Relationship among materialism, attitudes regarding money, peer influence and satisfaction with life in chilean adolescents / Relación entre materialismo, actitudes hacia el dinero, influencia de pares y satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes chilenos

Abstract Materialism has been recognized as an important variable in postmodern societies; however, most of the studies on this concept have focused on the adult population. The aim of the present study is to determine the possible association between materialism and life satisfaction, and the possible mediating role of attitudes towards money and peer influence in this association, in a sample of Chilean adolescents. A sample of 1325 Chilean secondary school students completed a questionnaire measuring materialism, attitudes in regards with money, susceptibility to peer influence, and satisfaction with life. First, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the scalers. Secondly, a theoretical model was tested using Hayes (2013) SPSS macro, PROCESS. The theoretical model included materialism as the predictor variable, satisfaction with life as the predicted variable, and attitudes towards money and susceptibility to peer influence as mediator variables. Results indicate that materialistic attitudes regarding money strengthens a negative relation between materialism and satisfaction with life. This tendency is not observed in susceptibility to peer influence despite being positively associated with materialism and attitudes regarding money. These findings suggest that the variables materialism and attitudes regarding money play a relevant role in the life satisfaction of Chilean adolescents.

Resumen El materialismo se ha reconocido como una variable importante en sociedades posmodernas, sin embargo, la mayor parte de los estudios respecto a este concepto se han centrado en población adulta. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la posible asociación entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida, y el posible rol mediador de las actitudes hacia el dinero y la influencia de pares en dicha asociación, en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos 1325 estudiantes de secundaria completaron un cuestionario que media materialismo, actitudes hacia el dinero, susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares, y satisfacción con la vida. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para validar las escalas utilizadas. En segundo lugar, se probó un modelo teórico utilizando la macro PROCESS de SPSS de Hayes (2013). El modelo teórico consideró materialismo como variable predictora, satisfacción con la vida como variable predicha, y actitudes hacia el dinero, y susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares como variables mediadoras. Los resultados indican que actitudes materialistas hacia el dinero fortalecen una asociación negativa entre materialismo y satisfacción con la vida. Esta tendencia no se observa en susceptibilidad a la influencia de pares a pesar de estar asociada positivamente con materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero. Estos Hallazgos sugieren que las variables materialismo y actitudes hacia el dinero juegan un rol relevante en la satisfacción con la vida de adolescentes chilenos.

Effects of WeChat based blood glucose management models on self-management ability and glucose and lipid metabolism among type 2 diabetes patients / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of different blood glucose management modes on self-management ability and glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on the WeChat platform.Methods:240 patients with T2DM were selected in Taiyuan Central Hospital from January to June 2020 for the study. They were randomly divided into general management groups, medical care management groups, peer management groups, and medical care and peer co-management groups using random number table, with 60 cases in each group. The general management group received routine outpatient follow-up. The medical care management group, peer management group, and medical care and peer management group established WeChat groups for management, respectively. Each group′s self-management ability and glucose and lipid metabolism indexes were compared before and after six months of intervention. t-test or nonparametric tests were used to compare. Results:After the intervention, self-management abilities such as diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, medication compliance, foot care, smoking and fasting blood glucose (FBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c) were improved in the four groups (all P<0.05). The medical care management, peer management, and medical care and peer co-management groups were further improved than the general group (all P<0.05). Except for smoking, the above medical care and peer co-management group indicators were statistically different from those of the separate medical care management and peer management group (all P<0.05). Triacylglycerol (TG) of the four groups were improved compared with the previous [1.9(1.2, 2.7) compared with 2.3(1.6, 3.5)mmol/L, 1.4(1.2, 2.1) compared with 2.2(1.6, 3.2)mmol/L, 1.6(1.1, 2.0) compared with 2.2(1.4, 3.2)mmol/L, 1.5(1.0, 2.1) compared with 2.4(1.3, 3.1)mmol/L] (all P<0.05), and after the intervention, the total cholesterol (TC) of the four groups was also improved compared with that before the intervention [(4.7±0.9) compared with (5.1±1.2)mmol/L, (4.2±1.1) compared with (5.2±1.2)mmol/L, (4.3±1.1) compared with (5.4±1.3)mmol/L, (4.2±1.1) compared with (5.0±1.4)mmol/L] (all P<0.05), and TG and TC of the medical care management, peer management, and medical care and peer co-management groups were lower than those of the general group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Based on the WeChat platform, the management mode of medical care and peer co-management is conducive to T2DM patients′ better self-management and blood glucose control.

