Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets

Abstract Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Resumo Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets / Avaliação de diferentes aglutinantes de amido na qualidade física de rações para peixes

Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) subgroup II infecting Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Pea (Pisum sativum) in Pothwar region of Pakistan / Diversidade genética e caracterização molecular do Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) subgrupo II infectando espinafre (Spinacia oleracea) e ervilha (Pisum sativum) na região de Pothwar, Paquistão

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a tremendous threat to vegetables across the globe, including in Pakistan. The present work was conducted to investigate the genetic variability of CMV isolates infecting pea and spinach vegetables in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. Serological-based surveys during 2016-2017 revealed 31.70% overall CMV disease incidence from pea and spinach crops. Triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) revealed that all the positive isolates belong to CMV subgroup II. Two selected cDNA from ELISA-positive samples representing each pea and spinach crops were PCR-amplified (ca.1100 bp) and sequenced corresponding to the CMV CP gene which shared 93.7% nucleotide identity with each other. Both the sequences of CMV pea (AAHAP) and spinach (AARS) isolates from Pakistan were submitted to GenBank as accession nos. MH119071 and MH119073, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed 93.4% sequence identity of AAHAP isolate with SpK (KC763473) from Iran while AARS isolate shared maximum identity (94.5%) with the strain 241 (AJ585519) from Australia and clustered with some reference isolates of CMV subgroup II from UK (Z12818) and USA (AF127976) in a Neighbour joining phylogenetic reconstruction. A total of 59 polymorphic (segregating) sites (S) with nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.06218 was evident while no INDEL event was observed in Pakistani isolates. The evolutionary distance of Pakistani CMV isolates was recorded as 0.0657 with each other and 0.0574-0.2964 with other CMV isolates reported elsewhere in the world. A frequent gene flow (Fst = 0.30478 <0.33) was observed between Pakistani and earlier reported CMV isolates. In genetic differentiation analysis, the value of three permutation-based statistical tests viz; Z (84.3011), Snn (0.82456), and Ks* (4.04042) were non-significant. The statistical analysis revealed the [...].

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) é uma tremenda ameaça aos vegetais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Paquistão. O presente trabalho foi conduzido para investigar a variabilidade genética de isolados de CMV infectando vegetais de ervilha e espinafre na região de Pothwar, Paquistão. Pesquisas com base em sorologia durante 2016-2017 revelaram 31,70% da incidência geral da doença por CMV em safras de ervilha e espinafre. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática em sanduíche de anticorpo triplo (TAS-ELISA) revelou que todos os isolados positivos pertencem ao subgrupo II do CMV. Dois cDNA selecionados de amostras positivas para ELISA representando cada safra de ervilha e espinafre foram amplificados por PCR (ca.1100 pb) e sequenciados correspondendo ao gene CMV CP que compartilhou 93,7% de identidade de nucleotídeo um com o outro. Ambas as sequências de isolados de ervilha CMV (AAHAP) e espinafre (AARS) do Paquistão foram submetidas ao GenBank como nos de acesso. MH119071 e MH119073, respectivamente. A análise BLAST revelou 93,4% de identidade de sequência do isolado AAHAP com SpK (KC763473) do Irã, enquanto o isolado AARS compartilhou a identidade máxima (94,5%) com a cepa 241 (AJ585519) da Austrália e agrupada com alguns isolados de referência do subgrupo II de CMV do Reino Unido (Z12818) e EUA (AF127976) em uma reconstrução filogenética vizinha. Um total de 59 sítios polimórficos (segregantes) (S) com diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) de 0,06218 foi evidente, enquanto nenhum evento INDEL foi observado em isolados do Paquistão. A distância evolutiva de isolados de CMV do Paquistão foi registrada como 0,0657 entre si e 0,0574-0,2964 com outros isolados de CMV relatados em outras partes do mundo. Um fluxo gênico frequente (Fst = 0,30478 < 0,33) foi observado entre os isolados de CMV do Paquistão e relatados anteriormente. Na análise de diferenciação genética, os valores de três testes estatísticos baseados em [...].

Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) subgroup II infecting Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Pea (Pisum sativum) in Pothwar region of Pakistan

Abstract Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a tremendous threat to vegetables across the globe, including in Pakistan. The present work was conducted to investigate the genetic variability of CMV isolates infecting pea and spinach vegetables in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. Serological-based surveys during 2016-2017 revealed 31.70% overall CMV disease incidence from pea and spinach crops. Triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) revealed that all the positive isolates belong to CMV subgroup II. Two selected cDNA from ELISA-positive samples representing each pea and spinach crops were PCR-amplified (ca.1100 bp) and sequenced corresponding to the CMV CP gene which shared 93.7% nucleotide identity with each other. Both the sequences of CMV pea (AAHAP) and spinach (AARS) isolates from Pakistan were submitted to GenBank as accession nos. MH119071 and MH119073, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed 93.4% sequence identity of AAHAP isolate with SpK (KC763473) from Iran while AARS isolate shared maximum identity (94.5%) with the strain 241 (AJ585519) from Australia and clustered with some reference isolates of CMV subgroup II from UK (Z12818) and USA (AF127976) in a Neighbour-joining phylogenetic reconstruction. A total of 59 polymorphic (segregating) sites (S) with nucleotide diversity () of 0.06218 was evident while no INDEL event was observed in Pakistani isolates. The evolutionary distance of Pakistani CMV isolates was recorded as 0.0657 with each other and 0.0574-0.2964 with other CMV isolates reported elsewhere in the world. A frequent gene flow (Fst = 0.30478 0.33) was observed between Pakistani and earlier reported CMV isolates. In genetic differentiation analysis, the value of three permutation-based statistical tests viz; Z (84.3011), Snn (0.82456), and Ks* (4.04042) were non-significant. The statistical analysis revealed the values 2.02535, 0.01468, and 0.71862 of Tajima's D, Fu, & Lis F* and D* respectively, demonstrating that the CMV population is under balancing selection.

Resumo Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) é uma tremenda ameaça aos vegetais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Paquistão. O presente trabalho foi conduzido para investigar a variabilidade genética de isolados de CMV infectando vegetais de ervilha e espinafre na região de Pothwar, Paquistão. Pesquisas com base em sorologia durante 2016-2017 revelaram 31,70% da incidência geral da doença por CMV em safras de ervilha e espinafre. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática em sanduíche de anticorpo triplo (TAS-ELISA) revelou que todos os isolados positivos pertencem ao subgrupo II do CMV. Dois cDNA selecionados de amostras positivas para ELISA representando cada safra de ervilha e espinafre foram amplificados por PCR (ca.1100 pb) e sequenciados correspondendo ao gene CMV CP que compartilhou 93,7% de identidade de nucleotídeo um com o outro. Ambas as sequências de isolados de ervilha CMV (AAHAP) e espinafre (AARS) do Paquistão foram submetidas ao GenBank como nos de acesso. MH119071 e MH119073, respectivamente. A análise BLAST revelou 93,4% de identidade de sequência do isolado AAHAP com SpK (KC763473) do Irã, enquanto o isolado AARS compartilhou a identidade máxima (94,5%) com a cepa 241 (AJ585519) da Austrália e agrupada com alguns isolados de referência do subgrupo II de CMV do Reino Unido (Z12818) e EUA (AF127976) em uma reconstrução filogenética vizinha. Um total de 59 sítios polimórficos (segregantes) (S) com diversidade de nucleotídeos () de 0,06218 foi evidente, enquanto nenhum evento INDEL foi observado em isolados do Paquistão. A distância evolutiva de isolados de CMV do Paquistão foi registrada como 0,0657 entre si e 0,0574-0,2964 com outros isolados de CMV relatados em outras partes do mundo. Um fluxo gênico frequente (Fst = 0,30478 0,33) foi observado entre os isolados de CMV do Paquistão e relatados anteriormente. Na análise de diferenciação genética, os valores de três testes estatísticos baseados em permutação viz, Z (84,3011), Snn (0,82456) e Ks * (4,04042) não foram significativos. A análise estatística revelou os valores 2,02535, 0,01468 e 0,71862 de Tajimas D, Fu, & Lis F * e D * respectivamente, demonstrando que a população de CMV está sob seleção de balanceamento.

Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) subgroup II infecting Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Pea (Pisum sativum) in Pothwar region of Pakistan / Diversidade genética e caracterização molecular do Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) subgrupo II infectando espinafre (Spinacia oleracea) e ervilha (Pisum sativum) na região de Pothwar, Paquistão

Abstract Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a tremendous threat to vegetables across the globe, including in Pakistan. The present work was conducted to investigate the genetic variability of CMV isolates infecting pea and spinach vegetables in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. Serological-based surveys during 2016-2017 revealed 31.70% overall CMV disease incidence from pea and spinach crops. Triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) revealed that all the positive isolates belong to CMV subgroup II. Two selected cDNA from ELISA-positive samples representing each pea and spinach crops were PCR-amplified (ca.1100 bp) and sequenced corresponding to the CMV CP gene which shared 93.7% nucleotide identity with each other. Both the sequences of CMV pea (AAHAP) and spinach (AARS) isolates from Pakistan were submitted to GenBank as accession nos. MH119071 and MH119073, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed 93.4% sequence identity of AAHAP isolate with SpK (KC763473) from Iran while AARS isolate shared maximum identity (94.5%) with the strain 241 (AJ585519) from Australia and clustered with some reference isolates of CMV subgroup II from UK (Z12818) and USA (AF127976) in a Neighbour-joining phylogenetic reconstruction. A total of 59 polymorphic (segregating) sites (S) with nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.06218 was evident while no INDEL event was observed in Pakistani isolates. The evolutionary distance of Pakistani CMV isolates was recorded as 0.0657 with each other and 0.0574-0.2964 with other CMV isolates reported elsewhere in the world. A frequent gene flow (Fst = 0.30478 <0.33) was observed between Pakistani and earlier reported CMV isolates. In genetic differentiation analysis, the value of three permutation-based statistical tests viz; Z (84.3011), Snn (0.82456), and Ks* (4.04042) were non-significant. The statistical analysis revealed the values 2.02535, 0.01468, and 0.71862 of Tajima's D, Fu, & Li's F* and D* respectively, demonstrating that the CMV population is under balancing selection.

Resumo Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) é uma tremenda ameaça aos vegetais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Paquistão. O presente trabalho foi conduzido para investigar a variabilidade genética de isolados de CMV infectando vegetais de ervilha e espinafre na região de Pothwar, Paquistão. Pesquisas com base em sorologia durante 2016-2017 revelaram 31,70% da incidência geral da doença por CMV em safras de ervilha e espinafre. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática em sanduíche de anticorpo triplo (TAS-ELISA) revelou que todos os isolados positivos pertencem ao subgrupo II do CMV. Dois cDNA selecionados de amostras positivas para ELISA representando cada safra de ervilha e espinafre foram amplificados por PCR (ca.1100 pb) e sequenciados correspondendo ao gene CMV CP que compartilhou 93,7% de identidade de nucleotídeo um com o outro. Ambas as sequências de isolados de ervilha CMV (AAHAP) e espinafre (AARS) do Paquistão foram submetidas ao GenBank como nos de acesso. MH119071 e MH119073, respectivamente. A análise BLAST revelou 93,4% de identidade de sequência do isolado AAHAP com SpK (KC763473) do Irã, enquanto o isolado AARS compartilhou a identidade máxima (94,5%) com a cepa 241 (AJ585519) da Austrália e agrupada com alguns isolados de referência do subgrupo II de CMV do Reino Unido (Z12818) e EUA (AF127976) em uma reconstrução filogenética vizinha. Um total de 59 sítios polimórficos (segregantes) (S) com diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) de 0,06218 foi evidente, enquanto nenhum evento INDEL foi observado em isolados do Paquistão. A distância evolutiva de isolados de CMV do Paquistão foi registrada como 0,0657 entre si e 0,0574-0,2964 com outros isolados de CMV relatados em outras partes do mundo. Um fluxo gênico frequente (Fst = 0,30478 < 0,33) foi observado entre os isolados de CMV do Paquistão e relatados anteriormente. Na análise de diferenciação genética, os valores de três testes estatísticos baseados em permutação viz, Z (84,3011), Snn (0,82456) e Ks * (4,04042) não foram significativos. A análise estatística revelou os valores 2,02535, 0,01468 e 0,71862 de Tajima's D, Fu, & Li's F * e D * respectivamente, demonstrando que a população de CMV está sob seleção de balanceamento.

