Estimation of the predictive effect of body mass index-percentile on skeletal maturation in a Nigerian population

To determine the predicting the effect of BMI-index percentile on the skeletal maturation of Nigerian children. Design: A prospective cross-sectional study. Setting: This study was conducted in a tertiary health care facility in North-Central Nigeria. Participants: Children between the ages of 5-17 years consisting of 44 males and 30 females that presented in the Child Dental clinic over a period of eight months were recruited for the study. Main outcome measured: Skeletal maturation was assessed using the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) while the standard WHO growth chart specific for age (2-20 years) and gender was used for grading BMI-percentile. The unpaired t-test was used to compare mean chronological age of the stages of MP3 according to gender. Multinomial logistic regression used to determine the predictive effect of age, gender and BMI percentile on pubertal growth spurt. Results: The BMI-percentile had weak correlation with the pubertal growth spurt (r=0.089, p=0.448). Gender (p=0.004) and chronological age had significant (p<0.001) predictive effect on the skeletal maturation. A one-percentile increase in the BMI-percentile decreases the likelihood of healthy children to be in the peak-pubertal by 1.504 when compared to obese children (p=0.305). Conclusions: This study showed that BMI-percentile is a weak predictor of skeletal maturation. However, obese children had a tendency towards advanced skeletal maturation than healthy participants. It is therefore suggested that orthodontists should consider early implementation of jaw modification treatments among obese children.

Development and Validation for Thoracic-Abdominal Finite Element Model of Chinese 5th Percentile Female with Detailed Anatomical Structure / 医用生物力学

Objective To predict and assess biomechanical responses and injury mechanisms of the thorax and abdomen for small-sized females in vehicle collisions. Methods The accurate geometric model of the thorax and abdomen was constructed based on CT images of Chinese 5th percentile female volunteers. A thoracic-abdominal finite element model of Chinese 5th percentile female with detailed anatomical structure was developed by using the corresponding software. The model was validated by reconstructing three groups of cadaver experiments (namely, test of blunt anteroposterior impact on the thorax, test of bar anteroposterior impact on the abdomen, test of blunt lateral impact on the chest and abdomen). Results The force-deformation curves and injury biomechanical responses of the organs from the simulations were consistent with the cadaver experiment results, which validated effectiveness of the model. Conclusions The model can be used for studying injury mechanisms of the thorax and abdomen for small-sized female, as well as developing small-sized occupant restraint systems and analyzing the forensic cases, which lays foundation for developing the whole body finite element model of Chinese 5th percentile female.

Aspectos psicométricos de instrumentos neuropsicológicos: revisão conceitual, proposta de interpretação de percentis e classificações

A avaliação neuropsicológica é um procedimento fundamental especialmente a pacientes que possam apresentar suspeita de transtornos neurológicos, psicológicos ou psiquiátricos. Uma de suas finalidades é mapear aspectos do perfil psicológico e comportamental do examinando e, com isso, auxiliar o diagnóstico em saúde mental. Frequentemente, esse processo integra os resultados obtidos por instrumentos de medida e aspectos dinâmicos relacionados à interpretação clínica. No entanto é possível identificar algumas dificuldades relacionadas a esse processo, tais como 1) limitações na compreensão de aspectos psicométricos e estatísticos por parte dos profissionais, 2) a utilização de instrumentos, em contextos clínicos que originalmente foram desenvolvidos para avaliação de trânsito e seleção organizacional e 3) um baixo consenso da relação entre percentil e classificação, o que pode gerar inconsistências entre resultados e avaliações. Posto isso, o presente trabalho é um estudo teórico que revisita conceitos fundamentais em Estatística e Psicometria associados à Neuropsicologia, discute condições em que testes voltados para trânsito e organizações são utilizados em Neuropsicologia e apresenta uma proposta de classificação.

Neuropsychological assessment is a fundamental procedure, especially in cases of suspected neurological, psychological, or psychiatric disorders. One of its purposes is to map aspects of the patient's psychological and behavioral profiles and, with that, contribute to mental health's diagnostic process. This process combines the results obtained by psychometric instruments and dynamic aspects related to clinical evaluation. However, we note some difficulties related to this process, such as 1) limitations in the understanding of psychometric and statistical aspects by the professionals or clinicians; 2) use of instruments developed for Traffic Psychology assessment and personnel selection in industrial and organizational settings; 3) a low consensus on the relationship between percentile and classification or descriptors to scores that represent the performance obtained in the test, which can lead to inconsistencies between results and evaluations. That said, this theoretical study revisits fundamental concepts in Psychometrics and Statistics related to Neuropsychology, discusses the conditions under which contextual-unrelated tests are used in Neuropsychology, and provides a proposal for classification.

