Prevalence of dry eye disease in the patients of allergic conjunctivitis: Hospital-based cross-sectional study

Purpose: Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is commonly associated with dry eye. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of dry eye in different subsets of AC patients. Methods: This observational, cross?sectional study, conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology of a tertiary center in north India, included 132 patients of AC. The diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED) was made on the basis of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Schirmer’s test, and tear film break?up time (TFBUT). Results: The prevalence of dry eye in AC patients was found to range between 31% and 36%. On OSDI scoring, 20.45% of patients had mild, 18.18% moderate, and 31.81% had a severe grade of DED, respectively. The mean OSDI score was noted to be significantly higher in patients with perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) (29.82 ± 12.41), followed by seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) (25.35 ± 12.88), and least in the patients of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) (13.60 ± 8.63) (p < 0.0001), respectively. The TFBUT was found to be less than 10 s in 45.45% of PAC, 30.43% of SAC, and 20% of VKC patients, respectively. The difference between the mean TFBUT among the three groups was statistically insignificant (p = 0.683). Schirmer’s test value of <10 mm was observed in 45.45% of PAC, 43.47% of SAC, and 10% of VKC patients, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of DED in patients with AC. Among the different types of AC patients, PAC had the highest percentage of DED followed by SAC and least in VKC, respectively.

Research progress in the effects of atopic dermatitis on progression of allergic reactions in children / 中国基层医药

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that appears in the early days of life. Atopic dermatitis is reportedly associated with various allergic diseases. It may affect the progression of allergic reactions in children. This review collects the data regarding the incidence of atopic dermatitis and the relationship between atopic dermatitis and allergic diseases, providing great clinical significance for further understanding the annual increase in the incidence of allergic diseases in children.

Desloratadine combined with Tongqiao Biyan capsule for the treatment of allergic rhinitis / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of desloratadine combined with Tongqiao Biyan capsule on allergic rhinitis. Methods:100 patients with allergic rhinitis who received treatment in The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Ningbo University from February 2018 to February 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to receive treatment with either desloratadine tablets (control group, n = 50) or desloratadine tablets combined with Tongqiao Biyan capsule (observation group, n = 50) for 21 days. Improvement in clinical symptoms and changes in inflammatory factors were observed in each group. Results:Scores of nasal itch, nasal obstruction, runny nose, and sneezing in the observation group were (1.42 ± 0.10) points, (1.20 ± 0.13) points, (1.25 ± 0.13) points, and (1.33 ± 0.14) points, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(1.80 ± 0.12) points, (1.68 ± 0.15) points, (1.68 ± 0.11) points, (1.68 ± 0.13) points, t = 17.20, 17.10, 17.85, 12.95, all P < 0.001]. After treatment, interleukin -4, -6, -8 levels in the observation group were (16.12 ± 5.05) ng/L, (5.33 ± 2.10) ng/L, (37.16 ± 9.80) ng/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(21.52 ± 5.58) ng/L, (8.12 ± 2.15) ng/L, (48.55 ± 9.65) ng/L, t = 5.07, 6.56, 5.86, all P < 0.05]. Interferon-γ level was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group [(26.58 ± 2.58) ng/L vs. (23.68 ± 2.69) ng/L, t = 5.50, P < 0.001]. After treatment, the total score of the quality of life questionnaire was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group [(61.58 ± 8.57) points vs. (40.98 ± 8.35) points, t = 12.17, P < 0.001]. There was no significant difference in total incidence of adverse reactions between observation and control groups [10.00% (5/50) vs. 14.00% (7/50), χ2 = 0.38, P > 0.05]. Conclusion:Desloratadine combined with Tongqiao Biyan capsule can better improve the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and better reduce inflammation without increasing adverse drug reactions compared with desloratadine alone.

Short-term efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis of all ages / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the short-term efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis of all ages.Methods:The data of 230 patients with allergic rhinitis of all ages who received sublingual immunotherapy in The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu from November 2020 to September 2021 were included in this study. Patient distribution characteristics were analyzed. Ninety-three patients were randomly selected and divided into child, adolescent, and adult groups according to different ages. Total nasal symptom scores measured before and 4 months after sublingual immunotherapy were compared among patients of different ages to evaluate the short-term efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy. The skin prick test was used to determine the allergic state of patients. Change in total nasal symptom score after treatment relative to that before treatment was used to evaluate the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy.Results:The age range of patients receiving sublingual immunotherapy was large (3-71 years), but the average age was only 17.70 years. Ninety-three patients were followed up, including 50 children and 43 adolescents or adults. After 4 months of sublingual immunotherapy, total nasal symptom score in children and adolescents or adults were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment [(3.66 ± 1.69) points vs. (6.60 ± 1.96) points, (3.49 ± 1.72) points vs. (6.28 ± 2.28) points, both P < 0.001]. Before and after treatment, there was no significant difference in total nasal symptom score between children and adolescents or adults (both P > 0.05). Conclusion:Patients with allergic rhinitis who receive sublingual immunotherapy tend to be young. Short-term sublingual immunotherapy is effective for allergic rhinitis. There is no remarkable difference in the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy between patients with allergic rhinitis of all ages.

