Estimation of body fat in children with intellectual disability: development and cross-validation of a simple anthropometric method

Abstract Objective Population-level monitoring of body composition requires accurate, biologically-relevant, yet feasible methods for estimating percent body fat (%BF). The aim of this study was to develop and cross-validate an equation for %BF from Body Mass Index (BMI), age, and sex among children with intellectual disability (ID). This study further aimed to examine the performance of an existing BMI-based equation (Deurenberg equation) for %BF in children with ID. Method Participants were 107 children (63 boys; aged 6-15 years) with ID randomly allocated to development (n= 81) and cross-validation (n= 26) samples. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry provided the criterion %BF. Results The model including BMI, age, and sex (0 = male; 1 = female) had a significant goodness-of-fit in determining %BF (p< 0.001; R2= 0.69; SEE =5.68%). The equation was: %BF = - 15.416 + (1.394 × BMI) + (4.538 × age) - (0.262 × age2) + (5.489 × sex). The equation was cross-validated in the separate sample based on (i) strong correlation (r = 0.82; p< 0.001) and non-significant differences between actual and predicted %BF (28.6 ± 9.6% and 30.1 ± 7.1%, respectively); (ii) mean absolute error (MAE) = 4.4%; and (iii) reasonable %BF estimations in Bland-Altman plot (mean: 1.48%; 95% CI: 12.5, -9.6). The Deurenberg equation had a large %BF underestimation (mean: -7.1%; 95% CI: 5.3, -19.5), significant difference between actual and estimated %BF (28.6 ± 9.7% and 21.5 ± 7.0%, respectively; p< 0.001), and MAE = 8.1%. Conclusions The developed equation with BMI, sex, and age provides valid %BF estimates for facilitating population-level body fat screening among children with ID.

Correlation between body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness decline in physical examination population of different genders / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the correlation between the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) decline in physical examination population of different genders.Methods:Clinical data of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and body composition analysis of 439 people who received physical examination in the Medical Examination Center of Peking University Third Hospital from May 2021 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The general data, physical examination, biochemical parameters, body composition and CPET results were collected. The subjects were divided into normal group and decline group according to the percentage of peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) levels ≥ 85% or<85%. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the influencing factors of CRF decline in subjects of different genders. Results:Among men, total cholesterol and triglyceride in the decline group were significantly higher than those in the normal group [(5.097±0.890) vs (4.865±0.856) mmol/L, (1.778±1.200) vs (1.485±0.709) mmol/L], and the blood homocysteine (Hcy) and skeletal muscle index were significantly lower than those in the normal group [13.00 (11.30, 15.90) vs 13.80 (12.05, 17.10) μmol/L, (7.89±0.65) vs (8.08±0.64) kg/m 2] (all P<0.05). Among women, skeletal muscle index in the decline group was significantly lower than that in the normal group [(6.21±0.52) vs (6.53±0.56)kg/m 2], and percent body fat was significantly higher than that in the normal group [(32.83±4.92)% vs (31.21±4.55)%] (all P<0.05). The elevation of triglyceride level ( OR=1.487, 95% CI: 1.042-2.121) and visceral fat area ( OR=1.032, 95% CI: 1.014-1.051) were positively correlated with the decline of CRF in man, the decrease of skeletal muscle index ( OR=0.215, 95% CI: 0.106-0.435) and the increase of percent body fat ( OR=1.149, 95% CI: 1.060-1.245) were positively correlated with the decrease of CRF in women (all P<0.05). Conclusions:There is a correlation between body composition and CRF decline in physical examination population of different genders. Men should control visceral fat more effectively, and women should pay attention to increase muscle mass while reducing body fat, in order to improve CRF.