Precisión del método de Moyers para predecir tamaño de dientes no erupcionados. Municipio Centro Habana. 2020 / Accuracy of the Moyers method to predict size of non-erupted teeth. Centro Habana Municipality. 2020

Introducción: El método de Moyers se utiliza en Cuba para predecir el tamaño de caninos y bicúspides no erupcionados. Objetivo: Determinar la precisión del método de Moyers para predecir tamaño de dientes no erupcionados en pacientes de Centro Habana. Material y métodos: Investigación de desarrollo en el Policlínico Luis Galván Soca de marzo 2019 a mayo de 2020. Universo formado por individuos de 12 a 24 años. Muestra de 100 personas seleccionadas por muestreo aleatorio simple. Se analizó la tabla de Moyers por sexos para todos los percentiles. Resultados: En el sexo femenino para la arcada superior e inferior el error cuadrático medio menor correspondió al percentil 50: 0,476 y 0,464 respectivamente; único donde las diferencias entre el valor estimado y el real no fueron significativas. Por tanto, el percentil elegible para féminas en ambas arcadas sería el 50 por ciento. En masculinos para la arcada superior el error cuadrático medio menor (0,576) para el percentil 65 con diferencias entre el valor estimado y el real no significativas(p=0,269); mientras en la arcada inferior fue de 0,592 para el percentil 75. Por tanto, el percentil elegible para hombres en la arcada superior fue el 65 y en la inferior el 75; la fuerza de esta correspondencia es intensa para ambas arcadas. Conclusiones: En la población que se estudia el método de Moyers, para predecir el tamaño de dientes no erupcionados es preciso en el sexo femenino, pero no en el masculino(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, the Moyers method is used to predict the size of non-erupted canines and bicuspids. Objective: To determine the precision of the Moyers method to predict the size of non-erupted teeth in patients from Centro Habana municipality. Material and Methods: A development research was conducted in Luis Galván Soca Polyclinic from March 2019 to May 2020. The universe consisted of individuals aged 12-24 years. The sample was composed of 100 people who were selected by simple random sampling. Moyers table was analyzed by sex for all percentiles. Results: In the female sex, the lower mean square error for the upper and lower arches corresponded to the 50th percentile: 0.476 and 0.464 respectively, the only one in which the difference between the estimated and the real values was not significant. Therefore, for females, the eligible percentile in both arches would be 50 percent. In males, in the upper arches, the lower mean square error (0.576) for the 65th percentile showed no significant differences between the estimated and the real values (p = 0,269); however, in the lower arch it was 0,592 for the 75th percentile. Therefore, in the upper arch, the eligible percentile for males was 65 while, in the lower arch, it was 75; the strength of this correspondence is intense for both arches. Conclusions: In the population studied, the Moyers method was found to be accurate in predicting the size of non-erupted teeth in females, but not in males(AU)

The Anthropometric Measurements and Percentile Curves of Children Aged 0-5 Years in Eastern Turkey

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the growth reference value of children in our province and to compare these values with current values of the USA and other local values of our country. Methods: A total of 615 boys and 586 girls with different socioeconomic levels and ages of 0-5 years were included in the study. In all children, weight, height, head circumference, abdominal circumference, hip circumference, mid-arm circumference, and lower segment length were taken. All measurements were performed by the same paediatrician. The lambda-mu-sigma method was used for the preparation of percentile curves. Results: The body weight, head circumference and chest circumference measurements of boys were significantly higher than those in girls. Anthropometric measurements of children in high-income groups were higher than those in the low-income group. All of the anthropometric parameters except upper mid-arm circumference were higher in children fed with breast milk and formula milk than in children who only fed with breast milk. The relation between the mother's education level and anthropometric parameters was insignificant. Conclusion: Our results showed that the anthropometric measurements of our children were similar to those of west Turkey as well as those of the United States. On the other hand, our children's anthropometric measurements were higher than other local values. Relatively high values of height have been interpreted as a genetic feature.

