Primer registro de angioembolización de arterias hipogástricas en contexto de trauma pélvico en Uruguay / First report of hypogastric arteries angioembolization within the context of pelvic trauma in Uruguay / Primeiro registro de angioembolização de artérias hipogástricas no contexto de traumatismo pélvico no Uruguai

Resumen: El trauma pélvico grave es una situación de extrema gravedad con alta mortalidad, siendo la principal causa de muerte el shock hemorrágico persistente, secundario a varias fuentes de sangrado óseas, viscerales y principalmente venosas y arteriales. Las medidas iniciales van dirigidas a disminuir el volumen de la cavidad pélvica y la reposición hemostática. En los últimos años evidencia creciente respalda la utilización de la angioembolización en el manejo de estos pacientes. Presentamos a través de un caso clínico el primer reporte en Uruguay de angioembolización no selectiva de ambas arterias hipogástricas en el manejo del trauma pélvico grave. Discutiremos a través de un caso clínico la fisiopatología del trauma pélvico grave y principalmente las indicaciones, resultados y complicaciones de la angioembolización.

Summary: Pelvic trauma is an extremely severe condition accounting for high mortality rates, and is the first cause of death in persistent hemorrhagic shock, secondary to several sources of bleeding, such as bone, viscera and mainly veins and arteries. Initial measures aim to reduce the volume of the pelvic cavity and to restore hemostasis. In recent years, growing evidence supports the use of angioembolization in the handling of these patients. The study presents, through a clinical case, the first report in Uruguay of non-selective angioembolization of both hypogastric arteries in the handling of severe pelvic trauma. We will discuss the pathophysiology of severe pelvic trauma through a clinical case, mainly in terms of indications, results and complications of angioembolization.

Resumo: O traumatismo pélvico grave é uma situação extremamente complicada com alta mortalidade, sendo a principal causa de morte o choque hemorrágico persistente, secundário a várias fontes de sangramento ósseas, viscerais e principalmente venosas e arteriais. As medidas iniciais têm como objetivo diminuir o volume da cavidade pélvica e a reposição hemostática. Nos últimos anos, evidências crescentes apoiam o uso da angioembolização no gerenciamento desses pacientes. Apresentamos um caso clínico com o primeiro registro no Uruguai de angioembolização não seletiva de ambas as artérias hipogástricas no manejo de traumas pélvicos graves. Discutiremos a fisiopatologia do traumatismo pélvico grave e principalmente as indicações, resultados e complicações da angioembolização.

Implementación de balón de resucitación aórtico endovascular (REBOA) para el control de hemorragia no compresible de torso / Implementation of the resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) for the control of non-compressible torso hemorrhage

Resumen Introducción: La hemorragia no compresible de torso, actualmente tiene una alta morbimortalidad aún en los centros de referencia más especializados. El REBOA es una herramienta emergente que se utiliza como control hemostático precoz en este tipo de pacientes. Caso Clínico: Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 25 años que sufre un trauma pélvico grave tras caer de altura. Ingresa hemodinámicamente inestable por lo cual se activa protocolo de transfusión masiva y realiza acceso arterial femoral común derecho. Al presentar una respuesta transitoria a la reanimación, se instala balón de REBOA en zona 3, logrando aumentar presión sistólica hasta 130 mmHg, trasladando posteriormente a quirófano. Se realiza packing pélvico preperitoneal y fijación externa, desinflando el balón después de 29 min en zona 3. La paciente sale a unidad de cuidados intensivos sin drogas vasoactivas, para completar cirugía a las 48 h y fijación definitiva 6 días después. La paciente evoluciona en buenas condiciones generales.

Introduction: Non-compressible torso hemorrhage currently has a high morbidity and mortality even in the most specialized referral centers. REBOA is an emerging tool that is used as early hemostatic control in this type of patient. Clinical Case: We present the case of a 25-year-old female patient who suffers severe pelvic trauma after falling from a height. He was admitted hemodynamically unstable, for which a massive transfusion protocol was activated and a right common femoral arterial access was performed. After presenting a transient response to resuscitation, a REBOA balloon was installed in zone 3, increasing systolic pressure up to 130 mmHg, later transferring to the operating room. Preperitoneal pelvic packing and external fixation were performed, deflating the balloon after 29 minutes in zone 3. The patient left the intensive care unit without vasoactive drugs, to complete surgery 48 hours later and definitive fixation 6 days later. The patient evolves in good general condition.