Body composition of Mongolian in Western China / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the body composition characteristics of four ethnic groups in Western Mongolia. Methods Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used on the Western Mongolia four ethnic groups 18 indices of body composition. which include Qinghai Khoshut tribe(166 males, 195 females), Xinjiang Chahar tribe (217 males, 226 females), Xinjiang Torgouts tribe(112 males, 127 females), Alxa Khoshut tribe (89 males, 144 females).Using principal component analysis method to explore the characteristics of the Mongolian body composition in the west of China. Results The body composition data of four ethnic groups were obtained. The gender difference of most indicators was statistically significant. The fat rate of female trunk and limbs was higher, while the muscle mass of male was larger. Principal component analysis showed that compared with the southern ethnic group, the northern ethnic group had larger bone mass, more developed muscles and higher level of fat development. On the principal component scatter plot, the distance between the mongols in Western China and other ethnic groups was relatively far, indicating that the body composition of the mongols in Western China had unique characteristics. Conclusion Among the Chinese ethnic groups, the Western Mongolians have large bone mass, well developed muscles and high body fat.

Evaluation of awareness about obesity among general public visiting the tertiary care hospital

Background: Obesity is one of the fastest growing threats of health and well-being for both developed and developing countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the awareness about obesity among general public.Methods: After obtaining institutional ethics committee approval and written informed consent from the participants, anthropometric measures like height, weight, hip and waist circumference for computing body mass index and waist hip ratio were taken. Using portable bioelectric impedance analyzer body fat percentage was measured. A validated questionnaire including socio demographic details and questions evaluating the awareness about obesity were given to the participants.Results: Totally 100 participants were evaluated, of which majority being female. Mean height of the male and female participants was 164 and 152cm respectively. Similarly, mean weight was found to be 72 and 65 kg. Based on the body mass index only 19% participants were within normal range, remaining 81% were overweight and obese. Percent body fat and waist hip ratio was found to be increased in both sexes. Majority of the participants were aware that obesity is associated with health problems but most of them were unaware how it is measured and the dietary foods to be taken to reduce obesity. However 64% participants think that obesity can reduce the life expectancy of the individual.Conclusions: Majority of the participants were obese and overweight while awareness about preventive measures was still lacking. Hence health care personnel need to take greater effort to educate and inform people about the implications.

Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Percent Body Fat in the Diagnosis of Obesity:Based on Diagnostic Tests / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To evaluate and compare the value of predicting diseases such as hypertension and arteriosclerosis of the body mass index(BMI) and percent body fat(PBF),so as to provide the basis for evaluation of obesity.Methods Totally 3149 common residents in Jiangsu province were surveyed using the method of stratified and cluster sampling.Effective data included height,weight,PBF,blood pressure and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity(baPWV).Obesity was defined by percent body fat with the evaluation of WHO and ASBP.Areas under ROC curves(AUC)of BMI and PBF were estimated by the nonparametric test and then the two diagnostic tests were compared by predictive value of related diseases.Results(1)Predictive value of BMI to diagnose obesity(defined by PBF):AUC are respectively 0.949(for WHO standard)、0.906(for ASBP standard)in women and 0.864 in men.In age group,the 20-39 years have the highest AUC of BMI to predict obesity.P＜0.01 for above nonparametric tests.(2)According to ROC curves we got the adjusted cut-off points of BMI are respectively 26 kg/m2 in men and 25 kg/m2 in women for WHO standard or 26 kg/m2 in men and 23 kg/m2 in women for ASBP standard,while the specificity of predicting obesity decreased from 90％ ～ 99％ to 76％ ～87％,but the sensitivity significant increased from 17％ ～ 43％ to 78％ ～ 89％;After adjusting the cutoff points of BMI,the value of kappa of prevalence of obesity increased from 0.475 to 0.537 in men and 0.115 to 0.655 in women.(3)To predict hypertension,areas of BMI were 0.688(95％CI:0.656-0.720) in men and 0.745 (95％CI:0.708-0.782) in women,similarly,of PBF were 0.687 (95％CI:0.655-0.718) in men and 0.723(95％CI:0.681-0.764)in women;To predict arteriosclerosis there showed highly consistency that the areas of BMI were 0.613(0.586-0.641)in men and 0.692(95％CI:0.659-0.726)in women,meanwhile,for PBF they were 0.635 (95％CI:0.608-0.663) in men and 0.683 (95％CI:0.648-0.718) in women (P＜0.01).(4) Paired test of the two areas under ROC curves showed that PBF had higher diagnostic value than BMI in men to predict arteriosclerosis(u=2.05,P＜0.05),however,no statistical difference in women(u=0.75,P＞0.05)and in predicting hypertension(u=0.75 to men and u=1.26 to women,P＞ 0.05).Conclusions Using BMI and PBF can all predict hypertension and arteriosclerosis effectively,thus,obesity can be evaluated suitably by both BMI and PBF in large-scale population study,especially in women and youth.Relatively,WHO standard of PBF is more suitable for Chinese population to evaluate obesity than ASBP standard.

