El bloqueo nervioso del plexo lumbar proporciona un mejor manejo analgésico que la infiltración periarticular en artroplastía total primaria de cadera. Ensayo clínico comparativo, prospectivo y simple ciego / Lumbar plexus nerve block provides better analgesic management than periarticular infiltration in primary total hip arthroplasty. Comparative, prospective, and single-blind clinical trial

Resumen: Introducción: La artroplastía es una intervención altamente eficaz que mejora de manera significativa la calidad de vida del paciente, alivia los síntomas, restaura la función articular y mejora la movilidad e independencia. El control óptimo del dolor después de la artroplastía total de cadera se ha convertido en un objetivo importante del tratamiento postoperatorio. El propósito de este trabajo es comparar la infiltración periarticular (IPA) y el bloqueo nervioso del plexo lumbar (BNPL) para el manejo del dolor postoperatorio en la artroplastía total de cadera primaria, ya que creemos que la BNPL proporciona mejor manejo analgésico y menor consumo de opioides. Se evaluó el uso de opioides durante la hospitalización y las complicaciones derivadas de cada técnica. Material y métodos: Fueron aleatorizados 45 pacientes tratados con artroplastía total de cadera electiva entre Enero de 2019 y Enero de 2020 en dos grupos: IPA o BNPL. Ambos como parte de un régimen analgésico multimodal. Resultados: Veintidós en el grupo IPA y 23 en el grupo BNPL. El grupo de bloqueo requirió menos administración de opioides (p = 0.069). La mayoría de los pacientes de ambos grupos reportaron dolor leve/moderado. El grupo de BNPL tuvo menor escala de dolor al realizar fisioterapia. No tuvimos complicaciones derivadas de ninguna de las técnicas analgésicas. Conclusión: El BNPL en pacientes sometidos a artroplastía total de cadera proporciona mejor manejo del dolor y una reducción del consumo de opioides en el postoperatorio en comparación con la IPA. La realización de esta técnica no retrasa el inicio de la fisioterapia y no hubo problemas con la recuperación del paciente.

Abstract: Introduction: Joint replacement is a highly effective intervention that significantly improves the patient's quality of life, relieves symptoms, restores joint function, and improves mobility and independence. The optimal pain control after total hip replacement has become an important goal of postoperative management. The purpose of this paper is to compare periarticular infiltration (PAI) and lumbar plexus nerve block (LPNB) for the management of post-operative pain in primary total hip arthroplasty because we believe that LPNB provides better analgesic management and lower opioid consumption. We evaluated the opioid usage during hospitalization and the complications derived from either technique. Material and methods: We randomized 45 patients who underwent elective total hip arthroplasty between January 2019 and January 2020. Two groups were evaluated based on the association of PAI or LPNB. Both as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen. Results: A total of 45 patients were evaluated (22 PAI group, 23 LPNB group). Block group required less opioid administration (p = 0.069). Most of the patients in both groups reported mild/moderate pain. The LPNB group had lower pain scale with physiotherapy. We did not have complications derived from either technique. Conclusion: Lumbar plexus nerve block (LPNB) in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty provides better pain management and reduced opioid consumption compared to PAI. The performance of this technique does not delay the beginning of physiotherapy and there were not any issues with the patient's recovery.

Control del dolor con infiltración local transquirúrgica en postoperados de reemplazo total de rodilla / Pain control with local infiltration transsurgical in postoperative total knee replacement