Iliac ecchymosis, a valuable sign for hollow viscus injuries in blunt pelvic trauma patients / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Pelvic fractures are characterized by high energy injuries and often accompanied with abdominal and pelvic organ injury. CT has been applied for several decades to evaluate blunt pelvic trauma patients. However, it has a certain rate of inaccurate diagnosis of abdominal hollow viscus injury (HVI), especially in the early stage after injury. The delayed diagnosis of HVI could result in a high morbidity and mortality. The bowel injury prediction score (BIPS) applied 3 clinical variables to determine whether an early surgical intervention for blunt HVI was necessary. We recently found another clinical variable (iliac ecchymosis, IE) which appeared at the early stage of injury, could be predicted for HVI. The main objective of this study was to explore the novel combination of IE and BIPS to enhance the early diagnosis rate of HVI, and thus reduce complications and mortalities.@*METHODS@#We conducted a retrospective analysis from January 2008 to December 2018 and recorded blunt pelvic trauma patients in our hospital. The inclusion criteria were patients who were verified with pelvic fractures using abdomen and pelvis CT scan in the emergency department before any surgical intervention. The exclusion criteria were abdominal CT insufficiency before operation, abdominal surgery before CT scan, and CT mesenteric injury grade being 5. The MBIPS was defined as BIPS plus IE, which was calculated according to 4 variables: white blood cell counts of 17.0 or greater, abdominal tenderness, CT scan grade for mesenteric injury of 4 or higher, and the location of IE. Each clinical variable counted 1 score, totally 4 scores. The location and severity of IE was also noted.@*RESULTS@#In total, 635 cases were hospitalized and 62 patients were enrolled in this study. Of these included patients, 77.4% (40 males and 8 females) were operated by exploratory laparotomy and 22.6% (8 males and 6 females) were treated conservatively. In the 48 patients underwent surgical intervention, 46 were confirmed with HVI (45 with IE and 1 without IE). In 46 patients confirmed without HVI, only 3 patients had IE and the rest had no IE. The sensitivity and specificity of IE in predicting HVI was calculated as 97.8% (45/46) and 81.3% (13/16), respectively. The median MBIPS score for surgery group was 2, while 0 for the conservative treatment group. The incidence of HVI in patients with MBIPS score ≥ 2 was significantly higher than that in patients with MBIPS score less than ≤ 2 (OR = 17.3, p < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#IE can be recognized as an indirect sign of HVI because of the high sensitivity and specificity, which is a valuable sign for HVI in blunt pelvic trauma patients. MBIPS can be used to predict HVI in blunt pelvic trauma patients. When the MBIPS score is ≥ 2, HVI is strongly suggested.

Effect of angioembolisation versus surgical packing on mortality in traumatic pelvic haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND: The management of complex pattern of bleeding associated with pelvic trauma remains a big chalenge for trauma surgeons. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of angioembolisation and pelvic packing in patients with pelvic trauma. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of electronic information sources, including MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; the CENTRAL; the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry; ClinicalTrials.gov; ISRCTN Register, and bibliographic reference lists. The primary outcome was defined as mortality. Combined overall effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models. Results are reported as the odds ratio (OR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: We identified 3 observational studies reporting a total of 120 patients undergoing angioembolisation (n=60) or pelvic packing (n=60) for pelvic trauma. Reporting of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) was variable, with higher ISS in the pelvic packing group. The risk of bias was low in two studies, and moderate in one. The pooled analysis demonstrated that angioembolisation did not significantly reduce mortality in patients with pelvic trauma compared to surgery (OR=1.99; 95％CI= 0.83–4.78,P=0.12). There was mild between-study heterogeneity (I2=0％, P=0.65). CONCLUSION: Our analysis found no significant difference in mortality between angioembolisation and pelvic packing in patients with traumatic pelvic haemorrhage. The current level of evidence in this context is very limited and insufficient to support the superiority of a treatment modality. Future research is required.