Information that (de)motivate women's decision making on Planned Home Birth / Informaciones que des(motivan) la toma de decisión de las mujeres por el Parto Domiciliario Planeado / Informações que (des)motivam a tomada de decisão das mulheres pelo Parto Domiciliar Planejado

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand how information about Planned Home Birth motivates or discourages women's decisions on this location of birth. Method: Descriptive exploratory study, qualitative approach. Data collection carried out from February to April 2019, through semi-structured interviews with 14 women and documentary sources. The data were analyzed using Bardin's content analysis process, with the help of ATLAS.ti 8.0. Results: The motivations for choosing Planned Home Birth are: respect for the autonomy and natural process of childbirth and delivery, support from a partner and trust in professionals. Aspects that discourage this choice are fear of complications, the need for a hospital medical structure, opinions that value risk. Conclusion: Women's choices are based not only on information, but also on how that information is processed. This study demonstrated that the perception pertaining to the safety of Planned Home Birth is essential for making this decision.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender como informaciones sobre Parto Domiciliario Planeado motivan o desmotivan la toma de decisión de mujeres por ese local de parto. Método: Estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, abordaje cualitativo. Recogida de datos realizada de febrero a abril de 2019, mediante entrevista semiestructurada con 14 mujeres y fuentes documentales. Datos analizados utilizándose proceso de análisis de contenido de Bardin, con auxilio del ATLAS.ti 8.0. Resultados: Las motivaciones para selección por Parto Domiciliario Planeado son: respecto a la autonomía y proceso natural del parto y nacimiento, apoyo del compañero y confianza en los profesionales. Aspectos que desmotivan esa elección son miedo de intercurrencias, necesidad de estructura médico-hospitalario, opiniones que valoran el riesgo. Conclusión: Elección de la mujer no se basa solo en información, pero también en el modo de procesar esa información. Este estudio demostró que la percepción acerca de la seguridad del Parto Domiciliario Planeado es esencial para la toma de esa decisión.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender como as informações sobre o Parto Domiciliar Planejado motivam ou desmotivam a tomada de decisão das mulheres por esse local de parto. Método: Estudo descritivoexploratório, abordagem qualitativa. Coleta de dados realizada de fevereiro a abril de 2019, mediante entrevista semiestruturada com 14 mulheres e fontes documentais. Os dados foram analisados usando-se processo de análise de conteúdo de Bardin, com auxílio do ATLAS.ti 8.0. Resultados: As motivações para escolha pelo Parto Domiciliar Planejado são: respeito à autonomia e processo natural do parto e nascimento, apoio do companheiro e confiança nos profissionais. Aspectos que desmotivam essa escolha são medo de intercorrências, necessidade de estrutura médicohospitalar, opiniões que valorizam o risco. Conclusão: A escolha da mulher não se baseia apenas em informação, mas também no modo de processar essa informação. Este estudo demostrou que a percepção acerca da segurança do Parto Domiciliar Planejado é essencial para a tomada dessa decisão.

Consumo, actitudes hacia el endeudamiento, materialismo e influencia de pares en adolescentes rurales del sur de Chile / Consumption, attitudes to the debt, materialism, and peer influence in rural teenagers from southern Chile

En la actualidad, los temas de carácter económico y financiero se han convertido en tópicos de gran importancia social, considerando los conceptos teóricos, las habilidades y actitudes que una persona debe poseer para desenvolverse de manera adecuada en una sociedad dominada por el consumo. Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo describir las prácticas de consumo y endeudamiento informal, actitudes hacia el endeudamiento, materialismo y susceptibilidad a la influencia de los pares y en adolescentes rurales, según género y nivel socioeconómico de una comuna semi-rural de la Región de La Araucanía-Chile. El estudio se realizó en dos etapas, la primera cualitativa en la cual se realizaron entrevistas grupales y una fase cuantitativa, en la que se aplicaron instrumentos que medían cada una de las variables mencionadas; además fueron comparadas con variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados indican que las fuentes de dinero de estos adolescentes son principalmente de los padres, becas o trabajos informales. Presentan deudas informales y se caracterizan por la presencia de emocionalidad positiva vinculada al éxito de sus conductas de compra y fuertes sentimientos negativos asociados al fracaso de ello. En relación a diferencias de género, los hombres se muestran más materialistas e influenciables por sus pares que las mujeres. Los resultados del estudio reflejan los cambios sociales transversales, ligados al modelo neoliberal que han tenido que experimentar los adolescentes al insertarse en el mundo de la economía, independientemente de si provienen del mundo urbano o rural.

