Leaf histology of greenhouse plants, in vitro cultured and somaticembryo-derived plants of Bactris gasipaes Kunth / Histologia de folhas de Bactris gasipaes Kunth de plantas de casa-de-vegetação, cultivadasin vitro e obtidas por embriogênese somática

In vitro cultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) were established by somatic embryogenesis but some improvements in maturation and conversion steps are still needed. The aim of this study was to analyze morpho-anatomical differences in peach palm leaves from greenhouse cultured plants, in vitro plants developed from in vitro germinated seeds and somatic embryo-derived plants. Expanded leaves were prepared for histological analyses and scanning electron microscopy. No significant difference was found between ex vitro and in vitro cultured plants, but the somatic embryo-derived plants showed structural alterations of the leaves. The epidermal cells were elongated in shape, the mesophyll cells were thicker and the vascular bundle was not very developed. In somatic embryo-derived leaves the cuticle was thinner than in other leaves and epicuticular wax was present but poorly deposited. In in vitro cultured plants, the deposition of epicuticular wax on the leaves was irregular while in the greenhouse plants it was regular and abundant. These alterations in somatic embryo-derived leaves could hinder the acclimatization and development of peach palm plants so it is necessary to improve the protocol for somatic embryogenesis to produce better plants.

O cultivo de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in vitro foi estabelecido através de embriogênese somática; alguns melhoramentos nas fases de maturação e conversão, contudo, ainda são necessários. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar diferenças morfoanatômicas em suas folhas, cultivadas em casa de vegetação, germinadas in vitro e provenientes de embriogênese somática. Folhas expandidas foram preparadas para análise histológica e microscopia eletrônica. Houve diferenças significativas entre as plantas da casa de vegetação e as plantas obtidas por embriogênese somática. As células epidérmicas eram alongadas; a espessura da folha e do clorênquima era menor que nas outras; a cutícula era menos espessa, com baixa deposição de ceras. Os feixes vasculares estavam menos desenvolvidos. As folhas das plantas cultivadas in vitro e de embriogênese somática apresentavam estruturas pouco desenvolvidas, o que sugere a necessidade de uma melhoria na fase de conversão durante a embriogênese somática.

Anurans from preserved and disturbed areas of Atlantic Forest in the region of Etá Farm, municipality of Sete Barras, state of São Paulo, Brazil / Anuros de áreas preservadas e perturbadas de Mata Atlântica na região da Fazenda Etá, município de Sete Barras, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract: We provide information on the diversity and natural history of anurans from preserved and disturbed habitats in the region of Etá Farm, municipality of Sete Barras, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The region is covered by rainforest and plantations of banana and peach palm. From April, 2013 to March, 2014 we sampled amphibians mainly with pitfall traps with drift fences and visual and auditory surveys. A total of 9813 individuals of 36 species of anurans from nine families were recorded in this study. A larger number of species was found in forests (29 species), followed by peach palm plantations (21 species), and banana plantations (17 species). The areas of peach palm plantation and forests showed the greatest similarity in species composition. The vegetation type with the highest number of exclusive species was the forest, whereas only four species were exclusive of the peach palm plantation, and none was exclusive of the banana plantation. Species accumulation curves indicated that our sampling effort was not enough to sample all the species that occur in the region. Our results reinforce the importance of forested habitats for the maintenance of anuran diversity in the Atlantic forest. The preservation of large fragments of forest in the region of Etá Farm is necessary to preserve the diverse amphibian fauna of this region.