Percentile curves for Brazilian children evaluated with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition / Curvas percentílicas para crianças brasileiras avaliadas pelo Teste de Proficiência Motora Bruininks-Oseretsky, 2ª edição

Abstract This study aimed to (1) create percentile curves and norms for the eight subtests of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2) for 6- to 10-year-old Brazilian children and to (2) compare them to the values of the original test manual. To that, we tested a sample of 931 Brazilian children (477 girls, 454 boys) with ages between 6 to 10 with the BOT-2 assessment. The LMS method was used to generate the percentile curves and normative values, with the LMSchartmaker Pro software version 2.54. Results demonstrate that girls had significantly higher scores for the fine motor precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity and balance subtests, while boys had significantly higher scores on upper-limb coordination, running speed and agility, and the strength subtests. The findings also indicated higher values for the Brazilian group in the subtests of bilateral coordination, running speed and agility, balance, and upper-limb coordination when compared to the North American normative sample. The percentile curves illustrate the increase in motor proficiency levels as age increases, with different trajectories for each subtest. Future studies should continue the investigation of cultural norms and appropriate assessments for the Brazilian population. Here, the creation of percentile curves and norms that are better suited for the Brazilian population can significantly help with assessment and intervention for motor development in distinct settings and with typical and atypical school-age children.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou (1) criar curvas e normas percentílicas para os oito subtestes do Teste de Proficiência Motora Bruininks-Oseretsky, 2ª edição (BOT-2) para crianças brasileiras de 6 a 10 anos e compará-las com os valores do manual de teste original. Para tanto, testamos uma amostra de 931 crianças brasileiras (477 meninas, 454 meninos) com idades entre 6 a 10 anos com a avaliação do BOT-2. O método LMS foi usado para gerar as curvas de percentil e valores normativos, utilizando o software LMSchartmaker Pro versão 2.54. Os resultados demonstram que as meninas tiveram escores significativamente mais altos nos subtestes de precisão motora fina, integração motora fina, destreza manual e equilíbrio, enquanto os meninos tiveram escores significativamente mais altos nos subtestes de coordenação de membros superiores, velocidade de corrida e agilidade e força. Os resultados também indicaram valores mais elevados para o grupo brasileiro nos subtestes de coordenação bilateral, corrida de velocidade e agilidade, equilíbrio e coordenação dos membros superiores quando comparados com a amostra normativa norte-americana. As curvas percentílicas ilustram o aumento nos níveis de proficiência motora à medida que a idade aumenta, com diferentes trajetórias para cada subteste. Estudos futuros devem continuar a investigação de normas culturais e avaliações apropriadas para a população brasileira. Neste estudo, a criação de curvas e normas percentílicas mais adequadas para a população brasileira pode ajudar significativamente na avaliação e intervenção para o desenvolvimento motor em diferentes contextos e com crianças em idade escolar típicas e atípicas.

Fetal growth in low-risk Indian population at a tertiary centre and its comparison with INTERGROWTH-21 standards: a prospective cohort study

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the fetal growth pattern in low risk Indian population with the INTERGROWTH-21 standards.Methods: Low risk women were enrolled at 10 to 20 weeks of gestation and followed up until delivery. An experienced operator performed abdominal ultrasound every 5±1 week and measured biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) of the fetus. Newborn anthropometric measurements were taken within 12 hours of childbirth.Results: A total of 126 healthy women, enrolled at mean gestation of 16.8±1.6 weeks, completed the follow up until delivery. None of the participants developed any major obstetric or medical morbidity. The study subjects showed lower mean z scores for BPD (-0.7±1.3), HC (-0.4±1.3) and AC (-0.4±1.3) but a higher mean z-score for FL (0.3±1.7) as compared to INTERGROWTH-21 standards. From 1st through 5th visit, the z scores for BPD and HC improved whereas declined for AC and FL.Conclusions: The fetal growth in non-affluent healthy Indian women had a lower fetal growth compared to INTERGROWTH-21 standards.

Study on early warning threshold values for 7 common communicable diseases in Gansu province, 2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To optimize the warning threshold values of common communicable diseases in Gansu province,and improve the early warning effect.Method An early warning model was set up for influenza,scarlet fever,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid,viral hepatitis type E and hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) respectively in Gansu by using the moving percentile method and cumulative sum method.By calculating the sensitivity,specificity,predictive value of positive test,predictive value of negative test,Youden'index and receiver-operating characteristic curve,the optimum early warning threshold values for communicable diseases in Gansu were selected.Results The optimum early warning boundary values of influenza,scarlet fever,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid,and viral hepatitis type E were P90,P80,P95,P90,P80 and P90 respectively.The optimum early warning parameters of HFMD were k =1.2,H=5σ.Under the optimum early warning boundary values/parameters,the early warning sensitivities of influenza,scarlet fever,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid,viral hepatitis type E and HFMD were 86.67％,100.00％,91.67％,100.00％,100.00％,100.00％ and 100.00％,the specificities were 86.49％,62.22％,75.00％,100.00％,97.92％,89.13％ and 74.47％.The predictive values of positive test were 72.22％,29.17％,52.38％,100.00％,80.00％,54.55％ and 29.41％,and the predictive values of negative test were 94.12％,100.00％,96.77％,100.00％,100.00％,100.00％ and 100.00％,and the Youden'indexes were 0.73,0.62,0.67,1.00,0.98,0.89 and 0.74.Receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that the values/parameters of this warning boundary were the points closest to the upper left of the coordinate diagram.Conclusion The early warning thresholds of influenza,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery and hepatitis E in Gansu may be raised appropriately and the early warning parameters of HFMD need to be adjusted to improve the effectiveness of early warning.