Niveles de fertilización con calcio, magnesio y azufre en genotipos de arveja voluble (Pisum sativum L.) en Nariño

Nariño es el principal productor de arveja de Colombia. En su cultivo, se fertiliza con nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, pero no se conoce el efecto de otros nutrimentos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de calcio, magnesio y azufre sobre los componentes de rendimiento de arveja voluble, en los municipios de Gualmatán, Pupiales y Puerres, en suelos Andisoles y, en Ipiales y Potosí, en suelos Inceptisoles. En cada localidad, se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con arreglo en parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones, donde el factor A correspondió a cinco genotipos de arveja y el factor B, a cinco niveles de fertilización con calcio, magnesio y azufre. Los resultados indicaron respuesta positiva de los rendimientos a la aplicación de estos elementos. El nivel de fertilización 112,5-50-25 kg.ha-1 de Ca, Mg y S, respectivamente, presentó mayor rendimiento que el nivel establecido por la información del análisis de suelos o testigo en Gualmatán, Pupiales y Potosí, mientras que, en Puerres, hubo respuesta al nivel más alto, 135-60-30, de los mismos elementos. Los otros niveles de fertilización fueron similares al testigo. En Ipiales, la variedad Sureña presentó rendimientos similares para todos los niveles de fertilización. San Isidro presentó su mayor rendimiento, con el nivel 112,5-50-25 kg.ha-1, de calcio magnesio y azufre. Las líneas con gen afila L3 y L18 igualaron los rendimientos de las variedades comerciales Sureña, Alcalá y San Isidro, en Potosí y en Pupiales.

Nariño is the main pea producer in Colombia. The crop is fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but the effect of other nutrients is unknown. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different levels of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur on the performance components of voluble pea in the municipalities of Gualmatán, Pupiales, and Puerres on Andisols, and in Ipiales and Potosí on Inceptisols soils. A randomized complete block design was used with divided plots and three replications, where factor A corresponded to five pea genotypes and factor B to five levels of fertilization with calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. The results indicated positive response of the yields to the application of these elements. The level of fertilization 112.5-50-25 kg.ha-1 of Ca, Mg, and S respectively, presented a higher yield than the level established by information from the soil analysis or control in Gualmatán, Pupiales and Potosí, while in Puerres there was a response at the highest level 135-60-30 of the same elements. The other levels of fertilization were similar to the control. In Ipiales Sureña variety presented similar yields for all fertilization levels. San Isidro presented its highest yield with a level of 112.5-50-25 kg.ha-1 of calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The lines with the L3 and L18 genes matched the yield of the commercial varieties Sureña, Alcalá and San Isidro in Potosí and Pupiales.

La Paz entre judíos y cristianos. El aporte de Juan Pablo II, a la paz interreligiosa en el siglo xx / Peace between Jews and Christians. John Paul II's Contribution to Interreligious Peace in the 20th Century

Resumen Juan Pablo II no sólo expresó sus ideas políticas y sociales a través de Encíclicas y discursos, sino también a través de la diplomacia y diversas acciones cargadas de simbolismo. Acciones que tuvieron por objetivo mostrar como ejemplo a los pertenecientes de ambas religiones, la paz subyacente entre sus líderes religio sos. De lo anterior, aunque muchos datos biográficos y logros han sido tenidos en cuenta por los biógrafos de Wojtyla, el acercamiento generado entre cristia nos y judíos es quizás uno de los puntos menos profundizados en las reflexiones históricas sobre la labor de Wojtyla.

Abstract Not only did John Paul II express his political and social ideas through Encycli cals and speeches, but also through diplomacy and various actions loaded with symbolism. These actions were aimed at showing as an example to the mem bers of both religions, the underlying peace between their religious leaders. From the above, although many biographical data and achievements have been taken into account by Wojtyla's biographers, the rapprochement generated be tween Christians and Jews is perhaps one of the least deepened points in the historical reflections on Wojtyla's work.

Nutritional and Sensory Profiles of Functional Breads Produced from Partial Substitution of Wheat Flour by Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Flour

The present study aims to formulate and develop functional breads from wheat and pigeon pea flour and evaluate their nutritional and sensory qualities. Indeed, different composite bread formulations have been made by partial substitution of wheat flour with pigeon pea flour in varying proportions (10%, 20% 25% 50%), and the nutritional and sensory characteristics of the different breads produced were evaluated. Results indicated that the protein content of the composite breads significantly increases (p <0.005) according to the pigeon pea flour incorporation rate. However, the evaluation of sensory characteristics indicated that only composite breads result from the incorporation rate of 10% of pigeon pea flours have organoleptic characteristics appreciated by the panel of tasters. These results therefore underline that the perception and opinion of consumers are very important parameters to be taken into account in any innovation process in the field of food technology.