Due to the economic and technological globalization derived from the incorporation of the neoliberal model in Latin America and mainly in Chile, has implied the need to achieve new abilities. That is how currently economic and financial topics have been considering as social relevant issues. This points as much to the theoretical concepts as the abilities and attitudes that a person must have for his development of a suitable way in a society dominated by the consumption and in the global market. In addition, several authors suggest that consumption becomes a source for the self's construction. In this way, adolescents are being in a process of identity's definition according to their evolutionary stage, which is currently linked to consumption, they become big important subjects for the market, advertising and marketing. Thus, this research has as main objective to describe the practices of consumption and informal indebtedness, attitudes towards indebtedness, materialism and susceptibility to the influence of peers in rural adolescents by gender and socioeconomic level of a semi-rural commune of the Region of La Araucanía-Chile. The study was conducted in two stages, first a qualitative phase in which group interviews were conducted with a multiple case design and a quantitative phase with a correlation-multivariate design, where instruments were applied that measured each of the aforementioned variables; They were also compared with sociodemographic variables such as gender and socioeconomic level. The results were grouped into two phases, the first phase grouped according to three central nuclei, the first core are consumption practices, this indicates that the money sources of these adolescents are mainly from parents, scholarships or informal jobs, this is usually used in personal expenses, leisure and food. They are also characterized by considering their personal opinion, family and friends. In relation to the second core refers to the practices of indebtedness, it is characterized by the presence of informal debts, mainly with their parents, friends and family. Regarding the third core refers to the emotions related to the purchase, this is characterized by the presence of positive emotionality linked to the success of their buying behaviors and strong negative feelings associated with the failure of it. Regarding the second phase, it was found that adolescents are characterized by being more austere than hedonistic and at a gender level; men have a greater average in materialism and greater influence of their peers than women do. There are no significant differences according to Socioeconomic Level. On the other hand, there are positive correlations between materialism and peer influence and between hedonism and materialism. Finally, there are no significant differences according to ethnicity. The results show that subjects have high levels of inclusion and digital access similar to that of urban adolescents. There is also a tendency towards early debt behavior that is consistent with the national surveys' numbers. In relation to savings, the adolescents of the study shows that they give more importance to saving than urban ones, especially in the long term. In relation to the emotions related to the purchase, are a concern issue, because of how they could involve the creation of an identity based on consumption, as well as imply problems in their satisfaction with life and in their mental health. The results of the study reflect the transversal social changes linked to the neoliberal model, that adolescents have had to experience when enter to the economics world, regardless of whether they come from the urban or rural world.

A cross-sectional study on the factors influencing juvenile delinquency in the government juvenile home, Hyderabad, Telangana

Background: Juvenile is a boy who has not attained 16 yrs and a girl who has not attained 18 yrs. Any offence thefts/robbery, attempt to murder/murder, rape, addictions and any deviation from normal behavior like truancy, vandalism, immorality and ungovernability is termed as delinquency. According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) (2016), Telangana is holding 16th rank and among the metropolitan cities, Hyderabad is contributing to 11th rank based on percentage share in India on Juvenile crime. The objective of the study was to study the factors influencing the juvenile delinquency.Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study is carried out for a period of three months in the Government Juvenile homes of Hyderabad, Telangana. All the inmates of the male and female juvenile homes (n=200) available at the time of study who were willing to participate were interviewed. Those who were sick and not cooperative were excluded. A semi-structured questionnaire completed through interviews and studying the subjects’ records and ISRD3 questionnaire were used. Institutional ethical clearance was taken before starting the study.Results: 77.5% (155) were males and 22.5% (55) were females. 16.5% (33) were 6-10 yr age group and 83.5% (167) were above 11 yrs. The mean age (yrs) is 14.02±2.96. 18% (36) didn’t attend school and 82% (164) attended school. Age, sex, school attending and the time spent with the parents have shown significance (p<0.05) in the delinquency.Conclusions: The peer influence, smart phone usage, influence of movies and truancy from home also showed significance (p<0.05) in the delinquency.