Differences in body density and percent body fat found by different methods of evaluating body composition / 体力科学

<p>The objectives of this study were 1) to quantify the differences in body densities and percent body fat using various methods for evaluating body composition (e.g., underwater weighing (UWW), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), skinfold caliper (SKF) measurement, ultrasound (US), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), and 2) to examine the relationship between trends of the differences in body density and percent body fat obtained by these methods and characteristics of morphology and body composition. To this end, the body compositions of 73 healthy male adults were measured using UWW, ADP, SKF, US, and BIA. Twenty-seven of these 73 subjects underwent further measurement using DXA. Differences in body densities determined with ADP, SKF, and US were compared with those measured using UWW as a reference, and the differences in percent body fat estimated with UWW, ADP, SKF, US and BIA were compared with those measured by DXA as a reference. The results of this study indicate that 1) ADP is useful as a method for evaluating body density, as the results differed insignificantly from the reference method and showed no systematic errors due to differences in morphological characteristics and body composition, and 2) UWW measurements exhibited the smallest difference in percent body fat from the reference method, however, more than in any other method, there were systematic errors due to differences in morphological characteristics and body composition, specifically, trunk composition.</p>

Anthropometric Profile in Relation to Playing Position of Elite Indian Soccer Players.

Background: Previous literature has demonstrated that each specialized playing position may have unique physical and physiological requirements. Body fat is highly related to playing position of football players. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine differences among positions in body size and percent body fat of elite football players prior to the start of regular season. Subjects: The subjects of this study were 34 (10 forwards, 10 midfielders, 10 defenders, 4 goalkeepers) normal, healthy elite football players without any orthopedic, respiratory or cardiovascular problems. Methods: Anthropometric profiles of the subjects were determined by measuring height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat. The prediction formula used to calculate percent body fat using BMI was: body fat % = (1.20 × BMI) + (0.23 × age) - (10.8 × gender) - 5.4 (R2 0.79, standard error estimate = 4.1% BF%), taking age and gender (male = 1, female = 0) into account. Results: The results demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.005) in the percent body fat among the players of different playing positions. Goalkeepers possessed highest values for body fat percentage followed by defenders and forwards while midfielders had the least body fat percentage. Conclusion: The study suggests that anthropometric characteristics differ in players of different playing positions. The differences found despite similar training protocol might be due to the physiological adaptations in the players.

Reference Values of Body Composition Indices: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

PURPOSE: An increase in the prevalence of obesity has been observed in children and adolescents. As remarkable changes in body composition occur with growth during the adolescent period, it is important that changes in body composition be monitored. The purpose of this study was to propose reference percentile values for body composition indices including body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed using data from the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Body composition data were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The percentile curves of body composition indices were constructed by the LMS method. RESULTS: A total of 2123 children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years were included in this study. We obtained the percentile curves for BMI and body composition indices. CONCLUSION: The reference values for body composition from this study could help with assessing body composition in Korean adolescents.

