Interculturalidad e infancia rural: trabajo y cuidado en La Araucanía, Chile

(analítico) Desde una mirada intercultural, se exploraron los significados de infancia en la agricultura familiar campesina, así como sus implicaciones en términos de trabajo y provisión de cuidados a niños y niñas. A partir de la tensión entre los significados universales de infancia basados en un enfoque de derechos y el trabajo en el campo del cual participan las personas desde temprana edad, se realizó un estudio cualitativo con diseño de teoría fundamentada y aplicación de entrevistas a mujeres cuidadoras y profesionales de programas de desarrollo rural en Chile. Se evidenció que a medida que la infancia aumenta en actoría social, disminuyen las prácticas de trabajo y se profundizan las de cuidado. Los resultados alientan a pensar en la proyección de una ontología de la niñez rural.

(analytical) Using an intercultural perspective, this study explores the meanings of childhood in the rural peasant population, as well as the implications of these meanings on the allocation of tasks and providing care to boys and girls. Taking into account the tension between universal meanings of childhood that draw on rights-based perspectives and the traditional practice of children working in agriculture, we conducted a qualitative study using a grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with women caregivers and staff who work in rural development programs in Chile. The study's results show that as childhood has had an increasing value with children becoming more and more recognized as social actors, traditional child work practices in agriculture have decreased and care practices have been strengthened. The author concludes that the results of the research have consequences when thinking about an ontology for rural children.

(analítico) A partir de uma perspectiva intercultural, exploramos os significados da infância entre famílias voltadas para agricultura familiar camponesa, bem como suas implicações em termos de trabalho e prestação de cuidados às meninos e meninas. Considerando a tensão existente entre os significados universais da infância a partir de uma abordagem de direitos e o trabalho no campo, no qual as pessoas se engajam desde muito cedo, realizamos um estudo qualitativo, com base na teoria fundamentada, onde realizamos entrevistas com mulheres cuidadoras e profissionais dos programas de desenvolvimento rural no Chile. Evidenciamos que à medida que a infância adquiriu um valor ao nível da atuação social, as práticas de trabalho diminuíram e as práticas de cuidado se aprofundaram. Conclui-se sobre as consequências dos resultados para pensar uma ontologia da infância rural.

Ocupación y uso campesino de la tierra en el municipio de Pradera (1900-2010): Un siglo de tensiones socio-territoriales

RE S U M E N Si bien los lineamientos vigentes para el Ordenamiento Social de la Propiedad Rural-OSPR establecen, entre otros criterios, la transversalización del enfoque diferencial y la verificación de presencia de comunidades étnicas, no se reconoce expresamente el derecho a la tierra del campesinado. Partiendo de las perspectivas teóricas del Estructuralismo Agrario y del Enfoque Socio-Territorial, este trabajo busca proponer lineamientos complementarios para adelantar un proceso de Ordenamiento Social de la Propiedad Rural OSPR que reconozca este derecho, en los corregimientos que actualmente están siendo propuestos para la constitución de una Zona de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) en Pradera, Valle del Cauca. Para tal fin, se hace un acercamiento a la dinámica histórica del poblamiento y apropiación de la tierra por parte del campesinado y se geoespacializan dentro del polígono de la ZRC los predios por rango de tamaño, las coberturas y fertilidad del suelo y la zonificación de la Reserva Forestal, con los cuales se evidencia la existencia de una territorialidad campesina, la necesidad de redistribuir la tierra, de sustraer áreas de la reserva forestal y de acelerar la constitución de la Zona de Reserva Campesina (ZRC).

Embora as diretrizes atuais para a Ordenação Social da Propriedade Rural-OSPR estabeleçam, entre outros critérios, a integração da abordagem diferencial e a verificação da presença de comunidades étnicas, o direito à terra do campesinato não é expressamente reconhecido. Baseado nas perspectivas teóricas do Estruturalismo Agrário e da Abordagem Sócio-Territorial, este documento procura propor diretrizes complementares para avançar um processo de OSPR que reconheça este direito nos municípios que estão sendo propostos atualmente para a constituição de uma Zona de Reserva Camponesa (ZRC) em Pradera, Valle del Cauca. Para este fim, é feita uma abordagem da dinâmica histórica do assentamento e apropriação da terra pelo campesinato e a geo-espatização dentro do polígono da ZRC das propriedades por faixa de tamanho, cobertura e fertilidade do solo e o zoneamento da Reserva Florestal, que mostra a existência de uma territorialidade camponesa, a necessidade de redistribuir a terra, de subtrair áreas da reserva florestal e de acelerar a constituição da ZRC.

A B S T R A C T Although the current guidelines for the Social Planning of Rural Property (OSPR, acronym in Spanish) establish, among other criteria, the mainstreaming of a differential perspective and the inclusion of ethnic communities, land-rights for peasants are not expressly recognized. Drawing from the theoretical perspectives of Agrarian Structuralism and the Socio-Territorial Approach, this paper proposes complementary guidelines to support an OSPR process that recognizes this right, in the districts that are currently being projected for the constitution of a Peasant Reserve Zone (ZRC, acronym in Spanish) in Pradera, Valle del Cauca. To this end, we describe the historical dynamics of the settlement and appropriation of the land by the peasantry and, within the ZRC polygon, we geospatiolize the properties by range of size, soil coverage and fertility and the zoning of the Forest Reserve, through which we provide evidence for the existence of a peasant territoriality, the need to redistribute land, to subtract areas of the Forest Reserve and to accelerate the constitution of the ZRC.

Aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productos agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores / Approach to an Associative Marketing System for Agricultural Products of Small and Medium Producers / Abordagem a um Sistema de Marketing Associativo para Produtos Agrícolas de Pequenos e Médios Produtores

Resumen Introducción: en este artículo se presenta una propuesta sobre cómo mejorar el sistema de comercialización de los productos de los campesinos, derivada de resultados de investigación. Objetivo: establecer una aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productores agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores. Materiales y métodos: a partir de la investigación realizada con productores del oriente Antioqueño (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) y la experiencia con campesinos productores de otros municipios del departamento de Antioquia, se procede a la construcción de una propuesta de aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productos agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores. Resultados: luego de todo el trabajo de campo y de la interacción con los productores, se puede evidenciar que existen unas malas prácticas de comercialización, ya que para la formación de los precios de los productos intervienen múltiples factores como intermediarios y transporte. Conclusiones: las dificultades que afrontan los pequeños y medianos productores agropecuarios y que ameritan este tipo de propuesta, parten de la forma como comercializan sus productos, evitando costosos desplazamientos y fletes, y tener que enfrentarse a mayoristas, que algunos consideran irrespetuosos, dominantes y abusadores. Esta circunstancia los lleva a vender a acopiadores veredales, o intermediarios en las plazas de los pueblos, donde negocian a precios muy bajos. Este sistema de ventas, centrado en plazas municipales y grandes centrales de abastos, donde el campesino tiene una gran desventaja competitiva, es el dominante en Colombia y muchos otros países. Acevedo y Palacio (2013), concluyen en su investigación, que, para superar las debilidades de los campesinos en la compra de insumos y comercialización de sus productos, es necesario desarrollar empresas asociativas especializadas en mercadeo de productos agropecuarios, que representen todas las líneas de productos, y que permitan la participación de todos los productores y de sus asociaciones, como asociados. El sistema de comercialización propuesto implica lo local y regional, y podría ayudar a grandes grupos de campesinos a lograr garantía de compra y precios justos para sus productos, a través de organizaciones con alto volumen de operaciones, que les permita ser competitivas y financieramente sostenibles en el tiempo.

Abstract Introduction: this article presents a proposal on how to improve the marketing system of peasant products, derived from research results. Objective: to establish an approximation to an associative marketing system for agricultural producers of small and medium producers. Materials and methods: based on the research carried out with producers from eastern Antioquia (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) and the experience with peasant farmers from other municipalities in the department of Antioquia, a proposal was made to approach an associative marketing system for products of small and medium producers. Results: after all the field work and the interaction with the producers, it can be evidenced that there are bad marketing practices, since multiple factors such as intermediaries and transport intervene in the formation of the prices of the products. Conclusions: the difficulties that small and medium agricultural producers face and that merit this type of proposal, start from the way they market their products, avoiding costly displacements and freights, and having to face wholesalers, which some consider disrespectful, dominant and abusers. This circumstance leads them to sell to rural collectors, or to intermediaries in the squares of the towns, where they negotiate at very low prices. This sales system, centered in municipal squares and large supply centers, where the farmer has a great competitive disadvantage, is the dominant one in Colombia and many other countries. Acevedo and Palacio (2013), conclude in their research, that to overcome the weaknesses of the farmers in the purchase of inputs and marketing of their products, it is necessary to develop associative companies specialized in marketing of agricultural products, which represent all the product lines , and that allow the participation of all producers and their associations, as partners. The proposed marketing system involves the local and regional and could help large groups of farmers to achieve purchase guarantees and fair prices for their products, through organizations with high volume of operations, which allows them to be competitive and financially sustainable in the time.

Resumo Introdução: este artigo apresenta uma proposta sobre melhorar o sistema de comercialização de produtos camponeses, derivado de resultados de pesquisas. Objetivo: estabelecer uma aproximação a um sistema de marketing associativo para produtores agrícolas de pequenos e médios produtores. Materiais e métodos: com base na pesquisa realizada com produtores do leste de Antioquia (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) e a experiência com camponeses de outros municípios do departamento de Antioquia, foi feita uma proposta para abordar um sistema associativo de comercialização de produtos de pequenos e médios produtores. Resultados: Após todo o trabalho de campo e interação com os produtores, pode-se constatar que existem más práticas de comercialização, uma vez que múltiplos fatores como intermediários e transporte interferem na formação dos preços dos produtos. Conclusões: as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos agricultores de pequena e média escala e garantindo este tipo de proposta, são baseadas em como comercializar os seus produtos, evitando viagens dispendiosas e frete, e ter que lidar com atacadistas, que alguns consideram desrespeitoso, dominante e abusadores. Esta circunstância leva-os a vender para colecionadores das veredas, ou para intermediários nas praças das cidades, onde negociam a preços muito baixos. Este sistema de vendas, centrado em praças municipais e grandes centros de abastecimento, onde o agricultor tem uma grande desvantagem competitiva, é o dominante na Colômbia e em muitos outros países. Acevedo e Palace (2013), concluir em suas pesquisas, para superar as fragilidades dos agricultores na compra de insumos e comercialização dos seus produtos, é necessário desenvolver especializado empresas cooperativas comercialização de produtos agrícolas, representando todas as linhas de produtos , e que permitem a participação de todos os produtores e suas associações, como parceiros. A comercialização do sistema proposto envolve local e regional, e poderia ajudar grandes grupos de agricultores para atingir garantia de compra e preços justos para os seus produtos, através de organizações com operações de alto volume, o que lhes permite ser competitivos e financeiramente sustentável no tempo.