Phenotypic diversity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties and the polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of their seeds / Diversidade fenotípica de variedades de ervilha (Pisum sativum L.) e polifenóis, flavonóides e atividade antioxidante de suas sementes

ABSTRACT: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the fourth leading legume crop in the world, and its demand is increasing. In this study, the morphological characteristics (seed shape, seed surface, seed coat color, hilum color, cotyledon color, 100-seed weight and color values), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 75 pea cultivars were investigated. Results showed rich genetic diversity and a wide range of phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. Sixteen varieties enriched with phenolic contents and high antioxidant activities were screened out. A significant correlation was reported among color values, TPC, TFC, ABTS and FRAP. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted four principal components with a total cumulative contribution of 81.29%. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the four extracted principal components resulted in a dendrogram dividing the peas into three groups. In addition, dark pea seeds have potential as a functional food in addition to their traditional role in providing dietary protein and fibre. This study provided a scientific basis for the breeding of pea varieties, development of new products and improvement of pea resource utilization.

RESUMO: A ervilha (Pisum sativum L.) é a quarta cultura de leguminosas líder no mundo e sua demanda está aumentando. Neste estudo, as características morfológicas (forma da semente, superfície da semente, cor da casca, cor do hilo, cor do cotilédone, peso de 100 sementes e valores de cor), teor fenólico total (TPC), teor de flavonóides totais (TFC), 2,2. A capacidade de eliminação de radicais livres de '-azinobis- (3-etilbenzotiazolino-6-sulfonato) (ABTS) e o poder antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP) de 75 cultivares de ervilha foram investigados. Os resultados mostraram rica diversidade genética e uma ampla gama de conteúdos fenólicos e atividades antioxidantes. Dezesseis variedades enriquecidas com conteúdo fenólico e alta atividade antioxidante foram descartadas. Uma correlação significativa foi encontrada entre os valores de cores, TPC, TFC, ABTS e FRAP. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) extraiu quatro componentes principais com uma contribuição total acumulada de 81, 29%. A análise hierárquica de agrupamento foi baseada nos quatro componentes principais extraídos resultou em um dendrograma dividindo as ervilhas em três grupos. Assim, as sementes de ervilha escura têm potencial como alimento funcional, além de seu papel tradicional no fornecimento de proteína e fibra dietética. Este estudo fornece uma base científica para a criação de variedades de ervilha, desenvolvimento de novos produtos e melhoria da utilização de recursos de ervilha.

Phytochemical Profile and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Methanol Extract of Green Pea

The legume, Green pea (Pisum sativum) is usually consumed as a vegetable. Phytochemical screening of its methanol extract showed that it contains terpenoids, resins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, saponins, phenols and flavonoids. Quantitative phytochemical estimation in (20/mg) revealed that it contains Saponins 13.4±0.11, Flavonoids 10.4±0.089, Phenols 9.8±0.063 and steroids 7.2±0.075. DPPH radical scavenging activities of methanol extract of green pea was expressed as the percentage inhibition of DPPH at varying concentrations of the extract. It was found to be proportional to the concentration of the plant extract; at 5 mg/ml (57.1%), 2 mg/ml (41.7%), 1 mg/ml (31%), 0.5 mg/ml (26.4%), 0.1 mg/ml (21.3%), and 0.05 mg/ml (16.9%). Thus, Pisum sativum, is a herb with some nutritional and pharmacologically important secondary metabolites with potent antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipidemic and growth enhancement effects

Protein efficiency ratio of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus): A sprague-dawley rat growth assay

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study has been conducted to determine the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of selected indigenous legumes, namely pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), as alternative protein sources.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Experimental diets (pigeon pea-based and lima bean-based) and control diet (casein-based) were formulated and standardized using proximate analysis to have 10% protein basal diet based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. Diets were given to corresponding groups (2 experimental, 1 control) using 30 albino Sprague-Dawley weanling rats aged 21 days old, over a 28-day growth assay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Results showed that the mean final weight and weight gain were significantly higher in rats fed with casein-based diet (p0.05). The PER of the casein (3.37 ± 2.71) is higher than that of the pigeon pea (1.87) and lima bean (1.32). These results can be attributed to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in the seeds of pigeon pea and lima bean. Reduced protein intake (due to bitter taste), toxicity, and interference with protein digestibility (through interaction with digestive enzymes) imparted by these ANFs can explain the weight loss among the experimental groups and consequently the low PER. Heat treatment done in the study were not adequate to remove the ANFs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The study shows that pigeon pea and lima bean as protein sources alone are not as adequate and efficient in providing necessary protein requirements for weanling rats. Proper processing and treatment should be done to remove inhibitors of protein digestibility and quality.</p>