Resumen: Introducción: De 15-20% de los pacientes sometidos a una artroplastía total de rodilla no quedaron satisfechos y las causas más comunes fueron dolor residual y función limitada. De manera tradicional se ha utilizado analgesia epidural o bloqueos nerviosos periféricos como analgesia. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la infiltración con solución de epinefrina, ketorolaco, morfina y ropivacaína en pacientes postoperados de reemplazo total de rodilla. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte observacional, transversal, retrospectivo y analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes con gonartrosis de 18 a 100 años de edad programados para cirugía de reemplazo total de rodilla de Mayo de 2018 a Agosto de 2021, con documentación de sus datos clínicos, demográficos, basales, prequirúrgicos y dolor postoperatorio a las 24 horas. Se compararon pacientes infiltrados con los que recibieron analgesia intravenosa. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 66 pacientes con una media de edad de 69.1; 65.2% fueron mujeres. Cuarenta y tres punto nueve por ciento tuvieron afectación del lado izquierdo, 50% tuvieron una clasificación de Kellgren-Lawrence III y 31.8% tuvieron un grado IV. Treinta y seis pacientes (54.5%) formaron el grupo control, mientras que 30 (45.5%) recibieron la intervención con el cóctel analgésico. Con respecto al dolor, se encontró una menor mediana del dolor por escala visual análoga en pacientes con la intervención (2 vs 8 puntos, p < 0.001); la mayoría con el cóctel se encontraron sin dolor (66.7%) o dolor leve (23.3%) y ningún paciente del grupo control lo alcanzó (p < 0.001). Todos los pacientes del grupo control requirieron analgesia de rescate, mientras que sólo en 30% del grupo de intervención se utilizó (p < 0.001). Conclusión: El uso de infiltración local transquirúrgica disminuye el dolor postoperatorio y el requerimiento de analgésicos y analgesia de rescate durante las primeras 24 horas.

Abstract: Introduction: 15-20% of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were not satisfied and the most common causes were residual pain and limited function. Epidural analgesia or peripheral nerve blocks have traditionally been used as analgesia. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of infiltration with epinephrine, ketorolac, morphine and ropivacaine solution in postoperative total knee replacement patients. Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective and analytical cohort study. We included patients with gonarthrosis aged 18 to 100 years scheduled for total knee replacement surgery from May 2018 to August 2021; with documentation of their clinical, demographic, baseline, pre-surgical and postoperative pain data at 24 hours. Infiltrated patients were compared with those receiving intravenous analgesia. Results: A total of 66 patients with a mean age of 69.1 were included;65.2% were women. Forty-three point nine percent had left-sided involvement, 50% had a classification of Kellgren-Lawrence III and 31.8% had a grade IV. Thirty-six patients (54.5%) formed the control group, while 30 (45.5%)received the intervention with the analgesic cocktail. With regard to pain,a lower median pain was found by visual analog scale in patients with the intervention (2 vs 8 points, p < 0.001); most with the cocktail they found no pain (66.7%) or mild pain (23.3%) and no patient in the control group reached it (p < 0.001). All patients of the control group required rescue analgesia, while only 30% of the intervention group used it (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The use of trans-surgical local infiltration decreases postoperative pain and the requirement of analgesics and rescue analgesia during the first 24 hours.

Ácido tranexámico tópico e infiltración periarticular vs administración tópica para la disminución de pérdida sanguínea en artroplastia de rodilla. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva / Topical tranexamic acid and periarticular infiltration vs topical administration for the reduction of blood loss in knee arthroplasty. a cohort study

Introducción El ácido tranexámico (TXA) es uno de los métodos farmacológicos más efectivos para disminución de pérdida de sangre en reemplazos articulares. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de la administración de TXA en infiltración periarticular combinado con vía intraarticular comparado con TXA tópico en la pérdida sanguínea en remplazo total de rodilla (RTC). Materiales & Métodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a RTC. Se recolectó valores de hematocrito y hemoglobina pre y posquirúrgica en pacientes operados entre marzo de 2016 y marzo de 2018. Al primer grupo se les realizó infiltración periarticular con mezcla de bupivacaina con epinefrina 150mg, ketorolaco 30mg, morfina 0.1mg/kg y 2g. de TXA intraarticular; al segundo grupo administró el mismo protocolo anterior más 1g. de TXA en la mezcla infiltrada. Resultados 174 pacientes [Grupo 1: 174 (65.9%) y Grupo 2: 90 (34.1%)]. Del grupo 1, el porcentaje de transfusión fue del 0,57% (1 paciente). La disminución promedio del hematocrito fue del 7,03% (-1.4 a 18.3) y la disminución de la hemoglobina de 2,51 (-0.5 a -5.7) g/dl. En el grupo 2 sin transfusiones. Disminución media del hematocrito fue del 7,05 (-0.3 a 15.1) y la disminución de la hemoglobina de 2,56 (0.0-5.2) g/dl. Discusión Los resultados de nuestro estudio son similares a reportes de estudios previos. La utilización de TXA en la mezcla de infiltración periarticular adicional a su uso tópico no genera beneficio en el control de pérdida sanguínea en el remplazo total de rodilla.