Dynamics of Operation and Identification of Actions to Improve the Peasant Market in the Municipality of Florence: the Case of COOPMERCASAN / Dinámica del funcionamiento y retos del mercado campesino coopmercasan de florencia (caquetá)

RESUMEN El mercado campesino de Coopmercasan inició su funcionamiento en 2011 brindando productos agrícolas frescos e inocuos al municipio de Florencia, departamento del Caquetá. En ocho años de operación, han tenido aciertos y desaciertos, también han recibido el apoyo de diferentes instituciones, sin embargo, a la fecha se desconoce sus realidades actuales y los retos y desafíos que han venido cambiando a lo largo del tiempo. Por lo anterior, esta investigación buscó construir las dinámicas de esta experiencia a través de la autorreflexión, la información base para la toma de decisiones y la orientación de sus acciones de mejora. El trabajo se realizó en el municipio de Florencia, las herramientas para el levantamiento de la información empleadas fueron encuestas, entrevistas y observación participante. Dentro de los principales hallazgos se tiene que, si bien el mercado ha logrado posicionarse con una base interesante de clientes, su oferta no está cumpliendo las expectativas respecto de los volúmenes y la diversidad de demandada de los clientes, y aunque la gran mayoría de los apoyos entregados por las instituciones han sido dirigidos a procesos de fortalecimiento organizativos, sigue siendo el aspecto más débil.

ABSTRACT The COOPMERCASAN peasant market began its operation in 2011, providing fresh and safe agricultural products to the population of Florence. In these eight years of operation, they have had successes and failures, they have also received the support of different institutions, however, to date, their current realities are unknown, as well as the challenges, which have been changing over time. It is because of the above that this research sought to build the dynamics of this experience through self-reflection, base information for decision-making, and the orientation of their improvement actions. The work was carried out in the municipality of Florence, the tools for gathering the information were surveys, interviews, and participant observation. Among the main findings, it was discovered that, although the market has managed to position itself with an interesting customer base, its offer is not meeting expectations in terms of the volumes and diversity demanded by customers and that, although the vast majority of the support provided by the institutions has been directed towards organizational strengthening processes, it continues to be the weakest aspect.

Sentidos e significados da escola do campo na perspectiva da produção cultural das crianças / Senses and meanings of the rural school from the perspective of children's cultural production / Sentidos y significados de la escuela rural desde la perspectiva de la producción cultural infantil

Este texto apresenta reflexões sobre os sentidos e significados da escola do campo atribuídos por crianças, especialmente, a partir de sua produção cultural. A escola é central para os territórios camponeses, espaço de encontro entre conhecimentos científicos e populares, organização comunitária e partilha da vida. A investigação aconteceu em parceria com uma escola do campo localizada na Chapada dos Veadeiros (Goiás) no Bioma Cerrado. Com base na Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, Educação do Campo e Sociologia da Infância, a pesquisa prezou pela participação das crianças e consideração de suas diferentes linguagens. Contou com os instrumentos: fotografia, observação participante e entrevistas a partir de abordagem lúdica. A pesquisa demonstrou que as crianças se apropriavam da escola para encontrar com seus pares, estudar, brincar, inventar e como a escola do campo é um espaço-tempo fundamental de formação humana, existência e resistência camponesa.

This text presents reflections on the senses and meanings of the rural school attributedby children, especially, based on their cultural production. The school is central to peasant territories, a meeting place between scientific and popular knowledge, community organization and sharing of life. The investigation took place in partnership with a rural school located in Chapada dos Veadeiros (Goiás) in the Cerrado Biome. Based on the studies of the Body, Rural Education and Sociology of Childhood, the research valued the participation of children and consideration of their different languages. It counted on the instruments: photography, participant observation and interviews based on a playful approach. The research showed that children appropriated the school to meet with their peers, to study, to play, to invent and how the rural school is a fundamental space-time of human formation, existence and peasant resistance.

Este texto presenta reflexiones sobre los sentidos y los significados de la escuela rural atribuidos por los niños en función de su producción cultural. La escuela es fundamental para los territorios campesinos, un lugar de encuentro entre el conocimiento científico y popular, la organización comunitaria y el intercambio de vida. La investigación se llevó a cabo en asociación con una escuela rural ubicada en Chapada dos Veadeiros (Goiás) en el Bioma Cerrado. Con base en los estudios del Cuerpo, Educación Rural y Sociología de la Infancia, la investigación valoró la participación de los niños y la consideración de sus diferentes idiomas. Contaba con los instrumentos: fotografía, observación participante y entrevistas basadas en un enfoque lúdico. La investigación mostró que los niños se apropian de la escuela para reunirse con sus compañeros, estudiar, jugar, inventar y cómo la escuela rural es un espacio-tiempo fundamental de formación humana, existencia y resistencia campesina.

Sociabilidade e lazer entre mulheres camponesas: vivências no clube de mães / Sociability and leisure among peasant women: experiences in the mothers club

O estudo realiza uma análise de uma organização denominada clube de mães. A partir de um estudo de caso, na comunidade São Caetano, município de São Lourenço do Oeste, em Santa Catarina/Brasil, nosso objetivo foi compreender o papel que o clube de mães ocupa nas práticas de sociabilidade e nas formas de organização de mulheres camponesas. O clube de mães transpõe as dicotomias dos espaços sociais, abrindo a possibilidade de ação das mulheres no espaço público, já que elas passam a frequentar outras comunidades, e deslocam-se a outros municípios, para os quais viajam coletivamente. Ao observar o significado do clube de mães, compreende-se o aumento do reconhecimento e da visibilidade das mulheres camponesas, além da constituição deafeto entre elas.