Study on early warning threshold values for 7 common communicable diseases in Gansu province, 2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To optimize the warning threshold values of common communicable diseases in Gansu province,and improve the early warning effect.Method An early warning model was set up for influenza,scarlet fever,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid,viral hepatitis type E and hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) respectively in Gansu by using the moving percentile method and cumulative sum method.By calculating the sensitivity,specificity,predictive value of positive test,predictive value of negative test,Youden'index and receiver-operating characteristic curve,the optimum early warning threshold values for communicable diseases in Gansu were selected.Results The optimum early warning boundary values of influenza,scarlet fever,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid,and viral hepatitis type E were P90,P80,P95,P90,P80 and P90 respectively.The optimum early warning parameters of HFMD were k =1.2,H=5σ.Under the optimum early warning boundary values/parameters,the early warning sensitivities of influenza,scarlet fever,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery,typhoid and paratyphoid,viral hepatitis type E and HFMD were 86.67％,100.00％,91.67％,100.00％,100.00％,100.00％ and 100.00％,the specificities were 86.49％,62.22％,75.00％,100.00％,97.92％,89.13％ and 74.47％.The predictive values of positive test were 72.22％,29.17％,52.38％,100.00％,80.00％,54.55％ and 29.41％,and the predictive values of negative test were 94.12％,100.00％,96.77％,100.00％,100.00％,100.00％ and 100.00％,and the Youden'indexes were 0.73,0.62,0.67,1.00,0.98,0.89 and 0.74.Receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that the values/parameters of this warning boundary were the points closest to the upper left of the coordinate diagram.Conclusion The early warning thresholds of influenza,other infectious diarrheal diseases,dysentery and hepatitis E in Gansu may be raised appropriately and the early warning parameters of HFMD need to be adjusted to improve the effectiveness of early warning.

Evaluation of the analytical performance of AccuTnI+3 assay and establishment of the regional 99th percentile from an apparently healthy Chinese population / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To validate the analytical performance of a cardiac troponin I(cTnI)assay AccuTnI+3 on chemiluminescnet analyzer DXI800 and Access2;and to establish the 99th percentile of cTnI in an apparently healthy Chinese population.Methods The subjects are composed of 1 369 apparently healthy people and 20 acute myocardial infarction(AMI)patients from Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital and Fuwai Hospital from October 2014 to June 2015.The healthy people include 680 males and 689 females;with 340 subjects aged 18-30,674 subjects aged 31-64, and 355 subjects aged ≥65.The detection limits and imprecision of AccuTnI +3 assays were validated according to CLSI EP 15-A2 and EP17-A2 documents;the same samples were analyzed on DXI800 and Access2 to assess the consistency between the two analyzers using Bland Altman plot and Passing-Bablok regression.The correlation between different sample types (lithium heparin plasma, EDTA plasma & serum)were assessed using linear regression analysis.The lithium heparin plasmasamples from 1 369 apparently healthy people were analyzed to calculate the 99th percentile of cTnI.The cTnI concentrations were compared among age and sex groups.The 99th percentile of cTnI were also calculated for each group.The detection rate of cTnI in apparently healthy people was calculated using SPSS23.0.Results The limit of blank(LoB), limit of detection(LoD), and limit of quantification(LoQ)where CV%=10% were 0.007 ng/ml,0.010 ng/ml and 0.016 ng/ml on DXI800;0.008 ng/ml,0.012 ng/ml and 0.026 ng/ml on Access2,respectively.The cTnI measurements on DXI800 and Access2 were consistent and comparable.The cTnI concentrations of lithium heparin plasma, EDTA plasma and serum samples were linearly correlated pairwise: EDTA plasma measuremen t =0.76 heparin plasma measurement, R2=0.999(n=40, P<0.001); serum measuremen t =1.05 heparin plasma measurement,R2=0.996(n=40,P<0.001); serum measuremen t=1.38 EDTA plasma measurement, R2=0.993(n=40,P<0.001).The 99th percentiles were 0.030 ng/ml and 0.035 ng/ml on DXI800 and Access2,respectively,from 1 369 apparently healthy Chinese people.cTnI is significantly higher in elder group than in younger group.The 99th percentiles in 18-30 years old group,31-64 years old group,and≥65 years old group are:0.011 ng/ml,0.029 ng/ml,and 0.035 ng/ml respectively for DXI800;0.023 ng/ml,0.034 ng/ml, and 0.045 ng/ml respectively for Access2.cTnI is significantly higher in men than in women.The 99th percentiles in men and women are: 0.034 ng/ml and 0.032 ng/ml respectively for DXI800;0.043 ng/ml and 0.031 ng/ml respectively for Access2.cTnI was measurable in 62%and 87%of healthy subjects on DXI800 and Access2 systems,respectively.Conclusions The analytical performance of AccuTnI+3 assay fulfills the need of clinical use and the criteria of high-sensitive cardiac troponin assay.