Factors affecting Organizational Commitment of General Hospital Nurses in Small and Medium Sized Cities / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the relationships between nursing work environment, leader-member exchange(LMX), peer support, and organizational commitment in one city with a severe nurse shortage. METHODS: Participants were 198 nurses who had worked for more than 6 months with the same head nurse. They worked in five general hospitals located in one city. In April 2016 participants completed a survey questionnaire about their nursing work environment, LMX, peer support, and organizational commitment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in nursing work environment by experience of turnover (t=−2.58, p=.010). LMX showed significant difference by department (F=3.81, p=.011). Factors influencing nurses' organizational commitment were nurse participation in hospital affairs (β=.23, p=.028) and nurse manager ability, leadership and support (β=.18, p=.022). Explanatory power was 18.2% in the regression model. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that it is necessary to improve the nursing work environment in order to increase organizational commitment. Improvement of the nursing system should be considered along with supplementation of nurses particularly during a severe nurse shortage.

Effects of an Experiential Learning Activities-Focused Smoking Prevention Program in Elementary School Students: On the Basis of the Attitude-Social Influence-Efficacy Model

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the effects of an experiential learning activities-focused smoking prevention (ELSP) program on the basis of the Attitude-Social Influence-Efficacy (ASE) model in elementary school students. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group pre-test and post-test design was conducted with 84 participants who were in the fifth grade of two elementary schools in Seongnam city, South Korea. The two schools were allocated into either the ELSP (n=42) or control (n=42) group. The ELSP group completed five ELSP classes, while the control group completed five traditional lecture-based classes during the 5 weeks. Both groups were examined before and after 5 weeks, using ASE measures of smoking attitude, social influence, self-efficacy for the refusal of smoking temptation, and intention not to smoke. Data were collected from August to September 2017. RESULTS: The ELSP group had significant changes in the scores of smoking attitude (t=4.75, P<0.001) and social influences (t=3.73, P<0.001), compared to those in the control group. However, the ELSP group had non-significant changes in the scores of self-efficacy for the refusal of smoking temptation and intention not to smoke, compared to those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The ELSP program may be effective in improving smoking attitude and perceived social influence of smoking among those in upper grades of elementary schools. However, the duration and intensity of the ELSP program must be revised to effectively enhance smoking refusal self-efficacy and non-smoking intentions.

Smoking and Peer Preference in College Students: an exploratory study

Background: Smoking in adolescents is related to multiple factors like genetics, family variables and peerpreference and influence. The aim of the following study was to study the prevalence of smoking and age ofinitiation college students while comparing peer preferences in smoker and non-smoker college students.Methods: 100 college students were divided on the basis of current smoking status into two groups. Thesetwo groups were administered the Evers-Pasquale peer preference test and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey(GYTS). Sociodemographic variables were assessed using a semi-structured proforma. The data was thenstatistically analysed.Results: The prevalence of current smoking was 54%. Almost 44% of college students had initiated smokingat or after 16 years of age, whereas only 4% of the entire sample had initiated smoking before 10 years ofage. Close to one fifth (18.52%) of current smokers smoked daily and smoked cigarettes first in morningsuggesting dependence. Students who currently smoked were most likely to engage in any activity in thecompany of best friends, followed by cool friends (p = 0.0001).Conclusion: Smoking and peer pressure are linked and there is a need for tobacco intervention programmesto be directed at adolescent specific factors. Further research is needed to understand other factors promotingsmoking like personality factors, social influence, genetic factors etc.

Weight-teasing: does body dissatisfaction mediate weight-control behaviors of Brazilian adolescent girls from low-income communities? / Provocações em relação ao peso corporal: a insatisfação com o próprio corpo afeta o comportamento de controle de peso de adolescentes brasileiras de comunidades de baixa renda? / Burlas y acoso por el peso: ¿la insatisfacción corporal afecta al comportamiento para el control del peso en adolescentes brasileñas dentro de comunidades con baja renta?