Introduction The tranexamic acid is currently one of the most effective pharmacological methods for blood lose in articular replacements. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of TXA administration in periarticular infiltration combined with intraarticular administration compared to topical TXA in blood lose in total knee arthoplasty. Methods Retrospective observational study. Patients undergoing total primary knee arthoplasty were included. Hematocrit and pre-surgical and post-surgical hemoglobin values ??were collected in patients operated between March 2016 and March 2018. The first group underwent peripheral joint infiltration with bupivacaine mixture with epinephrine 150mg, ketorolac 30mg, morphine 0.1mg / kg and 2g. of intraarticular TXA; the second group administered the same previous protocol plus 1g. of TXA in the infiltrated mixture. Outcomes 174 patients [Group 1: 174 (65.9%) and Group 2: 90 (34.1%)]. From group 1, the percentage of transfusion was 0.57% (1 patient). The average decrease in hematocrit was 7.03% (-1.4 to 18.3) and the decrease in hemoglobin from 2.51 (-0.5 to -5.7) g / dl. In group 2 there were no transfusions. The average decrease in hematocrit was 7.05 (-0.3 to 15.1) and the decrease in hemoglobin of 2.56 (0.0-5.2) g / dl. Discussion The results of our study are similar to reports from previous studies. The use of TXA in the mixture of periarticular infiltration in addition to its topical use does not generate benefit in the control of blood loss in the total knee arthroplasty.

Safety of steroid-containing cocktail periarticular injection after knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Steroids have strong anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic and analgesic effects and are widely used in perioperative analgesia. Studies have shown that periarticular injection of steroid-containing cocktail analgesic therapy in knee arthroplasty can relieve postoperative pain, improve knee activity, and reduce complications. However, the other studies show that steroids can increase the risk of postoperative infection, and tendon rupture. Therefore, the safety and efficacy of steroid-containing cocktail periarticular injection in knee arthroplasty is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of steroid-containing cocktail periarticular injection after knee arthroplasty by meta-analysis. METHODS: The published literatures were searched on the databases of PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE until April 2019. All randomized controlled trials of topical steroid analgesia after knee arthroplasty were collected and eligible articles were screened. Two researchers independently assessed the risk of bias and methodological quality of included studies by the Cochrane 5.0. The outcome data were extracted and a meta-analysis was conducted by Review Manager 5.2 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A total of 10 randomized controlled articles involving 820 patients were included. (2) The meta-analysis showed that visual analogue scale score was lower in the steroid group than in the control group at postoperative 1 day [MD=-1.52, 95%C/(-2.94, -0.10), P=0.04]. Motion range was higher in the steroid group than in the control group at postoperative 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 days [MD=11.57, 95%C/(9.85, 13.30), P < 0.000 01; MD=9.03, 95%C/(B.67, 11.38), P < 0.000 01; MD=5.73, 95%C/(0.85, 10.60), P=0.02; MD=5.53, 95%C/(0.68, 10.38), P=0.03); MD=5.90, 95%C/(0.87, 10.93), P=0.02j. Morphine use was less in the steroid group than in the control group [MD=-7.94, 95%C/(-14.35, -1.53), P=0.02j. Hospital stay was shorter in the steroid group than in the control group [AfD=-0.98, 95%C/(-1.25, -0.71), P < 0.000 01]. Straight leg raising took less time in the steroid group than in the control group [MD=0.65, 95%C/(-0.86, 0.44), P < 0.000 01]. Postoperative C-reactive protein level was lower in the steroid group than in the control group [WMD=-4.82, 95%C/(7.41, 2.23), P=0.000 3]. Knee society score and complication rate were not significantly different between the two groups. (3) To conclude, the periarticular injection of steroid-containing cocktails after knee arthroplasty is safe and effective.