The study conducts an analysis of an organization called the Mothers Club from a case study in the São Caetano community, municipality of São Lourenço do Oeste, in Santa Catarina / Brazil, our The objective was to understand what role the mother club plays in sociability practices and forms of women's organization peasants. The mothers club bridges the space dichotomies opening up women's action in the space as they come to attend other communities, and they travel to other municipalities, to which they travel collectively. Observing the meaning of the mothers club means increasing the recognition and visibility of peasant women, as well as the constitution of affection between them.

O fatalismo no trabalho camponês: da submissão às possibilidades de ruptura / El fatalismo en el trabajo campesino: de la sumisión a las posibilidades de ruptura / Fatalism in peasant labor: from submission to the possibilities of rupture

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo discutir sobre o fatalismo presente no trabalho camponês e suas possibilidades de ruptura. Apoia-se nas contribuições teóricas de Ignacio Martín-Baró e toma como referente empírico os relatos de camponeses da região Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná. Os relatos foram obtidos através de uma roda de conversa com agricultores agroecologistas e da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco famílias produtoras de tabaco. Tomando como exemplo a fumicultura e a diversificação desta produção para a agricultura agroecológica, busca evidenciar as relações de trabalho como fonte do fatalismo no contexto do campesinato, e a recuperação da memória histórica, a organização social e a prática de classe como dimensões presentes em seu processo de ruptura.

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el fatalismo presente en el trabajo campesino y sus posibilidades de ruptura. Se apoya en las contribuciones teóricas de Ignacio Martín-Baró y toma como referente empírico los relatos de campesinos de la región Centro-Sur del Estado del Paraná, Brasil. Los informes fueron obtenidos a través de una rueda de conversación con agricultores agroecologistas y de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas con cinco familias productoras de tabaco. Tomando como ejemplo el cultivo de tabaco y la diversificación de esta producción para la agricultura agroecológica, la investigación busca evidenciar las relaciones de trabajo como fuente del fatalismo en el contexto del campesinado, y la recuperación de la memoria histórica, la organización social y la práctica de clase como dimensiones presentes en su proceso de ruptura.

Abstract This article focuses on discussing fatalism in peasant labor and its possibilities of rupture. It is based on the theoretical contributions of Ignacio Martín-Baró and takes as an empirical reference the reports of peasants from the Center-South region of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The reports were obtained through a conversation circle with agroecologist farmers and semi-structured interviews with five tobacco-producing families. Taking tobacco production and the diversification of this production for agroecological agriculture as an example, this work seeks to highlight labor relations as a source of fatalism in the context of the peasantry, and the recovery of historical memory, social organization and class practice as dimensions present in its process of rupture.

Analysis of quality of life in peasant workers with pneumoconiosis in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the quality of life(QOL) of peasant workers with pneumoconiosis and its main influencing factors. METHODS: A typical sampling method was used to select 83 peasant workers with pneumoconiosis in two villages in Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province as the pneumoconiosis group, and 85 non-pneumoconiosis peasant workers in the same village selected as the control group. The QOL of the two groups was investigated using the Quality of Life Measurement Scale. RESULTS: The average annual family income of pneumoconiosis group was much lower and average annual expenditure of the family for disease treatment increased in 2015(P<0.01) compared with the control group. The total score of QOL and its average scores in the physical, psychological, environmental and social fields of pneumoconiosis group were lower than that of the control group(P<0.01). The multiple stepwise regression analysis results showed significant factors related to all functional domain scores of QOL in the pneumoconiosis group. For the total score of QOL, complication and ability to do housework were the significant factors. In the physical domain of QOL, only doing housework was the significant factor. In the psychological domain of QOL, complications and average annual family income were the significant factors. Marital status, doing housework and educational level were the significant factors for the social domain of QOL. The significant factors for the environmental domain of QOL were average annual family income and doing housework. CONCLUSION: The QOL of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis was poor. Complications, divorcement or widowhood reduced the quality of their lives. Higher education degree, higher average annual family income and higher ability to do housework played a positive role in promoting the QOL of peasant workers with pneumoconiosis.

Biomasa y carbono en Guadua angustifolia y Bambusa oldhamii en dos comunidades de la sierra Nororiental de Puebla, México / Biomass and carbon of Guadua angustifolia and Bambusa oldhamii in two communities of the Nororiental Sierra of Puebla, México

Resumen El incremento de CO2 en la atmósfera puede disminuir mediante su captura por plantas a través del proceso fotosintético, con especial énfasis en especies perennes de rápido crecimiento como los bambús. El objetivo fue evaluar cuantitativamente la biomasa aérea y estimar el contenido de carbono para las especies Guadua angustifolia y Bambusa oldhamii, en plantaciones comerciales establecidas en dos comunidades de la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla, México. La estimación de población y biomasa aérea para ambas especies se obtuvo mediante una selección del 10 % de plantas en una hectárea. Los muestreos se realizaron de junio 2016 a septiembre 2017. Para la plantación de B. oldhamii, el número de culmos por planta aumentó gradualmente hacia las generaciones más recientes, de 3.6 tallos en la cohorte más adulta a 4.5 en la más joven. El diámetro de los tallos y su altura promedio presenta aumento gradual de las cohortes de mayor edad a las más recientes. La biomasa aérea total estimada en la plantación de B. oldhamii fue de 103 403 48 Mg.ha-1 distribuida en los culmos de los cuatro años. La biomasa aérea total estimada en la plantación de G. angustifolia es 47 665 11 Mg.ha-1.(AU)