The objective was to examine the mediation hypothesis of body dissatisfaction and analyze their association with weight-teasing and body satisfaction. A total of 253 girls who attended 10 schools from São Paulo, Brazil, participated in this study. Data collection was carried out through a validated and self-reported questionnaire. Study variables were weight-teasing (independent), body satisfaction (mediation), and weight control behavior (outcome). Effect mediation analyses showed a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). Prevalence of family and peers weight-teasing were 38.5% and 40.6%, respectively. Body dissatisfaction was associated with unhealthy weight control behaviors when controlled by family and peer weight-teasing. Data indicate that family and peers teasing are important aspects that interfere in body satisfaction and weight control behaviors.

O estudo teve como objetivo examinar a hipótese da mediação pela insatisfação com o próprio corpo e analisar as associações com a provocação por terceiros e com a satisfação com o corpo. A amostra incluiu um total de 253 adolescentes do sexo feminino matriculadas em dez escolas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados com um questionário validado e auto-preenchido. As variáveis de estudo foram as provocações feitas por outros em relação ao peso da adolescente (independente), a satisfação com o corpo (de mediação) e o comportamento de controle do peso (desfecho). As análises de mediação mostraram um efeito estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,05). As taxas de prevalência de provocações relacionadas ao peso, feitas por familiares e colegas, foram 38,5% e 40,6%, respectivamente. Depois de ajustar para a provocação por familiares e colegas, a insatisfação com o próprio corpo esteve associada a comportamentos prejudiciais de controle de peso. Os dados indicam que as provocações por familiares e colegas são aspectos importantes que interferem na satisfação com o corpo e com os comportamentos de controle de peso.

El objetivo fue examinar la mediación en la hipótesis de la insatisfacción corporal y analiza su asociación con las burlas y acoso por el peso y la satisfacción corporal. Un total de 253 niñas que iban a diez escuelas de São Paulo, Brasil, participaron en este estudio. La obtención de datos se llevó a cabo mediante un cuestionario validado y autoinformado. Las variables de estudio fueron acoso por peso (independiente), satisfacción corporal (mediación), y control de peso comportamiento (resultado). El efecto de los análisis de mediación mostró un nivel de significancia del 5% (p < 0.05). La prevalencia de la familia y las burlas/acoso por el peso entre compañeras fueron de un 38,5% y un 40,6%, respectivamente. La insatisfacción corporal se asoció con comportamientos poco saludables de control de peso, cuando estuvo controlada por la familia y las burlas y acoso por el peso entre colegas. Los datos indican que la familia y las burlas/acoso entre compañeras son aspectos importantes que interfieren en la satisfacción corporal y comportamientos sobre el control de peso.

Peer Smoking and Smoking-related Beliefs Among College Students in Bangladesh / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Smoking is a significant public health issue in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to examine peer smoking and smoking-related beliefs among college students in Bangladesh. METHODS: College students at two universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh participated in a self-administered survey in May and June 2017. RESULTS: First, being a current or former smoker is associated with lower levels of beliefs among respondents that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, and lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke, while current smokers and former smokers have different smoking-related beliefs. Second, having smoker friends is associated with lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke. Third, higher levels of normative beliefs that it is important not to smoke are associated with higher levels of beliefs that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, higher levels of intentions that they would not smoke, and higher levels of avoidance of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking-related beliefs and perceived norms in individuals’ social networks are important components in promoting tobacco cessation in Bangladesh. But it is challenging to prevent or intervene in smoking because of the high rates of smoking in this country and the high prevalence of smokers in individuals’ social networks. Future studies should examine the most effective interventions to combat smoking in high-smoking social networks, such as using mobile apps or social media, and evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.