Cytodiagnosis of Gout – A rare case report

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is very valuable in diagnosis of a periarticular lesions and thereby confirming the nature of an associated arthritic process. Gout is a disorder of uric acid metabolism that causes deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joint spaces. It often presents with painful joint effusion or swelling over toes. Radiological features may also be atypical and misleading. FNAC of gouty tophi is an easy alternative to synovial biopsy or fluid analysis since it is much less traumatic and simpler and thus should be encouraged in clinical practice. This case report of gouty tophi at the left knee is presented because of its rarity.

Fractura de miembro inferior de alta energía asociada a lesión multiligamentaria de rodilla / Multiligament knee injuries with high energy limb fractures

Introducción: La lesión multiligamentaria de la rodilla en pacientes con fracturas del miembro inferior ipsilateral es una entidad poco frecuente y que suele pasar desapercibida en la etapa aguda. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar una serie de pacientes con fractura de miembro inferior asociado a lesión multiligamentaria de rodilla. Materiales y método: Se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva de enero 2010 a diciembre 2016, de aquellos pacientes atendidos en nuestro centro con fractura de miembro inferior asociada a inestabilidad multidireccional de la rodilla ipsilateral. Se evaluó el patrón de fractura, la lesión ligamentaria asociada, si presentaba Resonancia Magnética (RM) inicial que pesquisara el diagnóstico de dicha lesión, y la decisión del momento del tratamiento quirúrgico. Se realizó una valoración del dolor con la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) y funcional con escala de Lysholm y Tegner a todos aquellos pacientes con más de 12 meses de evolución postoperatoria. Resultado: Se encontraron 6 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 26 años. Cinco pacientes presentaban resonancia magnética al momento del trauma. El intervalo de tiempo promedio entre la resolución de la fractura y la reparación ligamentaria fue de 4 días. El promedio de las escalas evaluadas fue: EVA 0.2, Tegner 4 y Lysholm 87. Conclusión: En pacientes con fractura de miembro inferior de alta energía el compromiso ligamentario no debe subestimarse. Consideramos que la realización de una RM durante la atención inicial del paciente optimiza los tiempos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de dichas lesiones y conlleva a mejores resultados funcionales al final del tratamiento. Tipo de studio: Serie de casos. Estudio retrospectivo. Nivel de evidencia: IV.

Introduction: Multiligament knee injuries in patients with ipsiletaral inferior limb fractures is a rare entity that can be easily missed. The objective of this work was to analyze a series of patients with multiligament lesion associated with inferior limb fracture. Material and method: A retrospective search was carried out from January 2010 to December 2016 of patients admitted in our hospital with diagnosis of inferior limb fracture associated to multidirectional knee instability. We evaluated the fracture pattern, ligament knee injury, if an initial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed and the surgical timing. We evaluated pain with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and functional outcomes using Tegner and IKDC scores. We included patients with more than one-year postoperative. Results: Six patients were evaluated with an average age of 26 years-old. Five patients presented initial MRI, before the first surgery was performed. The average time between fracture osteosynthesis and ligament reconstruction was 4 days. VAS, Tegner and IKDC mean results were 0.2, 4 and 87 respectively. Conclusion: In patients with high-energy lower limb fractures, ligament compromise must be suspected. We consider that MRI should be performed during the first examination to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of possible associated ligament injuries and to obtain better functional outcomes. Type of study: Retrospective cases serie. Level of evidence: IV.