Tratamiento Quirúrgico de la estenosis bulbomembranosa secundaria a fractura pelviana: resultados funcionales / Bulbomenbranous Urethral Stricture After Pelvic Fracture: Surgical Managment and Functional Outcomes

Objetivos: La incidencia de lesión uretral bulboprostática secundaria a fractura pelviana es del 5-10%. Una uretroplastia exitosa garantiza el comienzo de la rehabilitación de los pacientes. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de la estenosis uretral secundaria a fractura pelviana y resultados funcionales: tasa de éxito, reestenosis, disfunción eréctil e incontinencia urinaria. Evaluamos si existe asociación entre la falta de erecciones postrauma y la reestenosis. Materiales y métodos: Cincuenta y tres pacientes fueron operados durante el período comprendido entre 2001 y 2015. Todos fueron estudiados con cistoscopia flexible, cistouretrografía retrógrada y miccional. La técnica quirúrgica empleada fue la resección y anastomosis primaria. Se utilizó siempre la sistemática del abordaje perineal progresivo para lograr una anastomosis sin tensión. Interrogamos sobre la calidad de las erecciones posterior al trauma y después de la cirugía, y su estado de continencia urinaria. Se realizó un análisis estadístico donde se evaluó si la falta de erecciones era un factor de riesgo para recaída. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 34,5 (r=17-67) años. La longitud promedio de la estenosis fue de 2,28 cm, siendo la uretra bulbomembranosa la más afectada (89%). La tasa de éxito fue del 86% (46/53), que asciende al 94% (50/53) al asociar un procedimiento endoscópico. Un solo paciente refirió disfunción eréctil postcirugía (1/19; 5,3%). Dos (3,7%) pacientes evolucionaron con incontinencia de orina de esfuerzo. No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo de pacientes con erecciones y aquellos sin erecciones en cuanto a la posibilidad de reestenosis. Conclusiones: La anastomosis bulbomembranosa por vía perineal es el tratamiento de elección de la estenosis uretral postfractura pelviana. Los índices de incontinencia de orina y disfunción eréctil no aumentan significativamente luego de la uretroplastia. En nuestra experiencia, la falta de erecciones preoperatoria no predice mayor índice de recaídas(AU)

Objectives: Bulboprostatic urethral stricture after pelvic fracture occurs in about 5-10%. A successful urethroplasty guarantees the beginning of patient recovery. We present our experience in the surgical management of posterior urethral stricture after pelvic fracture and functional outcomes (success and failure rates, erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence). The association between the lack of erections post-trauma and the incidence of restenosis was also evaluated. Materials and methods: 53 patients were operated between 2001- 2015. Preop workout included a flexible cystoscopy and a combination of retrograde and voiding cystourethrogram to define the site and length of urethral stricture. Resection and primary anastomosis was the technique always employed. In all cases the progressive perineal approach was followed in order to achieve a tension free anastomosis. Erectile function and urinary continence were evaluated before and after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate if lack of erections was a failure predictor. Results: Median age was 34.5 (r=17-67) years. Median urethral stricture length was 2.28 cm. Bulbomembranous junction was the most affected portion (89%). Success rate was 86% (46/53) ascending to 94% (50/53) when an endoscopic procedure was associated. One patient referred erectile dysfunction after surgery (1/19; 5.3%). Two patients (3.7%) developed stress urinary incontinence. The restenosis rate did not show statiscally differences between the erectile dysfunction and non-erectile dysfunction group. Conclusions: Perineal bulbomembranous anastomosis is the elected procedure for urethral stricture after pelvic fracture. Incidence of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction are not significantly elevated after urethroplasty. In our experience, lack of erections before surgery does not predict a higher rate of restenosis(AU)

Development of the Pelvic and Lower Limb Immobilization Device: A Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Innovation Project