Abstract The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere can be reduced by capturing them through the photosynthetic process, with special emphasis on fast growing perennial species such as bamboo. The objective of the present study was to quantitatively evaluate the aerial biomass and estimate the carbon content for the species Guadua angustifolia Kunth and Bambusa oldhamii Munro, in commercial plantations established in communities of the Northeast Sierra of Puebla, Mexico. The estimation of population and aerial biomass for both species is tended by a selection of 10 % of plants in one hectare. The samplings were carried out from June 2016 to September 2017. For the plantation of B. Oldhamii Munro, the number of culms per plant gradually increased towards the most recent generations, from 3.6 stems in the most adult cohort to 4.5 in the youngest. The diameter of the stems and their average height show a gradual increase from the older cohorts to the recent cohorts. The total aerial biomass estimated in the plantation of B. oldhamii Munro was 103 403 48 Mgha-1 distributed in the asses of the four years. The total aerial biomass estimated in the plantation of G. angustifolia Kunth is 47 665 11 Mgha-1.(AU)

Soberanía alimentaria: más allá del discurso político / Food sovereignty: beyond political discourse

La Soberanía Alimentaria se plantea como una alternativa estructural y política sobre el modelo agroindustrial actual, ampliando los contenido del discurso y el alcance de su término predecesor de Seguridad Alimentaria a dimensiones que sobrepasan los ámbitos oficiales de gobiernos y ONGs. Los epitesmos de esta propuesta buscan una oferta más honesta de alimentos para con la salud y la cultura alimentaria del consumidor, rescatando el comercio justo para estimular al campesino a permanecer en los espacios rurales y comprometerlo a ser garante de prácticas agronómicas de menor impacto ambiental. Llevar a la práctica estas políticas de Soberanía Alimentaria suponen un gran reto, que es posible solo si consumidores y productores, reconociéndose como los verdaderos protagonistas de la cadena agroalimentaria, se organizan en la búsqueda de identificar e integrar sus objetivos y acciones para impulsar cambios, desde abajo, en la formas actuales de producción y distribución de los alimentos(AU)

Food Sovereignty is proposed as a structural and political alternative to the current agroindustrial model, expanding the content of the discourse and the scope of its predecessor term of Food Security to dimensions that surpass the official spheres of governments and NGOs. The epithets of this proposal seek a more honest supply of food for the health and food culture of the consumer, rescuing the fair trade to encourage the peasant to stay in rural areas and commit to be a guarantor of agronomic practices with less environmental impact. Implementing these Food Sovereignty policies is a major challenge, which is possible only if consumers and producers, recognizing themselves as the true protagonists of the agri-food chain, are organized in the search to identify and integrate their objectives and actions to drive changes, From below, in the current forms of production and distribution of food(AU)

A 2-year follow-up investigation of social anxiety and its maternal influencing factors of peasant-worker's children in Harbin / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To determine the development characteristics of social anxiety of peasant-worker's children in Harbin,and explore the effect of gender,parents quarrel,parents divorced and maternal factors on social anxiety.The study provided a scientific basis for the intervention of social anxiety.Methods The children in grade 1-5 from 3 schools in Harbin were collected by random cluster sampling in 2012.Then the same questionnaire was used to track the peasant-worker's children in 2014.The questionnaire included general information,Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC),Egna Minnen av Bardndosna Uppforstran (EMBU),Acceptance Subscale and Psychological Control Scale.Results (1) The detection rates of social anxiety of peasant-worker's children in 2012 and 2014 were respectively 29.3％,30.2％,and the detection rates had no significant difference (x2=0.111,P=0.790).But there was significantly difference between the two years(2012:6.90±4.26;2014:5.88±4.20;t=3.419,P=0.001).Children of newly occurring social anxiety in high grade was fewer and the ability to symptom relief was better.There was no significant difference between boys and girls on newly occurring and symptom relief(newly occurring:x2=0.018,P=0.910;symptom relief:x2 =0.541,P=0.518).(2) In 2012,the differences of the detection rate of children's social anxiety on parents quarrel,parents divorced were not significant (parents quarrel:x2 =0.881,P=0.393;parents divorced:x2=0.246,P=0.658).In 2014,the detection rate of children's social anxiety on parents quarrel,parents divorced were significantly higher than children in normal families (parents quarrel:x2=11.758,P=0.001;parents divorced:x2 =9.907,P=0.004).The detection rate of children's social anxiety of divorced parents increased with age(x2 =4.398,P=0.041).(3) In 2012 and 2014,children' s social anxiety had positive correlation with mother excessive interference and over-protective,mother refusing and denying,mother punishment,and had negative correlation with mother acceptance (P＜ 0.05).In 2014,it had positive correlation with mother control and negative correlation with mother emotional warmth understanding (P＜0.05).(4) In 2012,the regression coefficient of mother refusing and denying was 0.186.In 2014,the regression coefficient of mother acceptance and control were-0.266,0.169.Conclusion Social anxiety can be spontaneous remission,and the ability was better in high grade.Parents quarrel,parents divorced and maternal factors can affect the development of peasant-worker's children' s social anxiety,which should be concerned.

