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INTRODUCTION: Based on the perspective of children's intersubjectivity, it is understood that infants are able to interact with infants from a very early age. These interactions can offer important constitutive experiences for themOBJECTIVE: It was investigated how interactions between infants-infants/toddlers in institutional foster care occur, describing: the frequency of these interactions; the emotional-communicative resources involved; partners' responsiveness; and the environmental organizationMETHODS: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory case study was conducted. Participants were focal baby (aged between 10 and 13 months) and their interactive peers (4 to 17 months) in institutional care. We used weekly video recordings for three months in the naturalistic context. The categories "attention orientation", "search/maintenance of proximity", "social exchanges", and "responsiveness" were quantified and compared with the interaction between infant and caregiver. Interactive episodes were also thoroughly describedRESULTS: Cribs, strollers, gates, and grids, with few toys available, marked the organization of the physical-social space. It was observed that the infants spent most of their time in individual activities (alone); and their social behaviors were more often directed to caregivers The interactions between infants/toddlers were less frequent, although it was with the peers that social exchanges, joint activities, and co-regulated interactions occurred the most (with reciprocity and sharing). Peer responsiveness also involved empathic and pro-social behaviors (with experiences of interpersonal engagement), where attentional, emotional, and motivational processes operated.CONCLUSION: Peers interactions between infants/toddlers in institutional care were infrequent. However, when it occurred, the children showed sensitivity and responsiveness to their peers' emotional-communicative expressions. The organization of the institutional environment proved to be a relevant constraint of peer interactions: due to the material/spatial arrangement that made contact between children difficult; and by the absence of the adult as a promoter of these interactions. Finally, we call attention to the need for further investigations about interactive indicators of infants in institutional care
INTRODUÇÃO: Com base na perspectiva da intersubjetividade infantil, entende-se que bebês são capazes de interagir com bebês desde muito cedo; e tais interações podem oferecer importantes experiências constitutivas às criançasOBJETIVO: Investigou-se como se dão as interações de bebê-bebês/crianças pequenas em instituição de acolhimento (abrigo), descrevendo: a frequência destas interações; os recursos emocionais-comunicativos envolvidos; a responsividade dos parceiros; e, a organização do ambiente enquanto circunscritorMÉTODO: Conduziu-se Estudo de Caso descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, acompanhando as interações de bebê focal (10-13 meses) com seus pares (de 4 a 17 meses), em instituição acolhimento. Realizaram-se videogravações semanais, por três meses no contexto naturalístico. Categorias como "orientação da atenção", "busca/manutenção de proximidade", "trocas sociais" e "responsividade" foram quantificadas e comparadas com interações bebê-cuidadores. Episódios interativos foram minuciosamente descritosRESULTADOS: A organização do espaço físico-social foi marcada por berços, carrinhos, portões e grades, com poucos brinquedos disponíveis. Verificou-se que os bebês permaneceram grande parte do tempo em atividades individuais (sozinhos) e seus comportamentos sociais foram mais frequentemente direcionados aos cuidadores. As interações bebê-bebês/crianças pequenas ocorreram em menor frequência e, mesmo assim, foram nestas que mais se observaram atividades conjuntas e interações co-reguladas (envolvendo reciprocidade e compartilhamento). A responsividade dos pares envolveu, inclusive, comportamentos empáticos e pró-sociais (com experiência de engajamento interpessoal), onde operavam processos atencionais, emocionais e motivacionaisCONCLUSÃO: As interações de pares de bebês acolhidos se mostraram pouco frequentes. Mas, quando ocorreram, as crianças demonstraram sensibilidade e responsividade às expressões emocionais-comunicativas dos seus coetâneos. A organização do ambiente institucional mostrou-se relevante circunscritor das interações de pares: pelo arranjo material/espacial que dificultava o contato entre as crianças pequenas; e pela ausência do adulto como agente promotor destas interações. Destaca-se a importância de novas investigações sobre indicadores interacionais no acolhimento de bebês
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Objective To explore the effect of virtual reality technology in the promotion of peer in?teraction ability in children with high functioning autism( HFA) . Methods 15 children with HFA were re?cruited and divided into control group( n=5) ,experimental group 1( n=5) and experimental group 2( n=5) with IQ and gender matching. The experimental group 1 received the attentional bias modification task,the flash animation technology task using virtual reality technology and the task in the real environment. The ex?perimental group 2 received the flash animation technology task using virtual reality technology and the task in the real environment. The control group received the task in the real environment only. Results ( 1) Af?ter the attentional bias modification,compared with the experimental group 2,the experimental group 1 was shorter on reaction time( T1=16.0,T2=39.0, U=1.0, P=0.016) ,and was higher on the accuracy( T1=40.0, T2=15.0, U=0.0, P=0.008).(2)The scores of the experimental group 1 in the other?regarding(T1=39.5, T2=15.5, U=0.5, P<0.01) and the using language( T1=38.0,T2=17.0, U=2.0, P<0.05) were higher than the experimental group 2.(3) The scores of the experimental group 1 in the other?regarding,using language and rule executor were higher than those of the control group(all P<0.01).(4) The score of the experimental group 2 in the other?regarding was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05) . Conclusion The attention bias correction based virtual reality peer interaction technology can effectively improve the ability of other?re?garding,language using and execution rules of children with HFA in the real environment.