A Study on Classification of Obesity for Koreans based on the Articles in the Korean Journal of Community Nutrition: Articles Enlisted from 1996 to 2011 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to provide information on obesity assessment for Koreans. Among total of 1012 research papers enlisted in the Korean J Community Nutrition form 1996 to 2011, 248 articles were examined in which subjects were divided into more than 2 groups by obesity rate. About the method of anthropometric data collection, more than half of the research papers examined 52.5% and 28.7% of studies utilized the directly measured data and self-described data, respectively. About the utilization of obesity assessment methods, indirect methods of weight-height index (BMI, BMI percentile, and Rohrer index) and PIBW (WLR, Broca index, and KDA) were 62.4% and 23.2%, respectably, and the direct method of percent body fat assessment was only 9.3%. The most frequently utilized methods were WLR in under primary and primary school children, and BMI in the middle and high school students and in adults. For primary school students, WLR was the most frequently utilized method up to 2007, but it changed to BMI percentile afterward. Broca Index was no longer utilized since 2008. There were no articles utilizing BMI percentile and Rohrer index for obesity assessment in adults. Criteria for obesity assessment were not consistent among research papers: for example, % body fat, 19~40%; BMI, 20~30; BMI percentile, 85th or 95th. In the case of PIBW, 120% of ideal weight was the most frequently utilized criterion for obesity. Based on these findings, we suggest that proper methods and criteria of obesity assessment for each age group should be determined and proclaimed.

Percent body fat is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors than body mass index

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the predictive values of percent body fat (PBF) and body mass index (BMI) for cardiovascular risk factors, especially when PBF and BMI are conflicting. BMI was calculated by the standard formula and PBF was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. A total of 3859 ambulatory adult Han Chinese subjects (2173 males and 1686 females, age range: 18-85 years) without a history of cardiovascular diseases were recruited from February to September 2009. Based on BMI and PBF, they were classified into group 1 (normal BMI and PBF, N = 1961), group 2 (normal BMI, but abnormal PBF, N = 381), group 3 (abnormal BMI, but normal PBF, N = 681), and group 4 (abnormal BMI and PBF, N = 836). When age, gender, lifestyle, and family history of obesity were adjusted, PBF, but not BMI, was correlated with blood glucose and lipid levels. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cardiovascular risk factors in groups 2 and 4 were 1.88 (1.45-2.45) and 2.06 (1.26-3.35) times those in group 1, respectively, but remained unchanged in group 3 (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 0.92-1.89). Logistic regression models also demonstrated that PBF, rather than BMI, was independently associated with cardiovascular risk factors. In conclusion, PBF, and not BMI, is independently associated with cardiovascular risk factors, indicating that PBF is a better predictor.

Changes in Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose, and Lipid Profile Caused by Changes of Weight, Percent Body Fat, and Waist Circumference in Adult Men with Normal Weight and Waist Circumference / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Metabolic indexes (blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid) differ depending on lower or upper normal value of obesity indexes (weight, percent-body-fat, and waist circumference) despite normal value. Therefore, we examined metabolic indexes changes across obesity indexes changes. METHODS: We analyzed 344 adult men who received routine-checkups with normal weight and waist circumference before and after follow-up. We used multiple-linear-regression to examine associations between changes of obesity indexes and metabolic indexes before and after follow-up. We examined differences of metabolic indexes by t-test and odds ratios of normal or abnormal metabolic indexes by multiple-logistic-regression in groups where obesity indexes were increased and decreased. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 1.38 +/- 0.32 years and there were associations between weight change rate and changes in systolic-blood-pressure (SBP), diastolic-blood-pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) (P = 0.001, 0.03, 0.001, 0.01), associations between percent-body-fat change and changes in SBP, DBP, fasting-blood-glucose (FBG) and TG (P = 0.02, 0.002, or = 100 of 2.98 (95% confidential interval [CI], 1.18 to 7.51) with a significance on only FBG of initially normal metabolic components and conversely percent-body-fat decrease group had odds ratio of FBG < 100 of 3.22 (95% CI, 1.21 to 8.60) with a significance on only FBG of initially abnormal metabolic components. CONCLUSION: Increased obesity indexes even within normal range, could change metabolic indexes.