Uncontrolled bleeding due to pelvic fractures contributes to trauma-related morbidity and mortality. Three main strategies that have been outlined to combat this condition which include reduction of pelvic volume that lead to tamponade-like effect, arresting haemorrhage through angioembolization of the major vessels, and stabilization of the pelvic bone with external fixation need to be initiated early. A prehospital device that allow these strategies will aid significantly in the management of the patient. At present most devices used to treat pelvic fractures in the pre-hospital setting do have its’ own advantages but also have some limitations. A characteristic ‘wish-list’ of a good pelvic and lower limb immobilization device was created and the research team from UKM takes the challenge to design and produce a device that concurs to it. A two phase development project that incorporate anthropometric, biomechanical, cadaveric and radiological study was carried out over a period of seven years. Finally, BRIMTM immobilizer, a new pelvic and lower limb immobilization device that is user friendly, tough, cost effective, radiolucent, light and reusable that answers most of the requirement of a good device was invented.

The Importance of the Trauma Surgeon: A Reflection on the Management of Hemodynamically Unstable Pelvic Trauma Patients

PURPOSE: Pelvic trauma is a serious skeletal injury with high mortality. Especially in cases of severe injury trauma, treatment outcomes depend on early diagnosis and intervention. We expect trauma surgeon to play an important role in the management of severe multiple trauma patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on pelvic trauma patients with hemodynamic instability between March 2005 and September 2009. We divided the time period into period I (March 2005~Feburary 2009) and period II (March 2009~September 2009). The trauma surgeon and team started to work from period II. Data were collected regarding demographic characteristics, mechanism of injury, type of pelvic fracture, ISS (injury severity score), treatment modality, transfusion requirement, time to definitive treatment, and mortality. RESULTS: During period I, among 7 hemodynamically unstable patients, 4(57.1%) patients died. However during Period II, only one of 6(16.6%) patients died. The demographic data and injury scores showed no differences between the two time periods, but the time to definitive treatment was very short with trauma team intervention( 14.4 hrs vs. 3.9 hrs). Also, the amount of transfusion was less(41.1 U vs. 13.9 U). With arterial embolization, early pelvic external fixation led to less transfusion and made patients more stable. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the importance of the trauma surgeon and the trauma team in cases of hemodynamically unstable pelvic trauma. Even with the same facility and resources, an active trauma team approach can increase the survival of severely injured multiple trauma patients.

Management of Penile Curvature Combined with Impotence and Complete Urethral Stricture after Pelvic Trauma / 대한남성과학회지

After pelvic trauma, complications of urethral stricture and organic impotence may develop. Certain cases of these are combined with penile curvature, which treatment method of artificial erection alone is not suitable, because severe penile pain may occur during erection, Therefore proper surgical methods should be added for straightening the penile curvature. After pelvic trauma, complete urethral stricture and organic impotence with penile curvature developed in 3 patients who complained severe pain due to curvature during the intracavernosal injection test. To all, treatment of choice for complete urethral sticture was visual internal urethrotomy for prevention of further development of curvature, and for curvature, Nesbit's penile straightening operations were performed, one by one. All patients could well urinate and enjoy their sexual intercourse after intracavernosal injection of PGE1 or papaverine. We recommend visual internal urethrotomy and the Nesbit's operation as effective methods to treat the case of penile curvature combined with complete urethral stricture after pelvic trauma.

Urological Injuries Associated with Pelvic Trauma / 대한비뇨기과학회지

We have reviewed 51 consecutive cases of pelvic fractures with lower urinary tract injuries at Busan National University Hospital from 1974 to 1978 to establish the relationship between the severity of lower urinary tract injuries and types of bone injuries. The results were summarized as follows: 1)The lower urinary tract injuries with pelvic fractures occurred most commonly in the male, ranging in age from 21 to 50 years old. 2)35 of the 51 patients (70.6%) with lower urinary tract injuries were accompanied by pubic rami fractures, the urethral injuries were chiefly accompanied by unilateral or bilateral pubic rami fractures and bladder ruptures were mainly accompanied by straddle fractures or dislocation of the pelvis. 3. Milder degree of urethral injuries occurred more likely in the patients with unilateral pubic ramus fractures, whereas more severe urethral injuries occurred frequently in the patients with bilateral pubic rami fractures, straddle fractures or with total disruption of the pelvis.