ESTRATEGIAS DE ADAPTACIÓN Y MEDIOS DE VIDA DE LAS FAMILIAS INTEGRANTES DE LA FUNDACIÓN CONSEJO VEREDAL -FCV-, MUNICIPIO DE CALARCÁ, QUINDÍO / ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND LIVELIHOOD OF FAMILIES MAKING UP THE VILLAGE FOUNDATION COUNCIL -VFC- MUNICIPALITY OF CALARCÁ, QUINDÍO

Este artículo presenta la estructura de estrategias de vida de la organización campesina Fundación Consejo Veredal ubicada en la vereda Travesías, municipio de Calarcá, en ella se llevó a cabo un estudio con nueve familias beneficiarias del proceso de reforma agraria Ley 160 de 1994 que tuvo como objetivo la identificación de las estrategias de vida de los hogares y las restricciones que impiden el éxito de estas estrategias. El estudio se realizó mediante la caracterización de los sistemas de producción y la identificación de los medios de vida que despliegan las familias para su supervivencia. Se utilizó la metodología de Enfoque de Medios de Vida del DFID -Department for International Development- a través de la cual se valoraron los capitales: Humano, Social, Natural, Físico y Financiero por medio de la medición de 17 indicadores pertenecientes a cinco capitales. Los resultados del estudio permitieron la identificación de los medios de vida utilizados por esta comunidad para adaptarse a las nuevas dinámicas generadas por los efectos de la globalización en el sector rural en economías campesinas y particularmente por la crisis cafetera. Se logró la identificación de estrategias que implementan las familias con el fin de generar ingresos y mejores condiciones de vida, así como las interacciones que se establecen entre estas y fenómenos sociales como: la pobreza, el origen y distribución de los ingresos, las políticas para la diversificación, diversificación vs. agricultura, organización social, educación y acceso a mercados. Los resultados del estudio muestran que los capitales de mayor valoración fueron el Humano con una media de 4,16 y el Físico con una media de 4,04. Los capitales con menor valoración fueron el Social con una media de 3,09 y el Financiero con una media de 3,29. El Capital Natural se ubica en un rango medio con 3,56.

This article presents the structure of living strategies of the rural organization "Village Foundation Council" located in the Travesías village, municipality of Calarcá, where a study with nine families beneficiary of the process of the agrarian reformation Law 160 of 1994 took place which had as objective the identification of living strategies of the homes and the restrictions which inhibit the success of these strategies. The study was carried out through the characterization of the production systems and the identification of livelihood families display for their survival. The DFID -Department for International Development- Livehood Focus methodology was used to value the human, social, natural, physical and financial capitals by means of the measurement of 17 indicators belonging to five capitals. The results of the study allowed the identification of the ways of livelihood used by this community to adapt to the new dynamics generated by the effects of globalization in the rural sector in peasant economy and particularly because of the coffee growers crisis. It was possible to achieve the identification of strategies that the families implement in order to generate income and better living conditions as well as the interactions that exist between these and social phenomena such as poverty, origin and distribution of incomes, policies for diversification, diversification vs. agriculture, social organization, education and access to markets. The results of the study, shows that the capitals with higher evaluation were the social with a 4.16 average and Physical with a 4.04. average The capitals with lower evaluation were the Social with a 3.09 average and the financial with a 3.29 average. The natural capital is located in a middle range with 3.56.

Utilization and cost of outpatient care and their influencing factors among middle and aged peasant-workers in China / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To examine the utilization and cost of outpatient care and their influencing fac-tors among middle and aged peasant-workers in China. Methods:The data of China Health and Retire-ment Longitudinal Study ( CHARLS) collected in 2011-2012 were used and the data on peasant-workers aged 45 years and older were analyzed with Two-part Model. Results: The four-week outpatient rate of middle and aged peasant-workers was 13. 7% (407/2 974). The determinants of the rate included gen-der, marital status, economic level, household size, the place of insurance enrollment, self-assessed health and having or having no chronic diseases. The average outpatient cost was (400. 3 ± 56. 7) yuan (RMB) and the median was 138. 0 yuan. Multivariate analyses showed that outpatient costs were higher for those males who lived in Eastern China and worked at the same place with insurance enrollment, with fair to bad self-assessed health and chronic diseases. Conclusion:Allowing higher flexibility for migrants to transfer the new rural cooperative medical system ( NCMS ) between rural and urban areas and thus making reimbursement for medical services provided by undesignated providers received immediately could increase the use of outpatient services.

Muertes silenciadas: Problemática del suicidio en los campesinos de La Unión (Antioquia) / Silenced Kills: Problems of suicide in farmers in La Union (Antioquia)

Durante las últimas dos décadas se han incrementado notoriamente las tasas de suicidio en la población campesina colombiana. OBJETIVO: explicar los componentes sociales que contribuyen a la configuración de conductas suicidas recurrentes en ciertas poblaciones rurales a través de un estudio de caso del municipio de La Unión (Antioquia), cuyas tasas de suicidio han sido bastante elevadas durante ese período, encima de 20 sobre cien mil habitantes, mientras las tasas nacionales oscilan entre 4 y 5. METODOLOGIA: se utilizaron estrategias metodológicas cualitativas y cuantitativas a fin de realizar lecturas integrales de la problemática (datos estadísticos del suicidio en los años 1990-2000, encuestas, entrevistas y etnografía). Se privilegia el análisis sociológico, de entender el suicidio como fenómeno colectivo que depende de ciertas condiciones sociales y apropiaciones subjetivas. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUCUSION: se obtuvieron las siguientes dimensiones sociales que caracterizan el fenómeno estudiado: (a) intensificación del modelo neoliberal que devastó la economía campesina local; (b) agudización del conflicto armado que desestructuró la vida social; (c) vulnerabilidad de los jóvenes campesinos, mayores receptores de las carencias del campo; (d) subjetividades de género que inciden en la conducta suicida de manera inversa: más hombres que se suicidan por más mujeres que lo intentan.