The effects of the inter-stimulus interval in magnetic stimulation on astrocyte migration and its mechanism / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To examine the effect of the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) in magnetic stimulation (MS) on astrocyte migration and its related mechanism.Methods Cultured astrocytes were treated with intermittent MS with intervals of 1,5 and 10 seconds.The PEA-15 inhibitor BisI (10 μmol/ml) and the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μmol/ml) were administered and cell migration assays evaluated the astrocytes' migration.The expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and PEA-15 was detected using Western blotting.Results The 1 second interval significantly facilitated astrocyte migration,the phosphorylation of PEA-15 and ERK1/2,and the expression of MMP-9 (browse matrix metalloproteinase-9).The addition of Bis I significantly reduced the production of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and MMP-9,as well as astrocyte migration induced by MS.In addition,pretreatment with U0126 also significantly decreased the astrocyte migration induced by MS.Conclusion 1s-ISI MS can induce PEA-15 activation and subsequently lead to ERK1/2 phosphorylation and upregulation of MMP-9,which may contribute to the migration of astrocytes.

Comunicación afectiva y manejo de las emociones en la formación de profesionales de la salud / Affective communication and the emotions manage in the professionals of the health formation

El insuficiente desarrollo de habilidades para la expresión y regulación de las emociones, que en situaciones comunicativas diversas, manifiesta parte significativa del estudiantado joven que se forma en los cursos regulares diurnos de las carreras de ciencias médicas y la importancia que esto tiene para lograr un aprendizaje de calidad a favor de un exitoso desempeño personal y profesional futuro, exige la revisión del proyecto educativo formativo, así como del currículo para poder corregir, compensar y superar estas deficiencias con que llegan a la educación superior; para que como futuros/as profesionales puedan elevar la satisfacción de la población respecto a los servicios de salud y la calidad de la atención deberán saber atender las necesidades emocionales de pacientes y las propias. El siguiente trabajo propone reflexionar acerca de la necesidad de crear condiciones en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje (PEA) con estudiantes de las carreras de ciencias médicas para contribuir al desarrollo de su educación emocional.

The insufficient development of abilities for the expression and regulation of the emotions that in diverse talkative situations, apparent significant part of the young student body that is formed in the courses regular dailies of the careers of medical sciences and the importance that this has to achieve a learning of quality in favor of a successful personal acting and future professional demands the revision of the formative educational project, as well as of the curriculum to be able to correct, to compensate and to overcome these deficiencies with which they arrive to the superior education. So that as professional futures they can rise the population's satisfaction regarding the services of health and the quality of the attention they will know how to assist the emotional necessities of patient and the own ones. The following work intends to meditate about the necessity of creating conditions in the Process of Teaching Learning (PEA) with students of the careers of medical sciences to contribute to the development of its emotional education.

Liquid Bioformulation of Metarhizium Anisopliae is Effective for the Management of Cow Pea Mosaic Disease.

Liquid bioformulation of Metarhizium anisopliae amended with oils and adjuvants was prepared. Six oils viz., sunflower, safflower, soybean, mustard, arachnid and coconut oils at three different concentrations, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 per cent and three adjuvants viz., glycerol @ 5, 8 and 10 per cent; tween-80 @ 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 1.0 per cent and arachnid oil @ 1, 5 and 10 per cent were tested to see their effect on growth and development of M. anisopliae in the bioformulation. Liquid bioformulation of M. anisopliae amended with Glycerol (10.0%) + Sunflower oil (0.5%) was found significantly effective which showed 84.33 per cent and 94.93 per cent higher surface area covered and biomass production respectively than the control. Efficacy of the bioformulation was tested against cow pea aphid, Aphis craccivora in pot as well as field condition. Liquid formulation of M. anisopliae supplemented with Glycerol (10.0%) + Sunflower oil (0.5%) was found to be significantly effective causing aphid mortality of 80 per cent at 30 days after spraying with protection of secondary spread of cow pea mosaic disease up to 100 per cent and 96.03 per cent in pot and field condition respectively. Spraying liquid formulation of M. anisopliae amended with Glycerol (10.0%) + Sunflower oil (0.5%) at 15 days interval for twice proved to be the best treatment with highest yield of 24.03 t/ha with a cost benefit ratio of 1:7.95 as compared to control (11.20 t/ha).