Resumo: Neste estudo são apresentadas informações sobre diversidade e história natural de anuros de área preservadas e perturbadas na região da Fezenda Etá, município de Sete Barras, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A região é coberta por florestas e plantações de pupunha e banana. De abril de 2013 a março de 2014 nós amostramos anuros principalmente com armadilhas de queda com cercas-guia e por meio de procura visual e auditiva. Um total de 9.813 indivíduos de 36 espécies de nove famílias foram registrados. Um número maior de espécies foi encontrado nas florestas (29 espécies), seguidas pelas plantações de pupunha (21 espécies) e de banana (17 espécies). As áreas de plantação de pupunha e as florestas tiveram a maior similaridade em composição de espécies. O tipo de vegetação com o maior número de espécies exclusivas foi a floresta, ao passo que somente quatro espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente na plantação de pupunha e nenhuma foi exclusiva de bananais. As curvas de acumulação de espécies indicaram que nosso esforço amostral não foi suficiente para amostrar todas as espécies que ocorrem na região. Nossos estudos reforçam a importância de ambientes florestados para a manutenção da diversidade de anfíbios na Mata Atlântica. A preservação de grandes fragmentos de floresta é imprescindível para a conservação da rica fauna de anfíbios da região da Fazenda Etá.

Micromorfología de los foliolos de pejibaye Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) var. Diamantes-10 / Micromorphology of pejibaye leaflets Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) var. diamonds-10

ResumenBactris gasipaes se cultiva ampliamente para el aprovechamiento del palmito y el consumo de los frutos En este trabajo se realizó una descripción de las características micro morfológicas de los foliolos de plantas adultas de la variedad sin espinas Diamantes-10 de B. gasipaes, recolectadas en la Estación Experimental Diamantes en Guápiles, Costa Rica. Se utilizó microscopía de luz, electrónica de barrido y de transmisión. Para el estudio se recolectaron 25 foliolos y se evidenció abundante cera epicuticular en la superficie adaxial y abaxial. La epidermis está compuesta de células isodiamétricas y las células de la hipodermis tienen forma rectangular y son de mayor tamaño que las de la epidermis, también se observaron células buliformes. Los foliolos son anfiestomáticos en las áreas intercostales y alternan con bandas de células epidérmicas. El mayor número de estomas se encuentra en la superficie abaxial. Estos foliolos presentan tres tipos de tricomas. El parénquima presenta varios estratos no muy bien definidos con presencia de astroesclereidas. También se observan haces de fibras entre el parénquima que forman grupos de células muy compactas. La vena central presenta varios haces vasculares, algunos dispuestos de forma continua y todos ellos se encuentran rodeados de una vaina de tejido esclerotizado, algunas de estas fibras presentaron protoplastos vivos. Todas las venas menores presentan la misma anatomía de los haces vasculares de la vena central. Los vasos del protoxilema y metaxilema tienen paredes laterales con ornamentaciones escalariformes. El floema se ubica hacia la superficie adaxial de la vena y en el corte se observaron las células cribosas y células compañeras rodeadas de células de parénquima y fibras. Las células compañeras presentaron plasmodesmatas ramificados unidos a un elemento criboso y en ellos se evidenció cuerpos de proteína, llamada proteína-P. La diferencia principal en la anatomía de los foliolos de la var. Diamantes-10 radica en la ausencia de espinas, pero en el resto de la morfología no parece presentar cambios morfológicos con el resto de las variedades de B. gasipaes K.

Abstract:Bactris gasipaes is widely cultivated for the consumption of palm hearts and fruits. The present work describes the micro morphological characteristics of leaflets from adult plants of B. gasipaes, thornless variety Diamantes-10, collected in the Diamantes Experimental Station in Guápiles, Costa Rica. We collected 25 leaflets and analyses were performed with a combination of microscopy techniques: light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to study their structure. Our results showed that leaflets have abundant epicuticular wax on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Analyses from the epidermis indicated that it is composed of isodiametric cells, and it is also evident that hypodermis cells have rectangular shape and are larger than the other epidermal cells. We observed stomata on both surfaces, but they were more abundant in the abaxial surface. On the other hand, the epidermis showed the presence of trichomes with three different morphologies. In the parenchyma, cells are large and not well defined, and we observed the presence of astroesclereids, and compact groups of fiber bundles between parenchyma cells. The central vein has several vascular bundles, arranged in a continuous manner, and they are surrounded by sclerotic tissue; some of these fibers presented live protoplasts. All minor veins showed the same anatomy as the central vein. In these veins, the vessel elements of protoxylem and metaxylem showed scalariform ornaments on their walls. Phloem is located towards the adaxial surface of the vein and we observed sieve and companion cells surrounded by fibers and parenchyma cells. The companion cells presented branched plasmodesmata attached to a sieve element, and in these elements we found protein bodies called P-protein. The main anatomical difference in the leaflets of the var. Diamantes-10, compared to the other varieties of B. gasipaes K, is the lack of thorns; the other morphological features seem to be conserved. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1273-1285. Epub 2016 September 01.