Effect of organic fertilization and pruning on cacao yield in Cundinamarca, Colombia / Efecto de la fertilización orgánica y la poda sobre la producción de cacao en Cundinamarca, Colombia

ABSTRACT Cacao has high social importance in Colombia but requires cultivation techniques that improve its productivity, especially in the production of organic cacao. Pruning and organic fertilizers were assessed as treatments to increase the bean yield in an old cacao crop in Cundinamarca. The positive effects of organic fertilizer application and pruning on the pod morphometry and bean yield were established. The application of organic fertilizers with pruning, in general, increased the length and circumference of cacao pods. A negative correlation (R=-0.618) was found among the relative chlorophyll contents in leaves at the end of the harvest period and with the number of pods per tree. A positive correlation (R=0.748) was obtained between the fresh weight of pods and the dry weight of beans. No correlation was established between the relative chlorophyll contents in leaves and the bean dry weight. Pruning plus organic fertilization increased the total dry weight of beans per tree at almost 15 %, which makes pruning with organic fertilizer application the best tool for increasing yield in organic cacao production in old plantations in Cundinamarca.

RESUMEN El cultivo de cacao tiene una alta importancia social en Colombia, pero requiere la implementación de técnicas de cultivo que mejoren su productividad, principalmente, en la producción de cacao orgánico. La poda y los fertilizantes orgánicos fueron evaluados, como los tratamientos para incrementar el rendimiento de cacao, en una plantación antigua en el departamento Cundinamarca. La aplicación de fertilizantes orgánicos y la poda tuvieron efectos positivos sobre la morfometría del fruto y el rendimiento del cacao. La aplicación de fertilizantes orgánicos con poda, en general, aumentó la longitud y el diámetro de frutos de cacao. Se encontró una correlación negativa (R=-0,618) entre el contenido relativo de clorofila en hojas al final del período de cosecha y el número de frutos por árbol. Se obtuvo una correlación positiva (R=0,748) entre el peso fresco de frutos y el peso seco de semillas. No se estableció correlación entre el contenido relativo de clorofila en hojas y el peso seco de semillas. La poda más fertilización orgánica aumentó el peso seco total de semillas por árbol, en casi un 15 %, lo que convierte la poda con aplicación de fertilizante orgánicos en una herramienta para aumentar el rendimiento de cacao orgánico en antiguas plantaciones, en el departamento Cundinamarca.

Eficacia y seguridad de la combinación de fexofenadina con montelukast en el tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica / Efficacy and safety of combined therapy of fexofenadine and montelukast for the treatment of allergic rhinitis

El propósito de este trabajo fue revisar la literatura científica que evalúa la eficacia y seguridad de las monoterapias de fexofenadina y montelukast, la terapia combinada (fija o en asociación) de montelukast - fexofenadina, así como de montelukast con otros antihistamínicos de segunda generación en el tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica. Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda bibliográfica de múltiples etapas, en donde se identificaron estudios basados en ensayos clínicos y estudios no aleatorizados (ensayo controlado no aleatorizado, controlado antes-después, de series de tiempo interrumpidas, con controles históricos, de cohorte, de casos y controles, estudio transversal, y series de casos) en pacientes con rinitis alérgica, en las bases de datos MEDLINE/ PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Biblioteca Cochrane, Redalyc y Colección BVS y debido a la cantidad de resultados obtenidos se incluyó la búsqueda en Hinari. Con base en esta revisión se concluye que las combinaciones de antihistamínicos de segunda generación y antagonistas de leucotrienos y, en particular, la combinación fija de fexofenadina ­ montelukast es eficaz, segura y favorece la adherencia al tratamiento, y a largo plazo también ayuda a alcanzar el objetivo terapéutico.

The purpose of this work was to review the scientific literature that evaluates the efficacy and safety of monotherapies of fexofenadine and montelukast, the combined therapy (fixed-dose or separate drug combinations) of montelukast-fexofenadine, as well as the use of montelukast together with other second-generation antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. A multistage literature search strategy was designed, including clinical trials and non-randomized studies (non-randomized controlled trial, controlled before-after study, interrupted time series study, historical control study, cohort study, case-control study, crosssectional study, and case series) evaluating patients with allergic rhinitis. The databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Redalyc, BVS Collection, and, due to the number of results obtained, Hinari were included. Based on this review, the conclusion is that the combinations of secondgeneration antihistamines with leukotriene antagonists and, in particular, the fixed combination of fexofenadine-montelukast are effective, safe and promote treatment adherence. In the long term, they also help achieve therapeutic goals.