Influência dos Pares e Educação por Pares na Prevenção à Violência no Namoro / Peer Influence and Peer Education in Dating Violence Prevention / Influencia de los Pares y la Educación entre Pares en la Prevención de la Violencia en el Noviazgo

Resumo A literatura aponta que a influência dos pares desempenha um papel importante na compreensão da violência no namoro, e que o uso de educadores ou líderes de pares para encorajar comportamentos saudáveis entre adolescentes tem sido um componente comum em programas preventivos dessa natureza. Por meio de uma revisão narrativa, o presente artigo buscou sumarizar aspectos teóricos relativos à influência dos pares no contexto da violência no namoro, bem como descrever estudos com foco na prevenção à violência no namoro, os quais utilizaram, no todo ou em parte, a estratégia da educação por pares como componente no desenho dessas intervenções. Ao final, são discutidos pontos fortes e limitações dos programas de prevenção à violência no namoro baseados na educação por pares, além de apontar horizontes futuros de pesquisa na área....(AU)

Abstract Literature points out that peer influence plays an important role in the understanding of dating violence, and that the employment of peer educators or peer leaders to encourage healthy behaviors among adolescents has become a common component of such preventive programs. By means of a narrative review, this article aimed to summarize the theoretical aspects of peer influence in this context, as well as to describe studies that have focused in the prevention of dating violence and that have adopted peer education strategies, be it solely or incorporated to others in the design of the interventions. Finally, the strong suits and limitations of dating violence prevention programs based in peer education are discussed, as well as future perspectives for research in the field....(AU)

Resumen La literatura sugiere que la influencia de los pares juega un papel importante en la comprensión de la violencia en el noviazgo, y que el uso de educadores o líderes de pares para fomentar conductas saludables entre los adolescentes ha sido un componente común en los programas de prevención de este tipo. A través de una revisión narrativa, el presente trabajo pretende resumir los aspectos teóricos relativos a la influencia de los pares en este contexto, así como describir los estudios con un enfoque en la prevención de la violencia en el noviazgo, que utilizan, en su totalidad o en parte, la estrategia de educación de pares como un componente en el diseño de estas intervenciones. Al final, se discuten las fuerzas y limitaciones de los programas de prevención de la violencia en el noviazgo basada en la educación entre iguales, mientras que se señala la identificación de futuros horizontes de la investigación en el área....(AU)

What is popular? Distinguishing bullying and aggression as status correlates within specific peer normative contexts

Abstract This study tested social status correlates of aggression and bullying and how these are influenced by peer groups' normative beliefs about aggression and prosocial behavior among 1165 fourth, fifth and sixth graders in Chile. Associations between aggression and popularity (positive) and social preference (negative) were confirmed, whereas bullying was negatively associated with both dimensions. Normative beliefs about aggression and prosocial behavior were assessed at the group level, while social status was assessed at the classroom level through peer nominations. Hierarchical Linear Analyses showed that in groups with a higher value associated with aggression, classmates rated aggressive peers as less popular but also less disliked. The status correlates of bullying remained unaffected by peer normative beliefs. The discussion focuses on the social function of aggression as compared to the social sanction associated with bullying, and on the specificity of these associations at different layers of the social ecology. (AU)

Influencias socioculturales asociadas a la percepción corporal en niño(a)s: una revisión y análisis de la literatura / Sociocultural Influences associated with the body perception in children: a review and analysis of the literature

En los últimos años, numerosos estudios han sugerido la importancia de la alteración de la percepción de la imagen corporal como un síntoma precoz para la detección de los TCA. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este escrito fue hacer una revisión y análisis de la literatura de aquellos artículos en los cuales se podrá analizar la influencia que tienen los amigos, medios de comunicación y familiares sobre la percepción corporal en niños de 8 a 13 años. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, PsycINFO y Science Direct, que relacionaran influencias socioculturales con los TCA y la percepción corporal, desde hace más de una década. La población femenina y en países desarrollados fueron los principales focos de atención en las investigaciones, la mayoría eran de tipo transversal. Además esta revisión permite observar que a pesar de que se ha estudiado la influencia sociocultural que existe en la percepción corporal aún hay inconsistencias o falta de actualización en las investigaciones, las cuales pueden ser vistas en los instrumentos empleados y el diseño del estudio. Una limitante de este estudio fue no abarcar más años y buscar otras revisiones sobre el tema, es por ello que se recomienda seguir extendiendo los estudios relacionados a esta temática no sólo con muestra femenil, o en países desarrollados sino también en aquellas muestras menos estudiadas.