Evaluación de la aceptación por consumidores de un bocadillo de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) y estudio de su potencial como alimento funcional / Evaluation of consumer´s acceptance of a peach palm snack (Bactris gasipaes) and determination of its potential as a functional food

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la aceptación de 4 formulaciones de un bocadillo de pejibaye combinado con harina de maíz, por consumidores; así como determinar su potencial como alimento funcional. Se evaluó el agrado a las 4 formulaciones, en 100 consumidores de bocadillos y los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de conglomerados. Los resultados se conformaron en dos conglomerados, en donde el 2 fue el que otorgó mejores calificaciones a las características evaluadas. En dicho conglomerado, quedaron la mayoría de las personas que consumen más frecuentemente bocadillos y pejibaye. Todos los consumidores del conglomerado 2 y aproximadamente el 85% del grupo 1 indicaron que comprarían el producto, por lo que se concluyó que hay un nicho de mercado para el bocadillo de pejibaye. Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación cualitativa con los dos productos de mayor aceptación según el estudio cuantitativo. Se realizaron 2 sesiones con participantes de clase media-media: una con profesionales y otra con amas de casa. Se determinó que la combinación de goma tara y carboximetilcelulosa (CMC) permite obtener un efecto sinérgico positivo para las características sensoriales de los bocadillos de pejibaye: la goma resalta el sabor natural a pejibaye y la CMC mejora la crujencia. El bocadillo contiene en 100 g de producto en base seca: 9 ± 4 g de grasa, 14,0 ± 0,3 g de fibra dietética, 15500 ± 32 μg de carotenoides y tiene una capacidad antioxidante de 4700 ± 8 μmol TE, lo que evidencia su potencial como alimento funcional.

The aim of this study was to evaluate consumers’ acceptance of a peach palm snack and to determine its potential as a functional food by chemical characterization. An assessment was conducted with 100 consumers to determine the acceptance of different snack formulations and the results were subjected to cluster analysis. This analysis revealed two groups. Group 2 included people that consume snacks and peach palm frequently and showed the highest grades for the snack evaluated characteristics. All the consumers in group 2 and approximately 85% of the consumers in group 1 indicated that they would buy the product suggesting that there is a niche market for the developed peach palm snack. Also, a qualitative evaluation, using mini focus groups, of the two most widely accepted formulas of the snack (chosen according to previously described study) was performed. The sessions considered the opinion of middle class professionals and housewives. It was determined that the combination of tara gum and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) allows a positive synergistic effect on the sensory characteristics of the snack, highlighting natural peach flavor and improving crunchiness. In a dry basis, the snack contains per 100 g: 9 ± 4 g of fat, 14.0 ± 0.3 g of dietary fiber, 15500 ± 32 μg of carotenoids and has an antioxidant capacity of 4700 ± 8 μmol TE, which demonstrates its potential as a functional food.

Estimation of glycaemic index of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) cooked fruits and chips, and pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) pulp

The glycaemic index (GI) is a physiological measure of a food’s potential to increase postprandial blood glucose, as compared to the effect produced by food taken as reference, such as glucose or white bread. Currently researchers and consumers are interested in low GI foods, since their consumption is associated with better weight control and reduced risk of incidence of chronic diseases, like diabetes. In the present study, the GI value for peach palm cooked fruit, peach palm chips and pitahaya pulp was estimated. The methodology established by the FAO / WHO for determining the GI of food was used. A total of 12 healthy, non-smoking volunteers were selected and they ingested the fore mentioned foods on different occasions, in 25 g portions of available carbohydrates, after 12-14h overnight fast. Blood glucose levels were measured in 30 min intervals up to 120 min after ingestion. Average GI value was 48 ± 11 for the pitahaya pulp and 35 ± 6 for the peach palm cooked fruit, which may be classified as low glyceamic index foods. The GI of peach palm chips was 60 ± 7, corresponding to a food with a moderate GI. The processing for producing the chips caused an increase in the GI value when compared to the cooked fruit, probably because the stages of milling, moulding and baking promote availability of starch during hydrolysis by the digestive enzymes.