Cutoff of Percent Body Fat to Predict Obesity and Metabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: 2007 Children and Adolescent Physical Growth Standard / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) for gender and age and percentage-weight-for-height (PWH) for gender and height have been frequently used to diagnose childhood obesity. However, few studies have examined the optimal cutoff of percent body fat (%BF) to predict metabolic abnormalities in obese children. METHODS: One thousand fifteen obese children aged 10 to 15 years were enrolled in this study. The %BF cutoff values were calculated by ROC analysis for metabolic abnormalities. We also calculated %BF cutoff values corresponding to a BMI of > 85th or 95th percentile for gender and age and a PWH of > 120% for gender and height based on the 2007 Korean children and adolescents growth standard chart. To define metabolic abnormalities in children, we used the criteria of metabolic syndrome recommended by International Diabetes Federation consensus for children and adolescents. RESULTS: The %BF cutoff corresponding to the group having more than one metabolic abnormality in this study population were 38.4% (sensitivity 40.1%, specificity 84.4%) in total, 38.4% (sensitivity 35.4%, specificity 84.8%) in boys and 39.5% (sensitivity 38.9%, specificity 90.9%) in girls. The %BF cutoff values corresponding to a BMI > or = 95 percentile were 38.1% (sensitivity 50.5%, specificity 72.7%), a BMI > or = 85 percentile were 34.5% (sensitivity 69.3%, specificity 74.2%), and a PWH > or = 120% were 36.4% (sensitivity 72.3%, specificity 64.4%) in total. CONCLUSION: The optimal cutoff value of percent body fat to predict metabolic abnormalities in obese children may be 38.4% (boys 38.4, girls 39.5%) and we suggest 34.5% as a cutoff value of %BF for screening childhood obesity.

Dietary Intake, Serum Lipids, Iron Index and Antioxidant Status by Percent Body Fat of Young Females / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The aim of this study was to measure and compare nutrient intake, anthropometric measurements and serum indices by percent body fat as one of the index of obesity degree in female college students. Additionally we attempted to investigate percentile distribution of fat free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) for developing reference values for these two parameters. The subjects were 91 female college students who were classified to 4 groups according to the percentile of percent body fat (Group1: 25 th or = 75 th). The mean percent body fat and body mass index were 28.2%, 20.5 kg/m2 respectively. The mean energy intake was 1707 kcal(81% of KDRIs) and vitamin C, folate, Ca and Zn intake were 73.9%, 54.7%, 79.6%, 97.5% of KDRIs respectively. Most nutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, cholesterol, fatty acid, Ca, Fe) of G4 was lower than that of G1, G2 and G3. Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in G4 than G1, G2, G3 and it tended to increase as percent body fat decreased. LDL/HDL, AI of G4 were significantly the highest among the 4 groups and increased as percent body fat increased. The mean fat free mass index and fat mass index were 14.5 kg/m2, 6.0 kg/m2 respectively. The criteria of sarcopenic obesity which has been defined as under 25 th percentile of FFMI and below 75 th percentile of FMI were shown 12.8 kg/m2, 8.2 kg/m2 respectively in this study. In conclusion, we should continue to more systematically research on the studies of new obesity measurement which includes FFMI and FMI as one of the variables. And the public education for weight control that emphasizes both the understanding of body composition and the importance of nutrition balance is also required.

A Study on Relationship of Serum Leptin Levels with Body Weight, Body Mass Index, and Percent Body Fat in the Mothers and Their Infants