Two Cases Successfully Treated with Mokuboito on the Basis of Shinkahiken (Epigastric Stuffiness and Strong Resistance) / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Mokuboito is usually used for the treatment of patients with dyspnea and edema due to chronic heart failure. We herein report two cases successfully treated with mokuboito on the basis of shinkahiken (epigastric stuffiness and strong resistance). Case 1 was a 28-year-old woman. She had been experiencing occasional bouts of epigastralgia for 12 years, but they had worsened two months before the first visit to our department. When she was examined, however, the cause of epigastralgia could not be determined and she was diagnosed with functional gastroenteropathy. After being introduced to our department, she was treated with various Kampo formulas, but the symptom was poorly improved. Case 2 was a 74-year-old man who was prescribed hachimijiogan and shoseiryuto for an overactive bladder and perennial allergic rhinitis. His symptoms were stable, but suddenly deteriorated after two months. In both cases, when changing treatment to mokuboito on the basis of shinkahiken, the symptoms were improved. These results suggest that mokuboito can be used in a wide range of cases with shinkahiken.

Evaluación de sólidos solubles en recursos forrajeros del trópico alto en el departamento de Nariño / Evaluation of soluble solids in forage resources in the high tropics in the department of Nariño / Avaliação de sólidos solúveis em recursos forrageiros nos altos trópicos do departamento de Nariño

Resumen En los sistemas ganaderos de trópico alto colombiano, la estacionalidad forrajera, y el déficit energético de las dietas en bovinos, son las mayores limitantes para potencializar la productividad animal. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la concentración de sólidos solubles, en dos especies arbustivas perennes (Tithonia Diversifolia (T.d) y Sambucus Nigra (S.n), edad: 60 días (d) y dos variedades de ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Columbia y Samson (edad: 32d) en el Centro de investigación Obonuco de Agrosavia (Pasto-Nariño). Los datos fueron analizados bajo un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo de medida repetida tomando como unidad experimental las parcelas de evaluación tanto en las arbustivas como en las gramíneas. Se midió la concentración de sólidos solubles (%Ss), en tres horarios (7:30 a.m., 11:30 a.m. y 3:00 p.m.), la composición nutricional y producción de biomasa; para el análisis se utilizó el software R V. 3.5.1 a través de ANAVA y pruebas de comparación de medias (tukey<0,05). Los datos indicaron mayor concentración (p<0,05) de Ss para S.n (12,5%) en comparación con las demás especies. Los mayores valores numéricos de Ss en todas las especies se presentaron en el horario de las 3:00 p.m. y los menores a las 7:30 a.m. A nivel nutricional hubo diferencia (p<0,05) para los carbohidratos no estructurales (CNE), siendo mayores para S.n (29,5%) respecto a T.d (25,4%). La producción de biomasa (MS/t/ ha/año), fue mayor (p<0,05) para T.d (22,8 t) respecto a S.n (11,4 t). Los resultados obtenidos de Ss para los recursos forrajeros evaluados son de gran importancia para estimar el valor energético de estos forrajes en alimentación animal.

Abstract In the livestock systems of the Colombian high tropics, the seasonality of forage, and the energy deficit of the diets of cattle, are the greatest limitations to the potential of animal productivity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the concentration of soluble solids in two perennial shrub species (Tithonia diversifolia and Sambucus nigra, age: 60 days (d) and two ryegrass varieties (Lolium perenne) Columbia and Samson (age: 32 d) at the Obonuco Research Center of Agrosavia (Pasto-Nariño). The data were analyzed under a completely randomized design with a repeated measurement arrangement taking as an experimental unit the evaluation plots in both shrubs and grasses. Soluble solids concentration (%Ss), nutritional composition and biomass production were measured in three time periods (7:30 a.m., 11:30 a.m. and 3:00 p.m.). The analysis was performed using R V. 3.5.1 software through ANAVA and mean comparison tests (tukey<0.05). Data indicated higher concentration (p<0.05) of Ss for S.n (12.5%) compared to the other species. The highest numerical values of Ss in all species were presented at 3:00pm and the lowest at 7:30 a.m. At a nutritional level there was a difference (p<0.05) for non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), being higher for S.n (29.5%) than T.d (25.4%). The production of biomass (MS/t/ha/year), was higher (p<0.05) for T.d (22.8 t) with respect to S.n (11.4 t). The results obtained from Ss for the fodder resources evaluated are of great importance for estimating the energy value of these fodder products in animal feed.

Resumo Nos sistemas pecuários do alto trópico colombiano, a sazonalidade das forragens e o déficit energético das dietas do gado são as maiores limitações para o potencial de produtividade animal. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a concentração de sólidos solúveis em duas espécies de arbustos perenes (Tithonia diversifolia e Sambucus nigra, idade: 60 dias (d) e duas variedades de azevém (Lolium perenne) Columbia e Sansão (idade: 32 d) no Centro de Pesquisa Obonuco de Agrosavia (Pasto-Nariño). Os dados foram analisados sob um desenho completamente aleatório com um arranjo de medição repetida tomando como unidade experimental as parcelas de avaliação tanto em arbustos como em gramíneas. A concentração de sólidos solúveis (%Ss), composição nutricional e produção de biomassa foram medidas em três períodos de tempo (7:30 h, 11:30 h e 15:00 h). A análise foi realizada utilizando o software RV. 3.5.1 através do ANAVA e testes de comparação de médias (tukey<0,05). Os dados indicaram maior concentração (p<0,05) de Ss para S.n (12,5%) em comparação com as outras espécies. Os valores numéricos mais altos de Ss em todo as espécies foram apresentados às 15:00 h e os mais baixos às 7:30 h. A nível nutricional houve diferença (p<0,05) para carboidratos não estruturais (NSC), sendo maior para S.n (29,5%) do que para T.d (25,4%). A produção de biomassa (MS/t/ha/ano), foi maior (p<0,05) para T.d (22,8 t) em relação ao S.n (11,4 t). Os resultados obtidos com os Ss para os recursos forrageiros avaliados são de grande importância para estimar o valor energético desses produtos forrageiros na alimentação animal.