Estimación del índice glicémico del fruto cocido y de chips de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) y de la pulpa de pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.). El índice glicémico (GI) es una medida fisiológica del potencial de un alimento para incrementar la glucosa sanguínea, en comparación con el efecto producido por un alimento de referencia, tal como la glucosa o el pan blanco. Los investigadores y consumidores tienen interés en los alimentos de bajo GI, dado que su consumo está asociado con un mejor control del peso corporal y una reducción del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas como la diabetes. En el presente estudio se determinó el valor de GI del fruto cocido de pejibaye, de los chips horneados de pejibaye y de la pulpa de pitahaya. Se seleccionaron 12 voluntarios, aparentemente sanos, no fumadores, los cuales consumieron los alimentos evaluados y el alimento de referencia (pan blanco), en una porción que contuviera 25 g de carbohidratos disponibles, después de un período de ayuno de 12-14 h. Los niveles de glucosa en sangre fueron medidos en intervalos de 30 min hasta 120 min después de la ingesta. Se obtuvo un valor promedio de GI de 48 ± 11 para la pitahaya y de 35 ± 6 para el pejibaye cocido, los cuales pueden ser clasificados como alimentos de bajo índice glicémico. El valor de GI de los chips de pejibaye fue de 60 ± 7, lo que corresponde a un alimento de GI moderado. Se encontró que el procesamiento para la obtención de los chips produjo un aumento en el valor del GI, en comparación con el obtenido para la fruta cocida, probablemente debido a que las etapas de molienda, moldeo y horneo favorecen la disponibilidad del almidón para su hidrólisis por parte de las enzimas digestivas.

Composición proximal y contenido de lípidos y colesterol de la carne de cerdos alimentados con harina de pijiguao (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) y lisina sintética

Se condujeron dos experimentos para evaluar la composición proximal y el contenido de lípidos y colesterol de la carne de cerdos alimentados con dietas en las que se añadió harina de pijiguao (HP) con y sin adición de lisina sintética (LIS). En el experimento I, se utilizaron 24 cerdos en crecimiento distribuidos al azar en seis tratamientos con tres niveles de HP (0, 16 y 32%) y dos niveles de LIS (0 y 0,27%). En el experimento II se utilizaron 16 cerdos en engorde alimentados con dos niveles de HP (0 y 17,50%) y dos niveles de LIS (0, y 0,27%). Al final de cada experimento (42 y 35 días, respectivamente), los cerdos fueron sacrificados y se obtuvieron muestras de lomo para determinar el contenido de proteína cruda, materia seca, humedad, cenizas, lípidos totales y colesterol. En el experimento I, las carnes provenientes de animales con 16% HP, presentaron más materia seca (26,45 g/100 g) y menos humedad (73,49 g/100 g) que las carnes de 32% HP (25,11 y 75,03 g/100g), respectivamente). Las carnes de los cerdos sin LIS presentaron mayor (p.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the proximal composition , lipids and cholesterol content of meat from pigs fed diets with peach-palm meal (PPM), with or without addition of synthetic lysine (LYS). In experiment I, 24 pigs were randomly allotted into six treatments with three levels of PPM (0, 16 and 32%) and two levels of LYS (0 and 0.27%). In experiment II, 16 finishing pigs were fed with two levels of PPM (0 and 17.50%) and two levels of LYS (0 and 0.27%). At the end of each experiment (42 and 35 d, respectively), pigs were slaughtered and loin samples were obtained to determine crude protein, dry matter, moisture, ash, total lipids, and cholesterol content. In experiment I, pork loin from 16% PPM had more dry matter (26.45 g/100 g) and less moisture (73.49 g/100g) than pork loin from 32% PPM (25.11 y 75.03 g/100g, respectively). Meat samples from pigs without LYS had higher (p.