Over the last two decades the problem of suicide among the Colombian peasant farmer population has seen a marked increase. OBJECTIVE: to explain the social components that contribute to recurring suicidal behavior in certain rural populations though a case study of the La Union (Antioquia) municipality, the suicide rates of which have been evidently higher during this period at over 20 in every thousand inhabitants, while the national rate fluctuates between 4 and 5. METHODOLOGY: quantitative and qualitative methodological strategies were used with the aim of making a comprehensive reading of the problem (suicide rates between 1990 and 2000, surveys, interviews and ethnography). The sociological analysis was privileged, that of understanding suicide as a collective phenomenon that depends on certain social conditions and subjective appropriations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSSION:the following social dimensions that characterize the phenomenon were attained: (a) the intensification of the neo-liberal model which has devastated the local farming economy; (b) the exacerbation of the armed conflict which has destructured social life; (c) the vulnerability of peasant youth, those most affected by the deficiencies of country life; (d) the subjectivities of gender apparent in inverse suicidal behavior: more men commit suicide while more women attempt it.

The History of Changing Address in The Novel ‘Rohu Chandaler Haar’.

In the era of Bengali literature, Abhijit sen is a famous novelist in recent time. He is famous mostly for his novel Rohu Chandaler Haar. In this novel, he represents the life of bajikars. Their living style is full of variety. They fellow few of their own customs in their life. The bajikar’s were generally considered by the established society as nomads, thieves or beggars and transform into a race of peasant man. They have so many obstacles in their way of life. But they did not stop. They still fight to establish themselves as peasant man in order to get rid of their nomadic life. And after five generations shariba still carries out the legacy. The present paper tries to show nomadic people’s struggles in different aspects regarding their life and works in the context of the novel Rohu Chandaler Haar.

Uma discussão sobre a contribuição das mulheres na disputa porsoberania alimentar / A discussion about the contribution of women in the struggle for food sovereignty

Este artigo discute as possíveis contribuições das mulheres na luta pela construção da soberania alimentar. A metodologia consistiu na revisão teórica associando a categoria racionalidade à luta e interesse das mulheres do campo pela alimentação. Como resultado, obteve-se que, não obstante a histórica falta de visibilidade acerca do papel das mulheres na agricultura, sua postura como sujeitos políticos tem permitido afirmar sua identidade e articular seus interesses, inclusive na disputa por soberania alimentar. Partindo desses resultados, acredita-se que a articulação das mulheres pode trazer ganhos ao desestabilizar os papéis tradicionais de gênero no campo e defender seus interesses no âmbito da agricultura familiar.

This essay addresses peasant women's contribution in the struggle for food sovereignty in Brazil. Through theoretical review was possible make a relation with categories as fight of women to land reform and her engagement with all dimensions of feeding. Based on these studies, it's believed women organization can bring gains to change traditional gender roles in the field and to promote the interests of women in the family farm organization.

Agricultura familiar, multifuncionalidade da agricultura e ruralidade: interfaces de uma realidade complexa / Family farming, multifunctionality of agriculture and rurality: interfaces of a complex reality

Nas últimas décadas, assistimos à revitalização do debate em torno da agricultura familiar pela incorporação das discussões sobre as múltiplas funções da agricultura num rural que não pode mais ser visto como domínio exclusivo da atividade agrícola e dos agricultores. No contexto brasileiro, acreditamos que essa discussão deva ser permeada pela análise de como processos diferenciados de distribuição fundiária e desenvolvimento econômico e o tipo de agricultura resultante geram ruralidades específicas com características como, no caso da agricultura familiar, a manutenção de práticas sociais e de trabalho marcadas pelas relações de parentesco e vizinhança presentes numa sociedade de interconhecimento. Partindo desse princípio, este trabalho analisa a agricultura familiar de um bairro rural do município de Ouro Fino - MG, sua herança histórica e sua participação na criação de uma paisagem natural e humana que muito contribui para a atratividade da região.

The last decades witnessed the revitalization of the debate around family farming with the addition of discussions regarding the multiple functions of agriculture, given the fact that rural areas are longer devoted exclusively to agricultural activities. In the Brazilian context, we believed that this debate must be permeated by analyses of how differentiated processes of land distribution and economic development, and the resulting types of agriculture, generate specific ruralities with characteristics such as, in the case of family farming, the maintenance of social and work practices marked by the relations among relatives and neighbours. It is in this light that this research analyses family agriculture in a rural area of Ouro Fino-MG, its historical heritage, and its participation in the creation of a physical and human landscape that greatly contributes to the attractiveness of the region.

O universo rural nas representações sociais de estudantes de ciências agrárias em duas diferentes regiões geográficas / The rural universe in the social representations of students from agricultural sciences in two different geographical regions

Há um debate no âmbito da questão rural sobre como se estruturam as identidades de atores sociais envolvidos com a atividade agrícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e comparar as representações sociais que 400 alunos de cursos da área de ciências agrárias de duas Universidades Federais possuem sobre as identidades de camponeses e agricultores. Foiutilizada uma tarefa de evocação livre com os termos indutores “agricultor” e “camponês” para obtenção dos dados. Os resultados apontaram que os camponeses são representados pelosestudantes como atores arcaicos, deslocados historicamente e excluídos das formas de produção econômica vigentes no campo, enquanto que os agricultores são representados como modernos produtores de riquezas e de desenvolvimento do campo.