Uso de coberturas alternativas do solo para o controle das perdas de solo em regiões semiáridas / Use of alternative soil covers for the control of soil loss in semiarid regions

RESUMO A região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro é marcada por elevadas incertezas quanto à ocorrência de chuvas intensas, bem como por anos sequenciados de secas. Esses fenômenos naturais, somados à reduzida utilização de práticas conservacionistas, podem gerar degradação dos solos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a importância do uso de cobertura morta e espécies de oleaginosas não convencionais perenes (Moringa oleifera Lam. e Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) no controle da erosão do solo em parcelas de erosão, em condições de chuvas naturais. O estudo realizou-se durante os anos de 2016 e 2017 na bacia representativa do Mimoso, localizada no município de Pesqueira (PE), Brasil. Na área de estudo, instalaram-se três parcelas de erosão, cada uma com área igual a 40 m2 (2 × 20 m), que foram intensamente monitoradas no tocante à intensidade de precipitação, à umidade e à temperatura do solo, ao escoamento superficial e à produção de sedimentos. Para cada parcela experimental, adotaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: oleaginosas; oleaginosas + cobertura morta; solo descoberto. A cobertura do solo com oleaginosas e cobertura morta resultou em maior retenção de umidade do solo e menores valores de escoamento superficial e perdas de solo. O desenvolvimento da estrutura das oleaginosas diminuiu o impacto direto das gotas de chuva no solo, reduzindo as perdas de solo quando comparadas ao descoberto.

ABSTRACT The semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast is marked by strong uncertainties regarding the occurrence of extreme rainfall, as well as the occurrence of sequenced year droughts. These natural phenomena, together with limited use of soil and water conservation practices, can generate soil degradation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the importance of the use of mulch and non-conventional perennial oleaginous species (Moringa oleifera Lam. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) in soil erosion plots under natural rainfall. The study was conducted during the years of 2016 and 2017 in the representative basin of Mimoso, located in the municipality of Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil. Three erosion plots each with an area of 40 m2 (2 m × 20 m), were installed in the study area, which were intensively monitored for rainfall intensity, soil moisture and temperature, runoff and sediment production. For each experimental plot, the following treatments were adopted: Oleaginous; Oleaginous + mulch; Bare soil. Soil cover with oleaginous species and mulch resulted in higher soil moisture and lower amounts of runoff and soil loss. The development of the tree structure of the oleaginous reduced the direct impact of raindrops on the soil surface, reducing the soil losses when compared to the bare soil.

Prescription Profile and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Treated with Oral Antihistamines or Nasal Corticosteroids

Abstract Introduction Oral antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids have been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of allergic rhinitis; however, the evidence suggests a level of superiority of corticosteroids, so they should be preferred over the former. Objective To know the prescription profile of two second generation antihistamines (cetirizine and levocetirizine) and two nasal corticosteroids (mometasone and furoateciclesonide) in a cohort of patients with allergic rhinitis, and to compare the clinical outcomes obtained. Methods A cohort study was carried including patients with allergic rhinitis treated with cetirizine, levocetirizine, mometasone furoate or ciclesonide. The improvement was evaluated with the total nasal symptoms score (TNSS). This scale yields results between 0 and 12. Zero indicates absence of symptoms. Results A total of 314 patients completed 12 weeks of follow-up. Seventy-five percent were treated with antihistamines, 20% with corticosteroids, and 5% with a combination of the above. The TNSS median for corticosteroid was 2.5 points; for antihistamines, its was 5 points, and for combination, it was 4 points. We found differences between corticosteroids and antihistamines. Conclusion The prescription percentage of second generation oral antihistamines is higher than that of intranasal corticosteroids. However, patients with allergic rhinitis treated with the second option obtained better control of symptoms.

The efficacy and safety of ciclesonide for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Eficácia e segurança da ciclesonida no tratamento da rinite alérgica perene: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which affects 1 out of 6 individuals. Perennial allergic rhinitis accounts for 40% of AR cases. Ciclesonide is one of the relatively new intranasal steroid for allergic rhinitis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Scientific Citation Index, Embase, Clinical Trial Registries for randomized controlled trials and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to find out the randomized controlled Trial comparing ciclesonide with placebo for PAR. Results: Eight studies were included. In comparison with placebo groups, ciclesonide groups significantly decreased Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (MD = −0.56; 95% CI −0.72 to 0.39, p < 0.00001) with heterogeneity (p = 0.19, I2 = 24%), Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Score (MD = −0.57; 95% CI −0.75 to −0.39, p < 0.00001) with heterogeneity (p = 0.34, I2 = 11%). A significant effect for Reflective Nasal Symptom Score Subtotal (MD = −0.15; 95% CI −0.18 to −0.13, p < 0.00001) with heterogeneity (p = 0.12, I2 = 24%) was also demonstrated. Rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire score (RQLQs) (MD = −0.27; 95% CI −0.39 to −0.15, p < 0.00001) with heterogeneity (p = 0.58, I 2 = 0%) in the treatment of ciclesonide was also significantly reduced. In addition, the difference in Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events between the two groups was not significant. Conclusion: Ciclesonide can improve perennial allergic rhinitis without increasing adverse events. Ciclesonide may be another valuable choice for perennial allergic rhinitis in the future.