To estimate whether serum leptin has any effects on body composition during the lactational and postnatal periods, we investigated the relationship of serum leptin levels and anthropometric parameters at right after delivery and 16 weeks after delivery in mothers and their infants. Subjects who signed the concent form, participated in this study were recruited from K university hospital. Characteristics of the subjects ( age; 31.0 +/- 4.2 yr, gestation period; 39.5 +/- 1.0 wk) were investigated and anthropometric parameters ( weight, height, body mass index and percent body fat for mothers, and weight, height, head circumference, chest circumference, and Kaup index for infants) were measured. Serum leptin levels of mothers and their infants also measured. Mean maternal serum leptin levels were 9.9 +/- 8.2 ng/ml and 9.1 +/- 7.2 ng/ml at right after delivery and 16 weeks after delivery, respectively showing no significant differences. Mean infant's serum leptin levels at birth ( 1.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml) were significantly lower than that of at 16 weeks after birth ( 4.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml)(p < 0.001) . Leptin levels of male infants were not different from those of female infants. There were no correlations between the maternal serum leptin levels with their body weight, percent body fat after delivery. However, significant correlations were found between maternal serum leptin levels with their body weight, BMI, percent body fat at 16 weeks after delivery ( r = 0.80, p < 0.01; r = 0.90, p < 0.001; r = 0.83, p < 0.01, respectively) . There were no cor-relations between the infant's serum leptin levels and their weight, height, head circumference, and chest circumference. No significant relations were also found between maternal serum leptin levels with those of their infants. As a conclusion, maternal serum levels of leptin should be used with a caution to estimate their infant's leptin levels as well as their anthro-pometric parameters. Further researches are needed to examine the relationship among the leptin levels of mother's serum, breast milk, placenta, and infant's serum.

Comparison of Health Status and Dietary Habits by Percent Body Fat (PBF) Change for Adult Women in the Weight Control Program by the Community Health Center / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Prevalence of an obese population has been increasing in Korea. Obesity is considered a major risk factor for chronic degenerative diseases. Specifically, prevalence of obesity is prominent for adult woman in Korea. In many weight control programs, weight change did not often show any beneficial effects for health. These facts discourage people in the program. Thus in this study, the anthropometry, blood pressure, serum biochemical indices and dietary habits were compared by percent body fat change for adult women to show the beneficial effects of the weight control program. Study subjects were 134. Measurements were done before and after the weight control program. Percent Body Fat (PBF) was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Using PBF changes, subjects were grouped as I (more than 1% increase), M (+/- 1% change), and D (more than 1% decrease). Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. Among the 134 participants, 13 increased their weight and 100 decreased. For PBF, 19 increased and 59 decreased. Statistical significant differences were shown for anthropometric assessments before and after for all weight, fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. I had increases, and D shows decreases. But the difference of D is large than M. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased in all groups (p < 0.05). Fasting blood glucose decreased in all groups but were statistically significant only in D. Also triglyceride decreased in D (p < 0.05). Thus health conditions showed desirable changes in I

Relationship between Percent Body Fat and Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Normal Weight Adults

BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between adiposity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in normal weight individuals. METHODS: The study subjects were those over 19 years old, less than 23 kg/m2 of body mass index (BMI). They were examined in a health promotion center of a general hospital from June to November, 2001 (309 men and 369 women). Height, weight, BMI, blood pressure (BP), serum lipids and fasting blood glucose (FBS) were checked. Percent body percent (%BF) was obtained by bioelectrical method. Normal weight subjects were divided into two groups according to their %BF; then, the groups were evaluated for the presence of CVD risk factors. RESULTS: The average age of the study subjects was 43.66+/-11.26 years old in men and 41.11+/-10.90 years old in women. The average BMI was 21.15+/-1.47 kg/m2 in men and 20.68+/-1.53 kg/m2 in women. High %BF group showed significantly increased frequency of higher BP, FBS, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) compared with low %BF group in both sexes. In men, odds ratios (ORs) of the high %BF group with respect to the low %BF group were significantly high for BP and TG elevation. ORs of the high %BF group were significantly high for FBS, TC, LDL-C and TG elevation in women. ORs for more than one CVD risk factor was 2.46 (1.38~4.38) in men and 1.50 (0.95~2.36) in women. CONCLUSION: Increased %BF was related to cardiovascular risk factors in normal weight subjects. The result was more significant for normal weight men than normal weight women.

