA 4248 or WEB 2086, significantly blocked enterolobin-induced oedema. To clarify better the discrepant results obtained with the PAF antagonists, desensitization to PAF was performed. The oedema triggered by enterolobin was not modified in paf desensitized animals. It was concluded that the paw inflammation induced by enterolobin does not require PAF mechanism.