Resumo Introdução: A rinite alérgica é uma doença inflamatória crônica que afeta um a cada seis indivíduos. A rinite alérgica perene é responsável por 40% dos casos de rinite alérgica. A ciclesonida é um dos corticosteroides intranasais mais novos para o tratamento dessa condição clínica. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança da ciclesonida no tratamento da rinite alérgica perene. Método: Uma busca foi feita nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Scientific Citation Index, Embase e Clinical Trial Registries por ensaios clínicos randomizados e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials por estudos controlados randomizados que comparassem ciclesonida com placebo no tratamento da rinite alérgica perene. Resultados: Oito estudos foram incluídos. Em comparação com os grupos placebo, os grupos ciclesonida mostraram diminuição significante no escore do Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (DM = −0,56; IC 95%: −0,72 a −0,39, p < 0,00001) com heterogeneidade (p = 0,19, I2 = 24%), do Instantaneous Total Nasal Symptom Score (DM = −0,57; IC95%: −0,75 a −0,39, p < 0,00001) com heterogeneidade (p = 0,34, I2 = 11%). Um efeito significante no escore do Reflective Nasal Symptom Score Subtotal (DM = −0,15; IC 95%: −0,18 a −0,13, p < 0,00001) com heterogeneidade (p = 0,12, I2 = 24%) também foi demonstrado. O escore do Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire score (RQLQs) (DM = −0,27; IC 95%: −0,39 a −0,15, p < 0,00001) com heterogeneidade (p = 0,58, I2 = 0%) também foi significantemente reduzido no tratamento com ciclesonida. Além disso, a diferença em relação aos eventos adversos emergentes do tratamento entre os dois grupos não foi significante. Conclusão: A ciclesonida pode melhorar a rinite alérgica perene sem aumentar os eventos adversos. Esse fármaco pode ser outra opção valiosa para a rinite alérgica perene no futuro.

Rinite alérgica na visão do paciente / Allergic rhinitis from a patient's perspective

Os sintomas nasais têm impacto na vida dos pacientes com rinite alérgica. A maioria das pessoas alérgicas relata impacto negativo dos sintomas de alergia no trabalho e no desempenho escolar. Dentre todos os sintomas de alergia, o mais incômodo é a obstrução nasal, embora outros sintomas também tenham impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, especialmente no sono. Os anti-histamínicos orais e corticosteroides nasais são as medicações mais frequentemente utilizadas para o tratamento de rinite, seguidos por descongestionantes orais ou intranasais. Os pacientes alérgicos frequentemente compram medicações sem prescrição médica nas farmácias, e nem sempre estão satisfeitos com o tratamento que lhes é oferecido. Os médicos devem trabalhar mais na comunicação com os pacientes alérgicos para atender às suas necessidades, abordando medo de efeitos colaterais, preocupações quanto aos sintomas de alergia e como estes interferem na qualidade de vida. Desse modo, a educação do paciente baseada em melhor comunicação pode facilitar o controle da rinite alérgica.

Nasal symptoms have an impact on the daily lives of patients with allergic rhinitis. Most allergic individuals report a negative impact of allergy symptoms on work and school performance. Among all allergy symptoms, the most bothersome is nasal congestion, although other symptoms also have an impact on patients' quality of life, especially on their sleep. Oral antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are the most frequently used medications for rhinitis, followed by oral or intranasal decongestants. Allergic patients frequently purchase different over-the-counter medications and sometimes are not satisfied with proposed treatments. Physicians should improve the communication with allergic patients to meet their needs, addressing fear of side effects, concerns about allergy symptoms and how they impact quality of life. Thus, educating patients through better communication may improve the control of allergic rhinitis.