In recent years, numerous studies have suggested the importance of the alteration of the perception of body image as an early symptom for the detection of eating disorders. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to do a review and analysis of the literature of those articles in which we may analyze the influence of friends, media and family about the body perception in children 8 to 13 years. For this was done a search for articles in the databases of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Science Direct, which relate sociocultural influences with the TCA and the body perception, for more than a decade. The female population and in developed countries were the main focus of attention in the research, the majority were of transverse type. In addition this hotfix allows you to observe that in spite of the fact that has been studied the socio-cultural influence that perception exists in the body there are still inconsistencies or lack of update on the investigations, which can be viewed in the instruments used and the design of the study. A limitation of this study was not encompass more years and find other reviews on the subject, that is why it is recommended to continue to extend the studies related to this theme not only with female shows, or in developed countries but also in those samples less studied.

Role of Peer Influence and Thin-ideal Internalization on Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Mexican Girls / Rol de la Influencia de Pares y de la Interiorización del Ideal de Delgadez sobre la Insatisfacción Corporal y Alimentación No Saludable en Jóvenes Mexicanas / O Papel da Influência de Pares e da Interiorização do Ideal de Delgadeza na Insatisfação Corporal e na Alimentação Não Saudável em Jovens Mexicanas

The aim of this study was to examine the role of peer influence and thin-ideal internalization on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. The Eating Attitudes Test, the Body Shape Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Sociocultural Influences on the Aesthetic Body Shape Model were administered to 130 female students, with a mean age of 19.44. The results showed that thin-ideal internalization mediated the relationship between peer influence and body dissatisfaction (β=0.14, p>.05), and the relationship between peer influence and disordered eating (β=0.09, p>.05). This study supports the hypothesis that the thin-ideal internalization is an important mediator on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in Mexican girls.

Con el objetivo de examinar el rol de la influencia de pares y de la interiorización del ideal de delgadez sobre la insatisfacción corporal y la alimentación no saludable en una muestra comunitaria, se aplicó el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias, el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y el Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal a 130 mujeres estudiantes, cuya media de edad fue de 19.44 años. El análisis de datos reveló que la interiorización del ideal de delgadez medió la relación entre la influencia de pares y la insatisfacción corporal (β=0.14, p>.05), así como la relación entre la influencia de pares y la alimentación no saludable (β=0.09, p>.05). Este estudio apoya la hipótesis de que la interiorización del ideal de delgadez es un importante mediador sobre la insatisfacción corporal y la alimentación no saludable en jóvenes mexicanas.

Com o objetivo de examinar o papel da influência de pares e da interiorização do ideal de delgadeza na insatisfação corporal e na alimentação não saudável em uma amostra comunitária, aplicou-se o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares, o Questionário de Imagem Corporal e o Questionário de Influências do Modelo Estético Corporal a 130 mulheres estudantes, cuja média de idade foi de 19.44 anos. A análise de dados revelou que a interiorização do ideal de delgadeza mediou a relação entre a influência de pares e a insatisfação corporal (β=0.14, p>.05), assim como a relação entre a influência de pares e a alimentação não saudável (β=0.09, p>.05). Este estudo apoia a hipótese de que a interiorização do ideal de delgadeza é um importante mediador na insatisfação corporal e na alimentação não saudável em jovens mexicanas.

Intention to quit among Indian tobacco users: Findings from International Tobacco Control Policy evaluation India pilot survey.

Introduction: Tobacco users face barriers not just in quitting, but also in thinking about quitting. The aim of this study was to understand factors encouraging intention to quit from the 2006 International Tobacco Control Policy (TCP) Evaluation India Pilot Study Survey. Materials and Methods: A total of 764 adult respondents from urban and rural areas of Maharashtra and Bihar were surveyed through face-to-face individual interviews, with a house-to-house approach. Dependent variable was "intention to quit tobacco." Independent variables were demographic variables, peer influence, damage perception, receiving advice to quit, and referral to cessation services by healthcare professionals and exposure to anti-tobacco messages. Logistic regression model was used with odds ratio adjusted for location, age, gender, and marital status for statistical analysis. Results: Of 493 tobacco users, 32.5% intended to quit. More numbers of users who were unaware about their friends' tobacco use intended to quit compared to those who were aware (adjusted OR = 8.06, 95% CI = 4.58-14.19). Higher numbers of users who felt tobacco has damaged their health intended to quit compared to those who did not feel that way (adjusted OR = 5.62, 95% CI = 3.53-8.96). More numbers of users exposed to anti-tobacco messages in newspapers/magazines (adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.02-3.03), restaurants (adjusted OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.37-4.46), radio (adjusted OR=4.84, 95% CI = 3.01-7.78), cinema halls (adjusted OR = 9.22, 95% CI = 5.31-15.75), and public transportation (adjusted OR = 10.58, 95% = 5.90-18.98) intended to quit compared to unexposed users. Conclusion: Anti-tobacco messages have positive influence on user's intentions to quit.

