Sensibilización a los alérgenos de las penicilinas en pacientes que padecen enfermedades alérgicas / Sensitization to penicillin allergens in patients suffering from allergic diseases

Los antibióticos ß-lactámicos son los más utilizados, dada su eficacia para patógenos bacterianos comunes y su precio relativamente bajo. Para evaluar la sensibilización a los alérgenos mayores y menores de la penicilina en pacientes que padecen enfermedades alérgicas, se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles, en el universo de 458 individuos derivados al Servicio de Alergia Previsora (Camagüey, Cuba), desde enero del 2010 hasta noviembre del 2016. Se seleccionó una muestra de 178 niños y adultos con el diagnóstico de asma, rinitis y urticaria de las edades 6 a 60 años. Los que tenían antecedentes, no confirmados, de alergia a penicilinas se consideraron casos (n=60) y los que no tenían el antecedente controles (n=118). Toda la muestra tenía pruebas de Prick positivas a uno o más de los ácaros domésticos Dermatophagoides pteronysinus, Dermatophagoides siboney y Blomia tropicalis, así como a algún alimento. Un grupo de ellos también resultaron positivos a PPL y MD. Se distribuyeron los pacientes en sensibilizados o no con los alérgenos PPL y MD. La prevalencia general de alergia a las penicilinas fue de 24,15 por ciento (15,7 por ciento en los casos y 8,9 por ciento en los controles). La prueba DAP® - Penicilinas mostró mayor número de positivos en los casos que en los controles (p=0,037, OR=5,21). Del total de alérgicos a las penicilinas, el mayor número de pacientes correspondieron al sexo femenino (p=0,031). El test cutáneo con alérgenos PPL y MD puede confirmar el diagnóstico de alergia a penicilinas en pacientes atópicos(AU)

ß-lactam antibiotics are the most widely used, given their efficacy for common bacterial pathogens and their relatively low price. To evaluate sensitization to major and minor allergens of penicillin in patients suffering from allergic diseases, an observational, analytical study of cases and controls was carried out in the universe of 458 individuals referred to the Previsora Allergy Service (Camagüey, Cuba) from January 2010 to November 2016. A sample of 178 children and adults aged 6 to 60 years diagnosed with asthma, rhinitis and urticarial was selected. Those who had a medical history, not confirmed, of allergy to penicillins were considered cases (n=60) and those who did not have the antecedent were the controls (n=118). All the sample had positive Prick tests to one or more of the house mites Dermatophagoides pteronysinus, Dermatophagoides siboney and Blomia tropicalis, as well as against some foods. Some individuals were also positive for PPL and MD. Patients were distributed in sensitized or not with the allergens PPL and MD. The general prevalence of allergy to penicillins was 24.15 percent (15.7 percent in cases and 8.9 percent in controls). The DAP® - Penicillins test showed a greater number of positives in cases than in controls (p=0.037; OR=5.21). The largest number of patients allergic to penicillins corresponded to the female sex (p=0.031). The skin test with allergens PPL and MD can confirm the diagnosis of allergy to penicillins in atopic patients(AU)

Utility of penicillin allergy testing in patients presenting with a history of penicillin allergy

BACKGROUND: Current statistics show that approximately 10% of patients claim to be allergic to penicillin yet only 10% of these have demonstrable allergy. The most appropriate and cost-effective antibiotics are sometimes withheld on the basis of patient history of drug allergy. OBJECTIVE: Investigation of IgE hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity in patients with a history of penicillin allergy to a teaching hospital allergy clinic. METHODS: Patients underwent skin prick and intradermal testing (IDT) with major and minor penicillin determinants. Those with negative skin tests were administered a three-day oral challenge. Demographic and clinical details about the reactions were noted. RESULTS: One hundred twenty eight patients underwent testing, of these, one hundred and ten had self-reported histories of penicillin allergy and eighteen were referred because of other antibiotic allergies. Seventeen patients with self-reported penicillin allergy had either positive skin tests or oral challenge results, corresponding to 15% of patients having proven allergy. None reacted on skin prick testing, four reacted to IDT, thirteen reacted to oral challenge (five immediate and eight delayed). Analysis of clinical histories showed that patients with a well-defined history of allergy and a history of anaphylaxis were more likely to have a positive test compared to patients with vague histories. Skin testing proved to be less sensitive than oral challenge. CONCLUSION: A minority of patients presenting with a history of penicillin allergy have evidence of immune-mediated hypersensitivity (17/110, 15%) in this study. Of these, eight out of seventeen (47%) had delayed reactions, demonstrating the usefulness and discriminating power of objective testing, which must include three-day oral challenge. Discriminating factors for immune-mediated allergy from patient history were a clear description of the original reaction and a history of anaphylaxis. Negative allergy testing enables the use of penicillin as first-line treatment when necessary and this can significantly reduce costs of antibiotics.

A rational approach to the detection and management of penicillin allergy with report of four cases

Four cases of penicillin allergy depicting the immediate as well as the delayed hypersensitivity reactions are presented. The first three cases are considered life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin and the fourth case is as occupational allergic reaction to penicillin. The problems of penicillin allergy, which are mostly detection and confirmation of penicillin are discussedIn the final analysis, the practitioners only recourse is the use of benzylpenicillin as a skin test antigen and his ability to elicit a good allergic history. An obvious history of immediate hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin or an apparent major allergic disease cancels the doing of skin test and giving of penicillin to these patients. If there is doubt as to the status of penicillin allergies of the patient and if the use of penicillin is highly indicated, skin test must be performed. A positive skin test should be taken for its face value. However, a negative skin test gives no complete guarantee that allergic reaction will not take place. This particular void can be diminished further by the collaboration of other in vitro tests mentionedGeneric and trade names of drugsPrednisolone and chlorpheniramine - HistacortErythromycin - ErythrocinPrednisolone succinate - Diadreson F. AquosumPotassium phenoxymethyl penicillin - Sumapen VKBenzyl benzoate - BenzophedCrystalline procaine penicillin, G crystalline penicillin G potassium and streptomycin - Pen-Strep (4:1)Dexamethasone - Oradexon (Summary)