Effects of budesonide nasal spray and ebastine combined with Xinqin granule on symptom improvement and serum T cell subsets and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) levels in patients with allergic rhinitis / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the effect of budesonide nasal spray and ebastine combined with Xinqin granule on symptom improvement and serum T cell subsets and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) levels in patients with allergic rhinitis.@*Methods@#From February 2015 to April 2017, 107 cases of allergic rhinitis in Yuncheng Central Hospital were divided into two groups according to the different ways of treatment.Fifty-three cases in the control group were treated with budesonide nasal spray and ebastine, 54 cases in the study group were treated with Xinqin granule based on the control group.The improvement of nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, nasal itching symptom score and serum VCAM-1, T cell subsets (CD3＋, CD4＋, CD19＋) levels of the two groups were analyzed and compared before treatment and after half a month of the treatment.The clinical effect and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.@*Results@#After treatment for half a month, the nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, nasal itching symptom scores of the study group were lower than those of the control group(all P<0.05). The clinical effect of the study group[87.04%(47/54)] was higher than that of the control group[67.92%(31/53), χ2=2.970, P<0.05]. After treatment for half a month, the serum VCAM-1, CD3＋, CD4＋ and CD19＋ levels in the study group were better than those in the control group[(572.26±120.67)ng/L vs.(864.87±238.56)ng/L, (68.69±3.31)% vs.(72.08±4.29)%, (39.79±3.28)% vs.(44.61±4.78)%, (10.79±1.64)% vs.(13.61±2.18)%](all P<0.05). The incidence rate of adverse reactions in the study group was 11.11%(6/54). which in the control group was 5.66%(3/53), the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.445, P=0.504).@*Conclusion@#Budesonide nasal spray and ebastine combined with Xinqin granule in the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis has significant effect.It can significantly improve the levels of serum VCAM-1 and T cell subsets with high security.

Clinical effect of Shufeng Tongqiao and Yifei Jianpi prescription in the treatment of allergic rhinitis / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To explore the clinical effect of Shufeng Tongqiao and Yifei Jianpi prescription in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.@*Methods@#From September 2015 to October 2017, 60 patients with allergic rhinitis in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Tongxiang were selected according to include and exclude standards.The patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the digital table, with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with conventional western medicine: loratadine tablets combined with budesonide nasal spray.The treatment group was given traditional Chinese medicine on the basis of the control group.Before and after treatment, the nasal congestion, runny nose, nasal itching, sneezing four indicators were recorded in the two groups.And nasal discharge, tears flowed pharyngeal from eye pain, oral cavity on the forehead, nose, or pain, headache, five secondary indicators, as well as in the case of a change rhinitis, quality of life questionnaire were collected.The data were statistically analyzed.@*Results@#Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in the main symptoms, secondary symptoms, serum IgE and quality of life between the two groups (all P>0.05). After 3 months of treatment, all the indicators in the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). In addition, the improvement of main symptoms and serum IgE in the treatment group were better than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (z/t=-2.708, -2.033, -3.757, -2.208, -2.432; P=0.007, 0.042, 0.000, 0.027, 0.018), but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of subtypes and quality of life improvement (P=0.488, 0.448, 0.519, 0.228, 0.278, 0.338). After 1 year of follow-up, the mean scores of each group were analyzed and compared.The indicators in the treatment group showed a different degree of recovery after 3 months of treatment.However, compared with before treatment, the indicators were still significantly improved.The scores of nasal obstruction, runny nose, nasal itching, sneezing, quality of life, and serum IgE in the treatment group were (1.13±0.81)points, (1.00±0.94)points, (0.93±0.74)points, (1.00±0.74)points, (6.13±2.30)points, (92.23±12.55)points, compared with those before treatment, the differences were statistically significant (t/z=-5.575, -5.222, -6.281, -5.918, 5.633, 9.199, all P<0.01). Compared with the control group, all indicators were significantly better, the differences were statistically significant (z/t=-2.388, -2.390, -2.738, -2.350, 4.800, 4.022, 4.444, 4.356, 5.934, -2.023, -4.381; P=0.017, 0.017, 0.006, 0.019, 0.028, 0.045, 0.035, 0.037, 0.015, 0.048, 0.000). After 3 months of clinical treatment and 1 year follow-up analysis, the total effective rate of the treatment group was 93.3%, that of the control group was 86.7%, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (Z=-2.221, P=0.026).@*Conclusion@#The clinical efficacy of Shufeng Tongqiao and Yifei Jianpi prescription combined with western medicine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis is more significant than conventional western medicine alone, and the long-term efficacy is significant, which can effectively reduce the symptoms of patients, improve the quality of life of patients, and significantly reduce the level of serum IgE.

Effects of budesonide nasal spray and ebastine combined with Xinqin granule on symptom improvement and serum T cell subsets and vascular cell adhesion molecule－1(VCAM－1) levels in patients with allergic rhinitis / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the effect of budesonide nasal spray and ebastine combined with Xinqin granule on symptom improvement and serum T cell subsets and vascular cell adhesion molecule －1 ( VCAM －1) levels in patients with allergic rhinitis.Methods From February 2015 to April 2017,107 cases of allergic rhinitis in Yuncheng Central Hospital were divided into two groups according to the different ways of treatment .Fifty －three cases in the control group were treated with budesonide nasal spray and ebastine ,54 cases in the study group were treated with Xinqin granule based on the control group.The improvement of nasal congestion ,sneezing,runny nose, nasal itching symptom score and serum VCAM －1,T cell subsets (CD+3 ,CD+4 ,CD+19 ) levels of the two groups were analyzed and compared before treatment and after half a month of the treatment .The clinical effect and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results After treatment for half a month , the nasal congestion,sneezing,runny nose,nasal itching symptom scores of the study group were lower than those of the control group(all P＜0.05).The clinical effect of the study group [87.04%(47／54)] was higher than that of the control group[67.92%(31／53),χ2 ＝2.970,P＜0.05].After treatment for half a month,the serum VCAM－1,CD+3 ,CD+4 and CD+19 levels in the study group were better than those in the control group [(572.26 ±120.67)ng／L vs.(864.87 ± 238.56)ng／L,(68.69 ±3.31)% vs.(72.08 ±4.29)%,(39.79 ±3.28)% vs.(44.61 ±4.78)%,(10.79 ± 1.64)%vs.(13.61 ±2.18)%] ( all P＜0.05).The incidence rate of adverse reactions in the study group was 11.11%(6／54).which in the control group was 5.66%(3／53),the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 ＝0.445,P＝0.504).Conclusion Budesonide nasal spray and ebastine combined with Xinqin granule in the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis has significant effect.It can significantly improve the levels of serum VCAM －1 and T cell subsets with high security.