Carotenoid composition and antioxidant activity of the raw and boiled fruit mesocarp of six varieties of Bactris gasipaes / Composición de carotenoides y actividad antioxidante del mesocarpo crudo y hervido del fruto de seis variedades de Bactris gasipaes

Se determinó la concentración y composición de carotenoides a seis variedades de Bactris gasipaes, mediante espectrofotometría y HPLC con un detector de arreglo de diodos. Las diferencias en el contenido de carotenoides totales fueron significativas entre las variedades estudiadas (1.1 a 22.3 mg/100g). El hervir los frutos por 30 minutos no afectó de forma significativa el contenido de carotenoides totales, pero sí la concentración de algunos carotenoides, principalmente de los isómeros Z. Las distintas variedades presentaron los mismos carotenoides pero en diferente proporción, principalmente: todo E-ß-caroteno (26.2 por ciento - 47.9 por ciento), Z-y-caroteno (18.2 por ciento a 34.3 percent) y Z-licopeno (10.2 por ciento a 26.8 por ciento). Al evaluarse la actividad antioxidante con DPPH, se observó que la variedad con el mayor porcentaje de ß-caroteno presentó la mayor actividad. Este es uno de los primeros reportes de composición de carotenoides de Bactris gasipaes bien tipificados, cuyo resultado puede incidir directamente en el consumo de ciertas poblaciones de Bactris.

Total carotenoid content and composition of carotenoids of six varieties of Bactris gasipaes were determined by spectrophotometry and HPLC, with photodiode array detector. Significant differences in total carotenoid content (1.1 to 22.3 mg/100g) were detected among these varieties. Boiling the fruits for 30 minutes did not affect total carotenoid content, but did change the amount of some specific carotenoids, mainly by the production of Z-isomers. Peach palm varieties had the same carotenoids, but in different proportions, presenting mainly, all E-ß-carotene (26.2 percent to 47.9 percent), Z-y-carotene (18.2 percent to 34.3 percent) and Z-lycopene (10.2 percent to 26.8 percent). When antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, it was observed that the variety with higher percentages of ß-carotene (54.1 percent) presented the higher activity. This is one of the first reports in carotenoid content and antioxidant activity in well typified varieties of Bactris gasipaes, whose results could have a positive impact in the consumption of certain peach palm varieties.

Diversidad genética y relaciones de parentesco de las poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas de pejibaye (Bactris Gasipaes, Palmae), utilizando marcadores microsatelitales / Genetic diversity and kin relationships among wild and cultivated populations of the pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) using microsatellite markers

Genetic diversity and kin relationships among wild and cultivated populations of the pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity of the peach palm (Pejibaye, Bactris gasipaes Kunth) was evaluated using four nuclear DNA microsatellites in an effort to elucidate the evolution and domestication of this crop. A total of 258 samples from seven wild populations and eleven races were analyzed. All loci were polymorphic and a total of 50 alleles were identified. Average genetic diversity (0.67) and genetic differentiation among populations (Fst=0.16) were high when all populations were considered. Genetic differentiation was lower when the populations were grouped according to their origin into Western and Eastern populations (Fst=0.13 for both). Gene flow was slightly higher among Western populations (Nm=1.71) than among Eastern populations (Nm=1.62). The Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique and Guatuso races seem to have been subjected to intense human selection. Hybrid populations exist in Azuero, Tuira, Cauca, Vaupés, Puerto Ayacucho and Solimoes, probably resulting from exchange and introgressions among sympatric wild and cultivated populations. Genetic distance (Dm) was estimated to determine the degree of relationship among populations using the neighbor-joining method; the wild populations from Maracaibo were used as the outgroup. The populations were divided into three general groups: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua and B. macana var arapuey), Eastern Amazon (Tembe, Pará and Acre) and a third group with two subgroups, Western (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique and Guatuso) and Upper Amazon (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimoes, Vaupés and Putumayo). The genetic relationships strongly support the hypothesis that peach palm was brought into cultivation independently in no less than three areas: the Western Andes (extending into lower Central America); Upper...