Determination of the 99th percentile upper reference limit for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I in Malaysian population

Introduction of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hscTn I) assays for routine clinical use in Malaysia requires determination of the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) for each assay to suit local context. Hence, this study aimed to determine the 99th percentile URL for hscTn I in the Malaysian population. A total of 250 (120 males and 130 females) healthy Malaysian blood donors aged 18 to 60 years old were recruited. Blood samples for hscTn I were measured using Abbott Diagnostics hscTn I assay on Architect i2000sr analyser. The 99th percentile was calculated using a non-parametric method and gender specific results were compared. The 99th percentile URL for hscTn I for the overall population was 23.7 ng/L, with gender specific values being 29.9 ng/L and 18.6 ng/L for male and female, respectively. Females had significantly lower hscTn I compared to males. This study confirms the use of gender specific 99th percentile URL for hscTn I for clinical use in a multi-ethnic Malaysian population.

Percentile curves on growth among breastfed 1-4 year olds in 8 urban areas / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To construct the growth percentile curves of weight-,length/height-,head circumference and BMI for 1 to 4 year-olds who had been breastfed in urban areas.Methods Data was from the longitudinal study on 1 025 breastfed children aged 1 to 4 years,in 8 urban areas during 2008-2012.MLwiN2.25 was selected to construct the multi-level models of weight-for-age,length for-age,head circumference-for-age and BMI-for-age.The models included many growth relevant factors including gender,age,family and social demographic characteristics,perinatal factors,parent biological characteristics,dietary patterns and diseases of childen.Based on these models,predicted values (P3,P15,P50,Ps5,P97) were estimated to fit the percentiles reference curves.Results The percentiles reference curves of weight-,length/height,head circumferenceand BMI-for-age for the 1-4 year-olds who had been breastfed in the urban areas were developed.Differences of all the indicators between boys and girls were statistically significant (P＜0.001).Weight,length/height,head circumference and BMI were higher in boys than those in girls,with an average differences as 0.56-0.76 kg,0.89-1.12 cm,0.64-0.91 cm and 0.31-0.52 kg/m2.Conclusion The percentiles reference curves on growth,constructed by the longitudinal observational data and scientific method,were important in reflecting the development ofbreastfed children in urban areas.

Percentile curves on growth among breastfed 1-4 year olds in 8 urban areas / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To construct the growth percentile curves of weight-,length/height-,head circumference and BMI for 1 to 4 year-olds who had been breastfed in urban areas.Methods Data was from the longitudinal study on 1 025 breastfed children aged 1 to 4 years,in 8 urban areas during 2008-2012.MLwiN2.25 was selected to construct the multi-level models of weight-for-age,length for-age,head circumference-for-age and BMI-for-age.The models included many growth relevant factors including gender,age,family and social demographic characteristics,perinatal factors,parent biological characteristics,dietary patterns and diseases of childen.Based on these models,predicted values (P3,P15,P50,Ps5,P97) were estimated to fit the percentiles reference curves.Results The percentiles reference curves of weight-,length/height,head circumferenceand BMI-for-age for the 1-4 year-olds who had been breastfed in the urban areas were developed.Differences of all the indicators between boys and girls were statistically significant (P＜0.001).Weight,length/height,head circumference and BMI were higher in boys than those in girls,with an average differences as 0.56-0.76 kg,0.89-1.12 cm,0.64-0.91 cm and 0.31-0.52 kg/m2.Conclusion The percentiles reference curves on growth,constructed by the longitudinal observational data and scientific method,were important in reflecting the development ofbreastfed children in urban areas.

