ABSTRACT
Abstract Percutaneous kidney biopsyin transplanted kidneys remains an essential and commonly performed procedure required for diagnostic and prognostic information. Hemorrhage is the main complication of renal graft biopsy. We report a case of a 47-year-old caucasian womanadmitted to perform an ultrasound(US)-guided biopsy of the renal graft. Six hours later, she presented with macroscopic hematuriawhichimproved after urethral catheterization and intravenous hydration. However the hematuria reappeared associated with anemia and worsening of the serum creatinine value. The US study, revealed hydronephrosis with high Doppler derived renal resistive index compatible with clot obstruction.Despite the vesical lavage with drainage of several clots, the patient rapidly progressed to hemorrhagic shock with worsening of renal function. Pelvic computed tomography (CT) revealed calyx and pelvis duplicity and ureter bifidity which merged into a single ureter and inserted into the right anterolateral wall of the bladder. The inferior ureter was enlarged due to an obstructive clot. Most acute obstructive uropathies are associated with significant pain or the abrupt diminution of urine flow. The presence of ureter bifidity in the CT study explained the maintenance of significantdiuresis despite obstruction, located only to the lower ureter but with sufficient functional impact to condition acute kidney injury (AKI).
Resumen La biopsia renal percutánea en riñones trasplantados sigue siendo un procedimiento esencial y común, necesario para obtener información diagnóstica y pronóstica. La hemorragia es la principal complicación de la biopsia de injerto renal. Presentamos un caso de una mujer caucásica de 47 años, quien fue hospitalizada para la realización de una biopsia de injerto renal guiada por ultrasonido (US). Seis horas después, presentó hematuria macroscópica que mejoró después de la cateterización uretral e hidratación intravenosa. Sin embargo, la hematuria reapareció asociada con anemia y empeoramiento del valor sérico de creatinina. El estudio de US reveló, mediante Doppler, una hidronefrosis con alto índice de resistencia renal, compatible con obstrucción por un coágulo. A pesar del lavado vesical con drenaje de varios coágulos, la paciente progresó rápidamente a choque hemorrágico con empeoramiento de la función renal. La tomografía computarizada (TC) pélvica reveló la duplicidad del cáliz y la pelvis y la bifidez ureteral, que se fusionó en un solo uréter y se insertó en la pared anterolateral derecha de la vejiga. El uréter inferior se agrandó debido a un coágulo obstructivo. La mayoría de las uropatías obstructivas agudas están asociadas con dolor significativo o la disminución abrupta del flujo de orina. La presencia de la bifidez del uréter en el estudio de TC explicó el mantenimiento de una diuresis significativa a pesar de la obstrucción, localizada solo en el uréter inferior, pero con suficiente impacto funcional como para provocar insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA).
ABSTRACT
Objective: Percutaneous kidney biopsy (PKB) is an essential procedure in practical nephrology. However, it may cause serious complications, especially in high-risk patients. To determine the factors associated with the complications and the adequacy of PKB under ultrasonic guidance. Methods: Patients were stratified according to serum creatinine (SCr) and randomized for needle types (spring-loaded automatic gun and Tru-cut needle), diameters (16G vs 18G) and the effect of compression at biopsy site. The patients were observed for major (bleeding requiring a blood transfusion or intervention) and minor (not requiring intervention) complications. Results:The patients with serum creatinine (SCr) < 4.0 mg/dl (n=133) had significantly lower complications than those with SCr 4.0 mg/dl (n=35), both major (2 [1.5%] vs. 5 [14.3%]) and minor (6 [4.5%] vs. 3 [8.5%]). All complications occurred within 48 hours (93.8% within 24 hours). In group A, no significant difference in complications was found in needle types, axes, diameters and compression at the biopsy site, including numbers of puncture (< 6 times), length of tissue, kidney size and echogenicity. All samples except two were adequate for diagnosis, with an average of 13 glomeruli. There was no significant difference in tissue adequacy ( 10 glomeruli) in needle types and diameters, but the failure rate and number of puncture were higher with the Tru-cut needle (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The needle type and size or compression at the puncture site do not affect the complication after PKB under ultrasonic guidance, whereas a SCr 4.0 mg/dl is an important factor of the complications but there is no effect on the adequacy of the renal tissues.
ABSTRACT
La biopsia en los tumores renales ya sea por biopsia aspirativa guiada bajo pantalla ultrasonográfica o por medio de la laparoscopia ha sido introducida por algunos centros para realizar el diagnóstico de los diferentes tipos de tumores renales de la infancia, desde el punto de vista histológico. Se ha incluido en este estudio a 15 pacientes diagnosticados en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "William Soler", desde marzo de 1995 hasta marzo de 2003, todos con diagnósticos clínicos e imagenológico de tumores renales malignos. Y el objetivo fue diferenciar la variante histológica del tumor previo a cualquier tipo de tratamiento, y reducir así la morbilidad preoperatoria.
The ultrasonographic screen-assisted aspiration biopsy or the laparoscopy-assisted biopsy have been introduced by some medical centers to diagnose from the histological point of view different types of kidney tumors in children. 15 patients diagnosed at "William Soler" Pediatric Teaching Hospital from March 1995 to March 2003 were included in the study. All of them had clinical and imaging diagnoses of malignant kidney tumors. This study was aimed at differentiating the histological variant of the tumor before applying any type of treatment and at reducing this way preoperative morbidity.