There is a debate on rural issues about how to structure the identities of social actors involved with farming. This study aimed to identify and compare social representations of 400 students attending courses in the area of agricultural sciences in two Brazilian Federal Universities. The study explored the social representations on the identities of peasants and farmers. The data was obtained through the task of free evocation of words technique and the inducing terms were “agriculturist” and “peasant”. The results point to the fact that peasants are represented by students as archaic actors, historically displaced and excluded from existingeconomic forms of production, while agriculturists are portrayed as modern producers of wealth and rural development.

El componente pecuario en fincas campesinas de la ecorregión cafetera del departamento del Tolima (Colombia) / Thelivestock commponent in the rural farms of the cffee eco-regionn in the department of tolima (Colomba))

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar el componente pecuario de los sistemas de producción en 39 fincas campesinas en los municipios de Anzoátegui, Villahermosa, Fresno y Líbano en el departamento del Tolima (Colombia). Un análisis de conglomerados dio como resultado tres grupos, en cada uno de los cuales se realizó una descripción detallada de la producción animal. El C1 es el grupo de fincas en el que los bovinos son más importantes, ya que todas las familias de este grupo poseen vacunos en un promedio de 16±11,7 cabezas/finca, mientras en el C2 tan solo el 62% de las familias poseen bovinos (3,1±3,3 cabezas/finca). En el C3 se tiene un promedio de 8,8±10,5 cabezas/finca. Una práctica común en las fincas del departamento del Tolima es tener cerdos, pollos y gallinas, entre otras especies manejadas en el huerto o como actividad alternativa. Estas son destinadas en gran medida al consumo familiar y constituyen importancia cultural, además de los ingresos adicionales que generan. El aporte del componente pecuario en el portafolio familiar de actividades es importante, representando el 26,0, 33,4 y 38,2% del ingreso bruto predial. En gran parte de las fincas analizadas, las actividades pecuarias se perfilan como formas de ahorro, aunque estas tienen gran potencial para desarrollarse como actividad económica articulada al mercado.

Objective of this work was to characterize the livestock component in the farming production systems of 39 rural farms in the municipalities of Anzoátegui, Villahermosa, Fresno and Líbano in the department of Tolima (Colombia). A cluster analysis resulted in three groups in which a detailed description of animal production systems was carried out. Cluster C1 is the group of farms in which bovines are more important since all the families in this group include bovines in an average of 16±11, 7 heads of cattle, while in cluster C2 only 62% of the families own bovines (3.1±3.3 heads of cattle/farm). In cluster C3 there is an average of 8.8±10.5 heads of cattle/farm. A common practice in the Department of Tolima farms is to have pigs, chicken and hens among other species in the vegetable garden as an alternative economical activity. These are destined broadly speaking to the family consumption and constitute cultural importance besides the additional income they generate. The input of the livestock component in the family activities portfolio is important representing the 26.0, 33.4 and 38.2% of the predial gross income. In most of the farms analyzed livestock activities are considered a means of saving even though they have a great potential to develop as an economical activity articulated with trade.

The survey of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and behaviour among migrant peasant workers in Middle City in China / Encuesta de conocimientos, actitudes, y comportamientos en relación con el VIH/SIDA entre los trabajadores campesinos migratorios de la Ciudad Media en China

OBJECTIVES: To explore HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and behaviour among migrant peasant workers in Changsha, which is a inland city in central China, and to provide evidence that educating this population may help to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in China. METHODS: A total of 1782 migrant peasant workers participated in the study. A questionnaire was used to determine their knowledge ofHIV/AIDS and related attitude and behaviour items. RESULTS: The majority of the respondents had a rather low level of overall HIV/AIDS knowledge and its prevention, had what constituted risky behaviour in this regard and a generally low acceptance of HIV-infected persons. Furthermore, their behaviour and attitude were analysed with respect to their educational level, occupational class and score ofHIV/AIDS related knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation will help healthcare professionals develop a sensitive and specific educational programme for migrant peasant workers. Educating this population will be a very important aspect ofHIV/AIDS prevention in China.

OBJETIVOS: Explorar los conocimientos, las actitudes, y el comportamiento en relación con el VIH/SIDA, entre los trabajadores campesinos migratorios en Changsha - una ciudad del interior en China central -y proporcionar evidencias en cuanto al hecho de que educar a esta población puede ayudar a prevenir la diseminación del VIH/SIDA en China. MÉTODOS: Un total de 1782 trabajadores campesinos migratorios participó en el estudio. Se usó un cuestionario a fin de determinar sus conocimientos sobre el VIH/SIDA, así como aspectos relacionados con la actitudy el comportamiento hacia este último. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los encuestados tenían un nivel bastante bajo de conocimientos generales sobre el VIH/SIDA y su prevención, poseían lo que pueden considerarse como una conducta riesgosa al respecto, y manifestaban una aceptación generalmente baja de las personas infectadas con el VIH. Además, se analizaron su comportamiento y actitud con respecto a su nivel educacional, clase ocupacional y puntuación en cuanto a conocimientos en relación con el VIH/SIDA. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de esta investigación ayudarán a los profesionales de la salud a desarrollar un programa educativo sensible y específico para los trabajadores campesinos migratorios. Educar a esta población será un aspecto muy importante para la prevención del VIH/SIDA en China.