Percentile distribution of anthropometric variables in pregnant women / Distribución percentilar de variables antropométricas en gestantes adultas

Anthropometric indicators play an important role in the health status assessment of individuals and populations across the different vulnerable groups, due to which it is necessary to ascertain the percentile distribution of the weight, body mass index (BMI), and mid-arm, thigh, and calf circumferences in pregnant women for each week of gestational age. This descriptive and cross-sectional study included 4,481 measurements of anthropometric variables obtained from 745 pregnancies out of 719 subjects aged between 19 and 39 years, who were well-nourished, healthy, without clinical edema in the third trimester, with single pregnancy, and validated gestational age. All evaluations were conducted at the Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano, CANIA, from 1998 to 2012. The anthropometric measurements were performed by standardized anthropometrists. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, bivariate correlations, and percentiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 97 were calculated for each gestational age, between the 8th and 37th weeks of gestation. The number of measurements performed for each studied variable ranged from a minimum of 101 and a maximum of 241 at each gestational week. The BMI and circumference behaviors showed increases as the gestational age advanced. The changes in the variables observed in the 50th percentile between weeks 8 thru 37 were: weight, 10.10 kg; BMI, 4.23 kg/m2; and circumferences (cm): mid-arm, 0.45; calf, 1.60; and thigh, 3.55. The results of this study provide the means to simplify the screening and follow-up of the nutritional status in an accurate manner at any stage of gestation until the 37th week.

Los indicadores antropométricos juegan un papel importante en la evaluación el estado de salud a nivel individual y poblacional en los diferentes grupos vulnerables por lo que resulta necesario conocer la distribución percentilar del peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y circunferencias: media del brazo, muslo y pierna, para cada edad gestacional. Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, incluyó 4484 mediciones de las variables antropométricas obtenidas de 745 embarazos, provenientes de 719 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 39 años, sanas, eutróficas, sin edema, con embarazo simple y edad gestacional validada, evaluadas en el Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano, desde 1998 hasta el 2012. Las mediciones antropométricas fueron realizadas por antropometristas estandarizadas. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, así como correlaciones bivariantes y percentiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 y 97 para cada edad gestacional, entre las 8 y 37 semanas de gestación. El número de mediciones realizadas para cada variable analizada varió entre 101 y 241 por edad gestacional. El comportamiento del IMC y circunferencias evidenció incrementos a medida que aumenta la edad gestacional. Los cambios referidos al percentil 50 de las variables, de las semanas de gestación 8 a la 37 fueron: peso 10,10 kg; IMC 4,23 Kg/m2; circunferencias (cm): media del brazo 0,45; pierna 1,60; muslo 3,55. Los resultados de este estudio constituyen una herramienta que simplifica la evaluacion inicial y el seguimiento del estado nutricional de manera puntual en cualquier momento de la gestacion hasta las 37 semanas de edad gestacional.

Percentile distribution for anthropometric variables used to estimate body composition in pregnant women

Anthropometric indicators of body composition, reflective of fat and lean compartments in pregnant women, undergo changes throughout gestation. The adequate interpretation of these indicators requires the availability of percentile distribution values for each week of gestational age. The objective was to determine the percentile distribution for subcutaneous skin-fold thicknesses: biceps, triceps, subscapular, mid-thigh, and both arm fat and arm muscle areas for each week of gestational age. This descriptive and cross-sectional study included 4,481 measurements of anthropometric variables obtained from 745 pregnancies out of 719 subjects aged between 19 and 39 years, well-nourished, healthy, without clinical edema, single pregnancy, and validated gestational age. Evaluations were conducted at the Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano, between 1998 and 2012. The anthropometric measurements were performed by standardized anthropometrists. Descriptive statistics, bivariant correlations, and percentiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 97 were calculated for each week of pregnancy between weeks 8 thru 37. The number of measurements performed for each variable studied at each week of gestation ranged between 100 and 236. The behavior of the variables reflecting the fat component showed increases as the gestational age advanced (1.86 cm2), whereas the muscle area showed decreases (-0.02 cm2). The most noticeable variations were seen in the subscapular and mid-thigh skin-fold thicknesses 2.90 mm and 5.0 mm, respectively. The availability of percentile distributions of the anthropometric variables used in the evaluation of body composition for pregnant women per gestational age, contributes to optimizing the nutritional categorization in this population group.