Estradiol attenuates down-regulation of PEA-15 and its two phosphorylated forms in ischemic brain injury / 한국실험동물학회지

Estradiol exerts a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemic injury through the inhibition of apoptotic signals. Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 (PEA-15) is mainly expressed in brain that perform anti-apoptotic functions. This study investigated whether estradiol modulates the expression of PEA-15 and two phosphorylated forms of PEA-15 (Ser 104 and Ser 116) in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced injury and glutamate exposure-induced neuronal cell death. Adult female rats were ovariectomized to remove endogenous estradiol and treated with vehicle or estradiol prior to MCAO. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by MCAO and cerebral cortices were collected 24 h after MCAO. Western blot analysis indicated that estradiol prevents the MCAO-induced decrease in PEA-15, phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 104), phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 116). Glutamate exposure induced a reduction in PEA-15, phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 104), phospho-PEA-15 (Ser 116) in cultured neurons, whereas estradiol treatment attenuated the glutamate toxicity-induced decrease in the expression of these proteins. It has been known that phosphorylation of PEA-15 is an important step in carrying out its anti-apoptotic function. Thus, these findings suggest that the regulation of PEA-15 phosphorylation by estradiol contributes to the neuroprotective function of estradiol in ischemic brain injury.

Efecto de la temperatura de almacenamiento sobre la viabilidad de bacterias simbióticas fijadoras de nitrógeno utilizadas en la elaboración de inoculantes biológicos para arveja (Pisum sativum) y soya (Glycine max) / Effect of storage temperature on the viability of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria used in the preparation of biological inoculants for crop pea (Pisum sativum) and soybean (Glycine max)

El nitrógeno es un elemento requerido en grandes cantidades por los cultivos, sin embargo, en el suelo es uno de los elementos más limitantes ya que se encuentra en formas poco disponibles para las plantas y debe ser incorporado a través de la fertilización química o por medio de la fijación biológica llevada a cabo por microorganismos. Las bacterias simbióticas fijadoras de nitrógeno han sido ampliamente utilizadas para la elaboración de inoculantes, constituyéndose en una alternativa viable para mejorar el rendimiento de los cultivos a través de un mejor suministro de este elemento. Estos inoculantes para que puedan ser comercializados deben cumplir con ciertos requisitos de calidad que garanticen el buen funcionamiento del producto. En este estudio se evalúo la viabilidad de las cepas ICA L9 e ICA J96 en inoculantes almacenados a temperaturas de 4±2, 18±3 y 28±2 °C durante 180 días y la actividad biológica en plantas de arveja y soya. Las cepas utilizadas pertenecen al Banco de Germoplasma de Microorganismos de Corpoica; para los ensayos biológicos se emplearon semillas de arveja variedad "Santa Isabel" y soya variedad "Corpoica Superior 6". Al evaluar la viabilidad de los inoculantes almacenados a 4±2 °C, 18±3 °C y 28±2 °C, se evidenció que la temperatura no afectó la supervivencia y la concentración de rizobios después de 180 días de almacenamiento permitiendo observar un número de unidades formadoras de colonias por gramo superior a 108, valor que garantiza la calidad del inoculante. En cuanto a la actividad biológica, se observó que las cepas inoculadas fueron infectivas y efectivas para la fijación biológica del nitrógeno, compa­rado con los testigos absolutos.

Nitrogen is an element required in large amounts by most crops, however, in soil is one of the most limiting and located in ways not available to the plant and must be incorporated through chemical fertilization or by biological fixation conducted by microorganisms. Fixing symbiotic bacteria nitrogen has been widely used for the production of inoculants, becoming a viable alternative to improve crop yields through a better supply of this element. These inoculants to be marketed must meet certain requirements quality to ensure the smooth operation of the product. This study assessed the viability of the strains ICA L9 and ICA J96 inoculants stored at temperatures 4±2, 18±3 y 28±2°C for 180 days and the biological activity in pea and soybean plants. The strains used belong to the collection of work Germplasm Bank CORPOICA Microorganisms; for biological assays were used pea seeds variety "Santa Isabel" and soybean variety "Superior Corpoica 6". In assessing the viability of inoculants stored at 4±2°C, 18±3°C y 28±2°C, evidenced that the temperature did not affect the survival and the concentration of rhizobia after 180 days of storage allowing to observe a number of colony forming units per gram than 10s, value that guarantees the quality of the inoculant. Concerning the biological activity, it was observed that the strains were inoculated infective and effective biological nitrogen fixation, absolute compared to controls.