Clinical effect of Shufeng Tongqiao and Yifei Jianpi prescription in the treatment of allergic rhinitis / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical effect of Shufeng Tongqiao and Yifei Jianpi prescription in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.Methods From September 2015 to October 2017,60 patients with allergic rhinitis in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Tongxiang were selected according to include and exclude standards.The patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the digital table,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with conventional western medicine:loratadine tablets combined with budesonide nasal spray.The treatment group was given traditional Chinese medicine on the basis of the control group.Before and after treatment,the nasal congestion,runny nose,nasal itching,sneezing four indicators were recorded in the two groups.And nasal discharge,tears flowed pharyngeal from eye pain,oral cavity on the forehead,nose,or pain,headache,five secondary indicators,as well as in the case of a change rhinitis,quality of life questionnaire were collected.The data were statistically analyzed.Results Before treatment,there were no statistically significant differences in the main symptoms,secondary symptoms,serum IgE and quality of life between the two groups (all P ＞ 0.05).After 3 months of treatment,all the indicators in the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before treatment,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).In addition,the improvement of main symptoms and serum IgE in the treatment group were better than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (z/t =-2.708,-2.033,-3.757,-2.208,-2.432;P =0.007,0.042,0.000,0.027,0.018),but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of subtypes and quality of life improvement (P =0.488,0.448,0.519,0.228,0.278,0.338).After 1 year of follow-up,the mean scores of each group were analyzed and compared.The indicators in the treatment group showed a different degree of recovery after 3 months of treatment.However,compared with before treatment,the indicators were still significantly improved.The scores of nasal obstruction,runny nose,nasal itching,sneezing,quality of life,and serum IgE in the treatment group were (1.13 ± 0.81) points,(1.00 ± 0.94) points,(0.93 ± 0.74) points,(1.00 ± 0.74) points,(6.13 ± 2.30) points,(92.23 ± 12.55)points,compared with those before treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t/z =-5.575,-5.222,-6.281,-5.918,5.633,9.199,all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the control group,all indicators were significantly better,the differences were statistically significant (z/t =-2.388,-2.390,-2.738,-2.350,4.800,4.022,4.444,4.356,5.934,-2.023,-4.381;P =0.017,0.017,0.006,0.019,0.028,0.045,0.035,0.037,0.015,0.048,0.000).After 3 months of clinical treatment and 1 year follow-up analysis,the total effective rate of the treatment group was 93.3％,that of the control group was 86.7％,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (Z =-2.221,P =0.026).Conclusion The clinical efficacy of Shufeng Tongqiao and Yifei Jianpi prescription combined with western medicine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis is more significant than conventional western medicine alone,and the long-term efficacy is significant,which can effectively reduce the symptoms of patients,improve the quality of life of patients,and significantly reduce the level of serum IgE.

Effects of scoparone on the expression of RORγt and related factors in experimental allergic rhinitis rats / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of behavior, pathology, the serum IL-17, IL-23 level, and the expressing of RORγt, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA in nasal tissues of experimental allergic rhinitis rats after the scoparone treatment. METHODS The animal model were divided into 4 groups: normal control group(group NC), allergic rhinitis group(group AR), artemolactone group(group Sco) and dexamethasone group(group Dxm). The symptom score, HE staining of the nasal mucosa, IL-17 and IL-23 level in serum measured by ELISA, the RORγt, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA level detected by RTPCR. RESULTS Symptoms and inflammatory pathology were relieved in the experimental group after scoparone treatment. The serum levels of the IL-17, IL-23 in group Sco and group Dxm were little higher than that in group NC. The levels of RORγt, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA in group AR were significantly higher than that in the other three groups. The levels of RORγt, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA in group Sco and group Dxm were little higher than that in the group NC. CONCLUSION Sco could significantly inhibited or eliminated the allergy symptoms of AR in rats, and could reduce the severity and inflammatory response of diseases.