Distribución percentilar de variables antropométricas aplicadas en la estimación de la composición corporal en gestantes adultas. Los indicadores antropométricos de composición corporal que reflejan los compartimientos corporales magro y graso de la gestante se modifican a lo largo de la gestación. Para una interpretación adecuada de los mismos se requeriria disponer de sus valores para cada edad gestacional. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la distribución percentilar de los pliegues subcutáneos: bicipital, tricipital, subescapular y muslo, así como las áreas: grasa y muscular en cada semana de gestacion. Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, incluyó 4.481 mediciones de las variables antropométricas obtenidas de 745 embarazos, provenientes de 719 mujeres entre 19 y 39 años de edad, sanas, eutróficas, sin edema, con embarazo simple y edad gestacional validada, evaluadas en el Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano, entre 1998 y 2012. Las mediciones antropométricas fueron realizadas por antropometristas estandarizadas. Se calcularon descriptivos, correlaciones bivariantes y percentiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 y 97 para cada edad gestacional, entre las 8 y 37 semanas de gestación. El número de mediciones para cada variable estudiada en cada edad gestacional varió entre 100 y 236. El comportamiento de las variables que reflejan el componente graso demostró incrementos a medida que aumenta la edad gestacional (1,86 cm2), mientras que el área muscular manifestó decrementos (-0,02 cm2). Los mayores cambios se observaron en los pliegues subescapular 2,90 mm y muslo 5,00 mm. La distribución percentilar de para cada semana de gestación de las variables antropométricas que miden la composición corporal, constituye un aporte a la optimización de la categorización nutricional en este grupo de población.

Characteristics of Deep Neck Infection in Children According to Weight Percentile

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of weight percentile on deep neck infections in children. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of 79 patients who were treated for deep neck infections. The patients were divided into six groups according to weight percentile. Patients who had systemic and/or congenital disease were excluded. Their demographics, etiology, localization, laboratory, and treatment results were reviewed. RESULTS: In total, 79 pediatric patients were recorded: 48.1% were females and 51.9% were males, with a mean age of 7.3 years. In total, 60 patients were under the 50th percentile according to their weight versus all children. The anteroposterior triangle (29.1%) and submandibular (26.5%) spaces were most commonly involved with deep neck infection. However, the anteroposterior triangle space was the highest in the group below the 3rd percentile (44.4%). In the blood analysis, white blood cell levels in patients with at percentile values of 75-50 were higher than other groups (P<0.05). Significant differences were found between C-reactive protein and hemoglobin levels and diameter of abscesses. The need for surgical drainage in patients in lower percentiles was higher. The patients who needed surgical drainage consisted of 56 patients (93.3%) below the 50th percentile and 9 patients (100%) below the 3rd percentile. CONCLUSION: Deep neck infection is more insidious and dangerous in low-weight-percentile children, especially those having low white blood cell counts, low hemoglobin levels, and high C-reactive protein in laboratory results.

Relación talla sentada/talla de pie del nacimiento a la adultez en niños españoles / Sitting height/standing height ratio in a spanish population from birth to adulthood

Introducción. Para el diagnóstico de los pacientes con trastornos del crecimiento, la inspección visual y la medida de los segmentos corporales pueden proporcionar una importante información. El método más utilizado es la evaluación de la relación entre la talla sentada y la talla de pie (TS/TP) y su comparación con los referentes según la edad. Objetivo. Determinar los valores de normalidad de la relación talla sentada/talla de pie en una población normal aragonesa, desde el nacimiento hasta los 18 años. Población y métodos. Estudio longitudinal desde el nacimiento hasta los 18 años. Se registró la longitud (hasta los 3 años), la talla de pie vertical (desde los 2 años) y la talla sentada. Se determinaron los percentiles de la relación talla sentada/talla de pie. Resultados. Se incluyeron 165 varones y 167 mujeres. La relación talla sentada/talla de pie desciende desde el nacimiento en los niños y las niñas (0,656 y 0,647 respectivamente) hasta el inicio de la pubertad (0,514 y 0,519); más tarde aumenta levemente hasta alcanzar la relación defnitiva del adulto (0,52 y 0,53). Conclusión. Se presentan los valores de la relación talla sentada/talla de pie, en niños y niñas normales, hasta los 18 años. Esta relación disminuye desde el nacimiento hasta la pubertad y luego aumenta levemente hasta alcanzar la relación defnitiva del adulto.