Efficacy of Bioagents Against Chickpea Wilt Pathogen.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri was first reported from India in 1918. ln the recent years, the biological control has received a worldwide attention and is being integrated effectively with other pesticides. The efficacy of two species of fungal bioagents such as Trichoderma viride, Trichodermo harzianum and two sps of bacterial bioagents such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro condition using Dual Culture Technique. The highest per cent growth of inhibition of observed Trichoderma harzianum (76.66%) followed by Bacillus subtilis (63.14%). The lowest growth inhibition was observed in Pseudomonas fluorescens (53.52%).

Efficacy of Different Inorganic Molecules on Wilt Pathogen of Chickpea.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes grown in Asia. Though the area under this crop is more, the average yield per hectare is low because of several biotic and abiotic factors. Among them, the wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri is most destructive seed and soil borne disease. (Haware et al., 1986) which threatens successful cultivation of chickpea and causes severe losses in chickpea growing areas. (Grewal et al.,1974b and Singh et al.,1977.) Different insecticides and herbicides were tried under in vitro, the insecticides Emamectin benzoate 5% SG, Imidachloprid 75% WP, Quinalphos 25% EC, Entrust 80% WP were used in three different concentrations. Among these highest per cent growth of inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri was observed in Imidacloprid 0.3g (50.92%) followed by Emamectin benzoate 0.05 mg (35.55%). The herbicides viz., Pendimethalin 30%EC, Imazathaphyr 10% SL, 2,4-D sodium salt 80%WP, Metsulfuron methyl 20% WG were used in three different concentrations, highest per cent growth of inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri was observed in Pendimethalin 0.5ml (73.33%), followed by Pendimethalin 0.4ml (65.55%).

Grass pea consumption & present scenario of neurolathyrism in Maharashtra State of India.

Background & objectives: Neurolathyrism is a non progressive motor neuron disorder engendered by the prolonged over-consumption of  Lathyrus sativus  (grass pea) seeds which contain a neurotoxic amino acid, β-N oxalyl- L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP). It is characterized by spastic paraparesis in the hind limbs. The present study was conducted in 105 households (HHs) of Gondia district in Maharashtra, India, where grass pea is cultivated and consumed to assess the health implication of its consumption. Methods: aA cross-sectional survey was carried out in 105 HHS in five villages and grass pea samples were collected for β-ODAP estimation. Amino acid analysis was also done, neurolathyrism cases were identified by snowball sampling method and neurological examination was carried out. Results: The study revealed that 61 per cent of population was consuming this pulse as a part of diet. β-ODAP concentration in grass pea was high in Bora village (1254.5 ± 528.21 mg %) and less in Malgaon village (413.6±415.79 mg %). The nutritional status of the people was within the normal range (BMI 18± 3.40 kg/m2) in the surveyed households. Consumption of grass pea was observed to be less than 25g. Conclusions: The cases of neurolathyrism declined in all the studied villages due to reduced β-ODAP exposure through Lathyrus sativus consumption, however, the grass pea was cultivated and consumed in Gondia district of Maharashtra State.

Comparative Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Cajanus cajan Seed and Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts.

This study was carried out to compare the antioxidant potentials of hydromethanolic extracts of seed of Cajanus cajan and the leaf of Moringa oleifera. These plants have been associated with alleviating oxidative stress related conditions. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Covenant University Sango, Ogun state Nigeria, between August 2012 and September, 2012. Methodology: Different analyses for determining antioxidant potentials were used to compare the antioxidant properties of the plants: hydroxyl radical scavenging test, ascorbic acid value, total polyphenols, total flavonoids content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging test, 2,2-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (lipoprotein). Results: The total phenolic contents of Cajanus cajan and Moringa oleifera were 83.0 ±0.02 and 541.0 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight (mg/GAE/g DW) respectively. Also, the results obtained for total flavonoids in Cajanus cajan and Moringa oleifera were 46.0±.01 and 645.0±0.10 mg pyrocatechol equivalent per gram dry weight respectively. It was observed that Moringa oleifera leaf extract has significantly higher antioxidant potentials than the Cajanus cajan seeds extract (p<.05) Conclusion: Data suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract had higher antioxdant potentials in comparison with that of Cajanus cajan seeds. Further research in determining the benefits of Moringa Oleifera leaf and Cajanus cajan seed extracts due to their antioxidant potential in animal model is therefore recommended.