The Associations of Percent Body Fat with Dietary Intake, Plasma Lipids, Lipoprotein(a), and PAI-1 in Middle Aged Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was designed to investigate the associations of the percent body fat dietary intake, plasma lipoprotein profile, lipoprotein(a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) concentrations of 1982 Korean subjects(men : 1000 and women : 982) between the ages of 40 and 59 years. The dietary assessment consisted of twenty-four hour dietary records and food frequency questionnaires. The subjects were identified into one of the five rating groups of % body fat : lean, underweight, normal, overweight and obese groups. The biochemical assessment included measurements of plasma total cholesterol(TC), HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), triglyceride(TG), lipoprotin(a)(Lp(a)), and PAI-1. With respect to the ratio of percent energy intake of carbohydrate : protein : fat of the normal group of the women was 62% : 17% : 20%, respectively. Women apparently had a higher intake of carbohydrates than men(52% : 17 : 20%) did. There was a linear relationship between energy intake and % body fat in both mean and women(with the exception of the underweight group of women). The relationship of % body fat of men to the protein and fat intake was higher than that of the carbohydrate intake. Of the men in the study, intakes of energy, protein and alcohol were positively correlated to % body fat. In women, energy, carbohydrate and protein intake were positively correlated to % body fat, however, the fat, cholesterol and alcohol intake did not show any correlation to the % body fat in women. This study showed that % body fat was positively correlated with plasma TC, LDL-C, PAI-1 levels, and TG, but the % body fat was negatively correlated with plasma HDL-C level in both men and women. These results indicated that the high energy intake of obese or overweight subjects might contribute to several of the biochemical indices fo coronary heart disease(CHD) risk. In conclusion, increased energy intake is associated with overweight or obesity in middle aged Korean people. There was no relationship between % energy intake of fat and % body fat in the study, in middle-aged Korean men and women. The plasma lipid profile and PAI-1 level thought to be the risk factors of CHD were positively associated with percent body fat in middle aged Korean people.

A criterion for evaluation of obesity in men based on the relationships between percent body fat and clinical parameters / 体力科学

A study was conducted to derive a criterion for evaluation of obesity based on relationships between percent body fat (%fat) and clinical parameters. The subjects were 457 men aged 18 to 73 years. The results obtained were as follows:<BR>After controlling for the effects of age, maximal oxygen intake per kilogram body weight (VO<SUB>2</SUB>max/wt), alcohol intake and cigarette smoking, %fat showed significant correlations with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (TC/HDL-C), fasting blood sugar (FBS), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) . Values of %fat estimated from borderline values of these clinical parameters ranged from 17.9% to 20.4%.<BR>When the subjects were divided into 11 groups from a below 12% fat group to an above 22% fat group, the 18%, 20%, 21% and above 22% fat groups showed significantly higher occurrence of abnormal values for clinical parameters than the below 12% fat group.<BR>When the subjects were divided into 2 groups, i, e, above (above group) or below (below group) 18%, 19%, 20%, or 21% body fat, the above group always showed a significantly higher occurrence of abnormal values for clinical parameters than the below group.<BR>The subjects were further divided into 3 groups: 250 subjects with %fat below 17.9% (N group), 63 subjects with %fat between 18% and 19.9% (MO group), and 144 subjects with %fat above 20% (O group) . The O group showed the highest occurrence of abnormal values for clinical parameters, followed in order by the MO and N groups. These differences were significant. The O group showed a significantly lower mean value of HDL-C and significantly higher mean values of TC, TC/HDL-C, TG, GPT, SBP, DBP and FBS than the N group. The O group also showed significantly higher mean values for WBC and RBC than the MO and N groups. The O and MO groups showed significantly higer mean values of β-L, γ-GTP and UA than the N group.<BR>From these results and the fact that a value above 20% fat is widely used as a criterion for evaluation of obesity, men with a %fat range of 18.0% to 19.9% are defined as mildly obese, whereas those with above 20% fat are defined as obese.<BR>The subjects were further divided into 3 gooups: %fat below (non-obese) or above (obese) 20%, and VO<SUB>2</SUB>max/wt above (fit) or below (unfit) values recommended by the Ministry of Public Welfare for each age group. One hundred fifty-one subjects were non-obese and fit (NF group), 142 subjects were non-obese and unfit (NU group) and 107 subjects were obese and unfit (OU group) . The NF group showed the lowest occurrence of abnormal values for clinical parameters, followed in order by the NU and OU groups. These differences were significant. Thus, it seems appropriate to evaluate obesity by using a combination of %fat and VO<SUB>2</SUB>max/wt.