Introduction. For the diagnosis of patients with growth disorders, visual inspection and the measurement of body segments may provide important information. The most commonly used method is the assessmentof the sitting/standing height (SH/SH) ratio and its comparison to aged matched controls. Objective. To establish the normal values of the sitting/standing height ratio in a normal Aragonese population from birth to 18 years old. Population and Methods.Longitudinal study from birth to 18 years old. Length (up to 3 years old), standing height (as of 2 years old) and sit-ting height were recorded. Percentiles for sitting/ standing height ratio were determined. Results. The study included 165 male children and 167 female children. The values of the sitting/standing height ratio decrease from birth both in males and females (0.656 and 0.647, respectively) until the onset of puberty (0.514 and 0.519); and later start to slightly increase until reaching the defnitive adult ratio (0.52 and 0.53, respectively). Conclusion. Sitting/standing height ratio values are presented in normal male and female children up to 18 years old. This ratio decreases from birth to puberty and then slightly increases until reaching the fnal adult ratio.

Finite element evaluation on skull-brain relative displacement of the 95th percentile Chinese human head / 医用生物力学

Objective To construct and validate the 95th percentile finite element model of Chinese human head, evaluate the relative displacement between the skull and brain according to four types of skull brain relative displacement experiments as references, and investigate the shear strain distributions on the brain. Methods By comparing the relative displacement curve derived from the experiment and simulation and referring to conclusions from animal and physical experiments, the position of higher shear strain was investigated. Results High correlations could be found between the simulated and experimental results for skull brain relative displacement. Peaks and troughs could always appear in curves of skull brain relative displacement due to the fact that the brain tissue tended to return to its initial state. The results that higher strain could occur at temporal lobe of the brain, corpus callosum and brain surface were consistent with conclusions from the animal and physical experiments. ConclusionsT he 95th percentile finite element model of Chinese human head is validated with good biofidelity. Due to the rotational motion of human head, higher shear strain will occur on brain surface and in deep brain, leading to injuries, which provids a scientific theoretical basis for the study on injury mechanism of human head in traffic accidents.

Influence of Overweight on 24-Hour Urine Chemistry Studies and Recurrent Urolithiasis in Children

PURPOSE: We investigated the influence of overweight on 24-hour urine chemistry studies and recurrent urolithiasis (UL) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was designed to assess children who presented with UL at a pediatric institution between 1985 and 2010. We calculated body mass index percentile (BMIp) adjusted for gender and age according to the 2007 Korean Children and Adolescents Growth Chart and stratified the children into 3 BMI categories: lower body weight (LBW, BMIp or =85). Twenty-four hour urine chemistry studies (urine volume, creatinine, calcium, oxalate, citrate, and pH) were compared between the 3 BMIp groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess independent risk factors for stone recurrence. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients were included. The age of the patients in the NBW group was older than that of patients in the LBW group, but 24-hour urine chemistry studies did not differ significantly between the three groups. Mean urine citrate levels were lower (0.273+/-0.218 mg/mg/d vs. 0.429+/-0.299 mg/mg/d, p<0.05) and the incidence of hypocitraturia was higher (81.5% vs. 45.7%, p<0.05)) in the recurrent stone former group. In the univariate analysis, hypocitraturia and acidic urinary pH were risk factors, but in the multivariate analysis, only hypocitraturia was a risk factor for stone recurrence (hazard ratio, 3.647; 95% confidence interval, 1.047 to 12.703). In the Kaplan-Meier curve, the hypocitraturia group showed higher recurrence than did the normocitraturia group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Unlike in adults, in children, overweight adjusted for gender and age was not associated with 24-hour urine chemistry studies and was not a risk factor for recurrent UL. Hypocitraturia was the only risk factor for UL in children.

A Clinical Study of the Relationship between Obesity and Pubertal Development in Girls / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Recently, public interest in obesity and earlier pubertal development has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between obesity and pubertal development in girls. METHODS: A total of 158 girls presenting with earlier pubertal development from July 2008 to June 2010 were included in the study. Their mean age was 8.27+/-1.3 years and the mean bone age advancement was 1.86+/-0.3 years. RESULTS: Based on weight-for-height percentiles, their obesity rate was 9.2% and overweight rate was 15.8%. However, for body mass index (BMI), the result was a bit different; with an obesity rate of 13.2% and overweight rate of 24.3%. About 40% of the girls had a family history of early maturation. Among them, 25.7% had a maternal history, 4.6% paternal and 7.2% both. However, 60% of them had no family history. We then classified these girls into families with one son and one daughter, and those with two daughters. In one-son/one-daughter families, 69.3% were the first children and 30.7% were second. In two-daughter families, 65.3% were the first and 34.7% were second. We found that 67.5% had a history of taking herbal medicine. CONCLUSION: The obesity and overweight rates in girls with earlier pubertal development were higher than those of normal girls, but with a small discrepancy between weight-for-height percentile and BMI-based results. Furthermore, taking herbal medicine seems to be a potential factor for earlier pubertal development in Korea.