Effect and mechanism of PPAR gamma agonist on allergic rhinitis in mice / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To invest igate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of PPAR gamma agonist on allergic rhinitis(AR) in mice. METHODS AR murine model was established by OVA sensitization and challenge. The behavior observation was used to understand the improvement effect of PIO on AR symptoms. The morphological characteristics of nasal tissues were observed by HE staining. The total RNA was extracted to investigate the level of mRNA expression of Foxp3, T-bet and GATA-3. The changes of CD4+Foxp3+T cells in spleen of mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS BALB/c mice received OVA sensitization followed by OVA intranasal challenge, the frequencies of sneezing and nose-scratching increased signif icantly in AR group compared with control group. The frequencies decreased significantly in PIO group, compared with AR group. The continuity of nasal mucosa ciliated columnar epithelium in AR group was destroyed and appeared to be repaired in PIO group. Inflammatory cells infiltration was also markedly decreased by PIO treatment. PIO significantly increased the expression of Foxp3 mRNA(P ＜0.001) compared with AR and control group. There was no significant difference in T-bet between PIO group and AR group, but the expression of GATA-3 mRA in PIO group was significantly lower than AR group. The proportion of CD4+Foxp3+T cells in AR group (4.43％±0.25％) decreased compared with control group (5.19％±0.39％) (P ＜0.001). PIO treatment induced production of Tregs (6.35％±0.37％) compaered with control group(P ＜0.001). CONCLUSION PPAR-gamma agonist can effectively alleviate allergic symptoms of mice and regulate the balance of Th1/Th2. The role of PPAR gamma agonist in the treatment of AR may be the amplification of Tregs by promoting Foxp3 expression.

Prevalence and risk factors of uncontrolled allergic rhinitis / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE We used Al lergic Rhinitis Control Test (ARCT) questionnaire to evaluate the control level of allergic rhinitis, in order to get the data of prevalence rate, epidemiological characters and risk factors of uncontrolled allergic rhinitis. METHODS Patients with AR were recruited from our department and the treatment based on the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma(ARIA) guidelines. Telephone interview will be taken after 2 weeks in these patients, compared to symptoms, impact on quality of life, ARCT value before and after treatment. RESULTS Among 134 patients enrolled, moderate/severe AR account for 95％. After 2 weeks of treatment, both symptom and quality of life were marked improvement(P <0.001). Patients with uncontrolled AR(26.1％) at day 15 more frequently presented higher height and weight(P <0.001), history of ear, nose, and throat(ENT) infection or antibiotics intake for respiratory infection in the last 12 months (40.4％ versus 62.9％, P =0.022), smoking (4.0％ versus 17.1％, P =0.02), and smell disturbance (10.1％ versus 25.7％, P =0.044). CONCLUSION Most of AR patients have remarkable improvements in symptom and quality of life after treatment, but 26.1％ of patients still remain uncontrolled. Smoking and nose infection are risk factors of uncontrolled AR.

Alergia ocular / Ocular allergy

Resumen La alergia ocular consiste en un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por inflamación de la conjuntiva ocular, dentro de las que podemos encontrar a la conjuntivitis alérgica estacional (CAE) o perenne (CAP), la queratoconjuntivitis vernal, la queratoconjuntivitis atópica y la blefaroconjuntivitis de contacto. Aqueja aproximadamente al 10% de la población mundial, y los más afectados son pacientes con otras patologías alérgicas. El diagnóstico es clínico y se integra mediante los síntomas y hallazgos encontrados durante la exploración física oftalmológica presentes en el sujeto al momento de la visita. Los principales objetivos del tratamiento en la conjuntivitis alérgica son minimizar y controlar los signos y síntomas de la enfermedad, incluyendo la reducción del prurito, de la hiperemia y del edema de la conjuntiva y párpados, así como mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. El tratamiento incluye medidas no farmacológicas, como evitar estímulos irritantes, el uso de lágrimas artificiales, la aplicación de compresas frías y medicamentos como vasoconstrictores, antihistamínicos, estabilizadores de mastocitos, agentes de acción dual, esteroides y fármacos inmunomoduladores, así como inmunoterapia alérgeno específica. Los cambios desencadenados por la inflamación de la conjuntiva, producen daño corneal mecánico, y en los casos graves y crónicos de la enfermedad, el daño corneal puede resultar en la disminución de la agudeza visual, lo cual disminuye la calidad de vida del paciente.

Abstract Ocular allergy is a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of the ocular conjunctiva and include seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis and contact blepharoconjunctivitis; affects approximately 10% of world population being most affected those patients with other allergic diseases; the diagnosis is clinical and is integrated through the symptoms and findings found during the physical examination. The main goals of treatment in allergic conjunctivitis are minimize and control the signs and symptoms of the disease, including the reduction of pruritus, hyperemia and edema of the conjunctiva and eyelids as well as improving the quality of life of the patient; treatment includes non-pharmacological measures such as avoiding irritant stimuli, use of artificial tears, application of cold compresses and medications such as vasoconstrictors, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, dual acting agents, steroids and immunomodulatory drugs, as well as specific allergen immunotherapy. Changes triggered by inflammation of the conjunctiva produce mechanical corneal damage and in severe and chronic cases of the disease, corneal damage can result in decreased visual acuity, which results in a decrease patient's quality of life.