Se evaluó la diversidad genética en cuatro microsatélites de ADN de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) para relacionarlos con su evolución y domesticación. Se analizaron 258 muestras procedentes de siete poblaciones silvestres y once razas cultivadas. Todos los loci eran polimórficos y se identificaron 50 alelos en total. La diversidad genética fue alta (0.67). Todas las poblaciones reunidas obtuvieron una alta diferenciación genética (Fst=0.16), pero cuando se separaron en poblaciones occidentales y orientales fue menor (Fst=0.13 para ambas). El flujo genético presente en las poblaciones occidentales fue mayor (Nm=1.71) que en las orientales (Nm=1.62). Por otra parte, se encontró que las razas de Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique, y Guatuso aparentemente han sido sometida a una intensa selección humana. Además, la existencia de poblaciones híbridas es el resultado del intercambio entre pueblos del neotrópico e introgresiones con poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas. Se estimó la distancia genética Dm para generar un dendograma por el método del vecino más cercano. Definimos tres grupos de poblaciones: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua y B. macana var arapuey), Amazonía Oriental (Tembe, Pará y Acre) y el grupo compuesto por dos subgrupos, Occidental (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique y Guatuso) y Alto Amazonas (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimões, Vaupés y Putumayo). La relación genética coincide con la hipótesis de que la palmera del pejibaye ha sido domesticada independientemente por lo menos en tres regiones.

Biodisponibilidade de vitamina a da pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) em Ratos

Undertaken in the context of the magnitude of the public health problem of vitamin A deficiency in the world, and the availability of pro-vitamin A rich fruits in Amazonia, this study evaluated the bioavailability of Vitamin A from peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in rats using the preventive method. The results of the study indicate that peach palm is a highly bioavailability source of Vitamin A, with a relative efficiency of 250.8% when compared with the respective control groups (100%).

Considerando a magnitude da hipovitaminose A como problema de saúde pública no mundo e a disponibilidade de frutos ricos em pró-vitamina A, como a pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) na região Amazônica, determinou-se a biodisponibilidade de vitamina A da mesma em ratos, utilizando o método preventivo. Os resultados indicaram ser a pupunha uma fonte de vitamina A altamente biodisponível, com eficiência relativa de 250,8% quando comparado com o grupo controle (100%).

EFEITO DA VELOCIDADE DE SECAGEM SOBRE A EMERGÊNCIA E VIGOR DE SEMENTES DE PUPUNHA (Bactris gasipaes Kunth)

Peach palm (Bactris gasipaesKunth, Palmae) seeds loose their viability rapidly if their humidity content is reduced, consequently reducing transport and seed storage success. To studying the effect of drying velocity, seeds were maintained in the following conditions: a) on the laboratory bench; b) in a desiccator jar with 1 part silica gel to 1 part seeds by weight; c) in a desiccator jar with 2:1 silica gel: seeds for 10 days, samples were taken every 2nd day for germination tests and humidity determinations. The results indicate that viability and vigour of the seeds are affected by both: the humidity content and the velocity of drying. Slower drying is more favorable for maintaining seed viability and vigour.

As sementes de pupunha perdem rapidamente a viabilidade quando sua umidade é reduzida, dificultando o seu transporte e armazenamento. Para determinar o efeito da velocidade de secagem, as sementes de pupunha foram submetidas às seguintes condições: a) meio ambiente de laboratório; b) dessecador com sílical gel na proporção de 1:1 (por peso); c) dessecador com silica gel na proporção de 2:1. A cada dois dias, uma amostra de cada ambiente foi utilizada para testes de emergência e determinação da umidade. Conclui-se que: a) a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes de pupunha são dependentes da interação de sua umidade com a velocidade de secagem; b) a emergência e o vigor das sementes são afetados por pequenas reduções na sua umidade, além da velocidade com que esta é rebaixada; c) a secagem mais lenta favorece a emergência e o vigor das sementes de pupunha.