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La investigación se centra en conocer el efecto de un programa de tutoría entre iguales en el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora. Integraron la población de estudio 127 alumnos del grupo de intervención y 75 del grupo de comparación, pertenecientes a cuatro centros educativos de primaria. Participaron ocho profesores responsables de la modulación de las sesiones. Por medio de un estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo de comparación, combinado con un análisis del proceso de una submuestra de 12 parejas, se conocieron las actuaciones habituales de los alumnos durante el desarrollo de las actividades. Los resultados obtenidos muestran avances estadísticamente significativos en el grupo de intervención, y no en el de comparación. Las mejoras en comprensión lectora se produjeron en todos los alumnos, con efectos mayores en los tutores o los que desempeñaron ambos roles en tutorías recíprocas. El análisis de la interacción muestra que la tutoría entre iguales y la estructuración en el seno de las parejas han permitido que los alumnos aprendan gracias a la ayuda andamiada recibida (pistas y enlace de ideas), en el caso de los tutorados, o gracias a aprender enseñando, en el de los tutores.
This study focuses on learning about the effect of a peer tutoring program on the development of reading comprehension. The study comprised 127 students in the intervention group, along with 75 students in the comparison group, all of them enrolled in 4 primary schools. The study also involved 8 teachers, who were responsible for modulating the sessions. A quasi-experimental study was carried out, which included a comparison group, combined with analysis of the working sessions of a sub-sample of 12 pairs, to learn about the usual actions of students during the activity. The obtained results show statistically significant progress by the intervention group, but not by the comparison group. Improvement in reading comprehension affected all students, with higher effects on tutors or participants who carried out both roles in reciprocal tutorials. Analysis of the interaction shows that peer tutoring and organization of peer interaction has allowed students to learn due to the structuring of the help received (prompting and linking of ideas), in the case of the tutorials, or due to the learning by teaching strategy in the tutors.
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Humans , Male , Female , Child , Mentoring , Reading , Comprehension , LearningABSTRACT
Se describieron las verbalizaciones de seis estudiantes universitarios que resolvieron colaborativamente un problema poco estructurado. Partiendo de que aportaban información sobre la regulación metacognitiva y la solución de problemas, las verbalizaciones fueron categorizadas en niveles. Se utilizaron matrices espacio estado para interpretar los niveles de verbalización y los procesos de resolución de problemas poco estructurados. Se evidenció el predominio de verbalizaciones no reguladas, la ausencia de verbalizaciones relacionadas a la elaboración de justificaciones y la superficialidad del monitoreo y la evaluación. La evidencia apoya la idea de que la interacción entre pares no mejora por sí misma la solución de problemas. Los resultados invitan al diseño de situaciones de resolución de problemas que efectivamente promuevan la regulación metacognitiva entre pares.
Verbalizations of six undergraduate students that collaboratively solved an ill-structured problem were described. It was assumed that verbalizations provided information about metacognitive regulation and problem solving. The verbalizations were categorized into levels to identify verbal expressions that demonstrate both metacognitive regulation and ill-structured problem solving processes. State space grids were used to represent and interpret verbalization levels and ill-structured problem solving processes. Results showed predominance of unregulated verbalizations, absence of utterances related to justification generation and superficial monitoring and evaluation. The evidence supports the idea that peer interaction itself does not improve problem solving. The results invite to design problem solving situations that effectively promote metacognitive regulation.
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O trabalho discute o papel dos parceiros, em contexto lúdico, no processo de desenvolvimento da criança com necessidades especiais. Foram observadas, em situação de brincadeira, as interações entre crianças de 4-12 anos, com diagnóstico de deficiência visual (baixa visão ou cegueira), muitas com problemas orgânicos adicionais e dificuldades de aprendizagem. Foram selecionados episódios representativos das capacidades dessas crianças, e estes permitiram a identificação de dois grupos de categorias: (a) modos de brincar (individual ou em grupo); (b) modos de se relacionar (amistoso ou agonístico) das crianças. A análise dos dados indicou a importância da interação entre pares no processo de desenvolvimento das crianças com necessidades especiais e revelou a situação de brincadeira como espaço favorável para a construção dessas interações.
The present study discussed the role of peer interaction, in a free-play situation, to the development of children with special needs. The interactions between visually impaired children (low vision or blindness), most of them with additional organic problems and/or learning difficulties, were observed in a free-play situation. The investigation of episodes which were representative of different abilities of the children lead to the identification of two categories: (a) ways of playing (individually or in group), and (b) kinds of relationships between peers (friendly or agonistic). The analysis pointed to peer interaction as an important contributing factor to the development of children with special needs and suggested that free-play situations can constitute favorable settings for the construction of those interactions.