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1.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-188604

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the reproductive performance of pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds, hibiscus plant (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) leaves and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves on some reproductive parameters (ovary weight, mean egg diameter and egg fecundity) in female African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). One hundred and twenty (120) juveniles of C. gariepinus were collected from the University of Calabar fish farm. The 120 fish were randomly divided into 12 experimental tanks measuring 80x80x80 cm (L x W x H) using a completely randomized design (CRD). Three grams (3 g) of each test plant were incorporated into 1 kg of Coppens feed (3 g/kg) and reformulated into four experimental diets; Treatment A- Control, B- pawpaw seed meal, C- Hibiscus leaf meal and D- sweet potato leaf meal. The experiment was done in three replications. The fish were fed twice daily for 6 months. Data obtained were analyzed using a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results obtained revealed that the different test substances significantly (p<0.05) negatively affected the different reproductive parameters studied. The ovary weight, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg diameter, fecundity as well as total weight significantly (p<0.05) decreased in all the treated fish when compared with that of the control. Pawpaw seed meal (PSM) had the highest effect on the reproductive parameters of the fish studied (ovary weight, GSI, fecundity and egg diameter values of 14.89±5.51, 0.82±0.30, 19371±51.84 and 0.63±0.07, respectively) when compared to the other test plants. The findings of this study suggest that C. papaya seeds, hibiscus leaves and sweet potato leaves have the potential to impair reproductive performance in female African catfish. Therefore, holistic measures should always be taken when using these plants considering the effect it could exert on other aquatic inhabitants and systems.

2.
J Vector Borne Dis ; 2011 June; 48(2): 96-100
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-142773

ABSTRACT

Background & objectives: Artemisinins, the main stay in the treatment of malaria are used in combinations with other antimalarials to forestall resistance, as artemisinin-combination therapies (ACTs). However, ACTs are expensive and some of the non-artemisinin components are not well-tolerated by patients. There are several folkloric and scientific proofs of the efficacy of herbal remedies for malaria. Mature leaves of Carica papaya is widely used to treat malaria in several African countries. An ACT involving a medicinal herb extract or its active constituent(s) will provide an indigenous alternative/herbal ACT. Methods: Mature fresh leaves of Carica papaya were grounded and macerated in cold distilled water for 24 h and the extract (PCE) was stored in the refrigerator for seven days. Fresh extracts were made as needed. The antiplasmodial activity of PCE and/or artesunic acid were determined by using the Peter’s 4-day suppressive test in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The ED50 and ED90 were calculated from the dose-response relationships. Results: The combination of 50 mg/kg of PCE and 15 mg/kg of artesunic acid produced a significant reduction of parasitemia (81.25%), compared to 50 mg/kg PCE alone (37.7%). The mean survival time of the combinations of PCE and 15 mg/kg of artesunic acid, and PCE alone followed a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 of PCE showed that it has a very good activity. The isobolar equivalent (IE) calculated from the ED90 of PCE in combination with artesunic acid showed that the interaction was antagonistic. Interpretation & conclusion: Although pawpaw alone was found to have a very good activity, its combination with artesunic acid is antagonistic. Combinations of artemisinins and pawpaw show little promise for combination therapy development.

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