Insatisfacción corporal en interacción con autoestima, influencia de pares y dieta restrictiva: Una revisión / Body dissatisfaction in interaction with self-esteem, peer influence and dietary restraint: A systematic review

Diversas investigaciones se han realizado con la finalidad de conocer el papel de la insatisfacción corporal en el desarrollo de los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario (TCA). A pesar de esto, son pocas las revisiones que permiten tener una visión de lo que se ha encontrado y hacia dónde deben dirigirse futuras investigaciones. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este escrito fue hacer una revisión sistemática de aquellos artículos en los cuales se evaluó la insatisfacción corporal en interacción con factores biopsicosociales. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, PsycINFO y Science Direct, de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos, se analizaron 44 artículos. La población femenina y los adolescentes fueron los principales focos de atención en las investigaciones que abordan la insatisfacción corporal, además esta revisión permite observar que a pesar de que la insatisfacción corporal ha sido ampliamente estudiada, aún hay inconsistencias entre investigaciones, las cuales pueden ser explicadas a partir de la edad de los participantes, los instrumentos empleados, el diseño del estudio, entre otras. Es por ello que se considera pertinente seguir extendiendo los estudios relacionados a esta temática no sólo en mujeres adolescentes, sino también en aquellas muestras menos estudiadas, teniendo en cuenta las deficiencias metodológicas señaladas en este escrito.

Several research have been realized in order to understand the role of body dissatisfaction in the development of Eating Disorders (ED). Despite this, there are few reviews that permit have insight in what has been found and where future research should be addressed. So, the aim of this paper was to make a systematic review of those articles in which was evaluated body dissatisfaction in interactions with biopsychosocial factors. For this was done a search in the databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Science Direct, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria established, 44 articles were analyzed. Women and teenagers were the major focus on research about body dissatisfaction, this review can also be noted that although body dissatisfaction has been widely studied, there are still inconsistencies between research, which can be explained by the age of the participants, the measures used, study design, among others. For this, it is considered appropriate to further expand the studies related to this issue not only in female adolescents, but also in those samples less studied, taking into account the failures methodological identified in this paper.

A National Study on the Prevalence and Factors Associated with Smoking Amongst Malaysians Aged 18 Years and Above

Objective: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Malaysia with the objectives of determining the prevalence of smoking in Malaysia, reasons for starting to smoke, age first started to smoke, duration of smoking and to determine the relationship between smoking and age, sex,race, education level, peer influence and parental smoking status. Methods:All residents aged 18 years and above from selected households were included in this study. A standardised pre-tested structured questionnaire was used in this study. Results: The results showed that the overall mean age of the 17.246 respondents was 38.8 (95% CI=38.5-39.2) years with a range of 18-100 years. The majority were Malays (55.5%) followed by Chinese (21.2%) and Indians (11.2%). The age , sex and ethnicity adjusted prevalence of ever and current smokers were 32.0% and 24.9% respectively. The prevalence of ever and current smokers for males was 59.3% and 47.2% respectively. For the females,the prevalence of ever and current smokers was 4.8% and 2.7% respectively. The highest ethnicity adjusted prevalence of current smokers was in Malays (28.9%) followed by the Chinese (18.7%). The lowest prevalence was amongst the Indians (16.8%). The highest prevalence of current smokers was found in Kelantan (30.2%), Terengganu (29.7%), Pahang (28.7%) and Kedah (26.9%); the lowest prevalence was in Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory (20.4%). The overall mean initiation age of current smokers was 19.2 years (95% CI=19.1. 19.4 years). The mean initiation age of male current smokers was significantly lower (18.9 years) compared to female current smokers(24.1 years). The mean duartion of smoking amongst the current smokers was 18.6 years .Males smoked significantly more cigarettes than the females (p<0.001). Discussion: Multivirate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking was significantly associated with age, sex, ethnicity, educational level and peer and family influence.