A criterion for evaluation of obesity based on the relationship between percent body fat and medical examination parameters / 体力科学

A study was conducted to examine the relationship between percent body fat (%fat) and medical examination parameters. The subjects were 250 women aged 17 to 68 years, who neither drank nor smoked. The results obtained were as follows:<BR>After controlling for the effects of age and maximal oxygen intake per kilogram body weight (VO<SUB>2</SUB>max/wt), %fat showed a significant correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio (TC/HDL-C), β-lipoprotein (β-L), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic tansaminase (GPT), uric acid (UA), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) . Values of %fat calculated from each regression equation when HDL-C=38mg/dl, TC/HDL-C=4.9, β-L=500 mg/dl, GOT=41mu/ml, GPT=46 mu/ml, UA=5.7mg/dl, WBC=8500/mm3, RBC=520×104/mm3, SBP=159 mmHg, and DBP=94 mmHg were 32.2%, 31.9%, 30.8%, 35.4%, 36.4%, 31.8%, 30.7%, 35.0%, 33.8% and 32.6%, respectively.<BR>The subjects were then divided into 2 groups, above (above group) or below (below group) 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34% or 35% body fat. Wherever the subjects were divided into 2 groups at these values of %fat, the above group showed a significantly higer occurrence of abnormal values for medical parameters than the below group.<BR>The subjects were further divided into 3 groups: 154 subjects with %fat below 29.9% (N group), 47 subjects with %fat between 30% and 34.9% (MO group), and 49 subjects with %fat above 35% (O group) . The O group showed significantly higher occurrence of abnormal values for medical parameters than the MO and N groups. The O group also showed a significantly higher mean value of DBP than the MO and N groups. Furthermore, the O group showed a significantly lower mean value of HDL-C and significantly higher mean values of TC/HDL-C, UA, GOT, GPT, SBP, FBS than the N group. There was no significant difference between the N and MO groups in the occurrence of abnormal values for medical parameters. However, the MO group showed a significantly lower mean value of HDL-C and significantly higher mean values of TC/HDL-C, UA and β-L.<BR>These results suggest that the values of medical parameters become poorer when %fat exceeds 30%, a level widely used in Japan as a criterion for evaluation of obesity.<BR>The subjects were further divided into 3 groups: 50 subjects who were non-obese and fit (NF group) ; 104 subjects who were non-obese and unfit (NU group) ; 88 subjects who were obese and unfit (OU group) . There were significant differences in the occurrence of abnormal values for medical parameters among these groups. The NF group showed the lowest values, followed by the NU and OU groups. Thus, it seems preferable to evaluate individuals using a combination of %fat and VO<SUB>2</SUB>max/wt.

Prediction of percent body fat in obese women / 体力科学

The present study was undertaken (1) to evaluate to what extent percent body fat predicted from commonly used equations differs from that determined by hydrostatic weighing technique, and (2) to propose sample specific equations to predict percent body fat in obese women. Subjects were 51 adult obese women (23 sedentary women and 28 active women, mostly middle-aged) . Percent body fat (% fat) determined by hydrostatic weighing (densitometry) averaged 33.1±3.7%, while % fat velues (X=27.1-30.0 in sedentary women, 24.2-27.1 in active women, and 25.4-28.4 in all women) predicted from Nagamine equations were significantly lower and correlated in the order of only 0.1 to 0.6 with densitometry %fat. Of the eight equations developed for predicting % fat of obese women, Y=8.87+ 0.223 X<SUB>1</SUB>-0.180 X<SUB>2</SUB> was considered the best choice, where X<SUB>2</SUB>: Katsura Index and X<SUB>2</SUB> : sub-scapular skinfold (mm) . It is recommended that this equation or some other equations developed in the present study be applicable to a wide range of adult obese women. Caution is necessary, however, as to if those equations could be generalized to younger obese women.