Periarticular histiocytic sarcoma of a thoracic limb in a Rottweiler / 대한수의학회지

An 8-year-old, castrated, male Rottweiler was referred for evaluation of chronic right thoracic limb lameness and a progressively growing mass surrounding the right elbow joint. On admission, the dog's general health was good, without abnormalities detected on physical examination. The dog was diagnosed with periarticular histiocytic sarcoma. Although draining lymph nodes and lung metastases were suspected, palliative amputation was performed. Localized histiocytic sarcomas, with destructive lesions involving multiple bones of a joint and periarticular soft-tissue masses, are uncommon in dogs. This case report presents clinical findings, imaging characteristics, and histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of a periarticular joint histiocytic sarcoma.

Fracturas articulares de fémur distal. Análisis comparativo de tres tratamientos quirúrgicos / Articular fractures of the distal femur. Comparative analysis of three surgical treatments

Resumen: Introducción: La fractura articular de fémur distal es una lesión grave que durante años ha representado un problema en la traumatología que con frecuencia ocasiona distintos grados de incapacidad permanente en la rodilla. El destino de la articulación estaba determinado por la lesión más que por su tratamiento. Objetivos: Presentar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas articulares de fémur distal tipo C2 con tres modalidades de tratamiento: tornillo dinámico condíleo (TDC), placa de sostén condíleo (PSC) y placa periarticular (PPA). Material y métodos: Estudio comparativo de tres series terapéuticas, diseñado para comparar la efectividad del TDC, la PSC y la PPA en el tratamiento de fracturas articulares completas de fémur distal tipo C2. Se incluyeron 42 pacientes de ambos géneros, con edades entre 16 y 60 años, tratados en el IAHULA, con un seguimiento mínimo de 24 meses. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino con 73.8%, el grupo etario más afectado fue de 21-30 años con 28.57%. El tipo de fractura más frecuente fue la 33C2.3 con 42.86%. La PPA mostró mejores resultados que los otros implantes fundamentalmente en la escala funcional de la Knee Society. Setenta y uno punto cuarenta y tres por ciento de los pacientes presentó alguna complicación, resaltando la rigidez articular, la desviación angular en recurvatum, el dolor crónico y la artrosis postraumática. Conclusión: El TDC y la PPA son opciones válidas para el tratamiento de las fracturas de fémur distal AO 33C2, puesto que ofrecieron mejores resultados funcionales que la PSC

Abstract: Introduction: The distal articular femur fracture is a serious injury that for years has been a problem in traumatology. It is often believed that produced varying degrees of permanent disability in the knee and that the fate of the joint was determined by the injury rather than treatment. Objectives: Present the results of surgical treatment of articular distal femur fractures type C2 with three treatment modalities: dynamic condylar screw (TDC), condylar buttress plate (PSC) and periarticular plate (PPA). Material and methods: We conducted a comparative study of three therapeutic series designed to compare the effectiveness of dynamic condylar screw, the condylar buttress plate and periarticular plate in treating complete articular fractures of distal femur type C2. Patients of both genders, aged between 16 and 60 years, treated in the IAHULA, with a minimum follow up of 24 months. Results: We included 42 patients divided into three groups. Males predominated with 73.8%, the most affected age group was 21-30 years with 28.57%. The most common type of fracture was the 33C2.3 with 42.86%. The 71.43% of patients experienced complications, highlighting joint stiffness, angular deviation in recurvatum, chronic pain and post traumatic osteoarthritis. Conclusion: TDC and the PPA are valid options for the treatment of distal femur fractures AO 33C2, as offered better functional results than PSC.

Role of FNAC in diagnosis of gouty tophi-A case report.

Periarticular nodules may not be recognized as tophi because the clinical diagnosis of gout in many instances is not straightforward. In such a setting, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of gouty tophi would facilitate the clinical diagnosis and treatment. FNAC is valuable in confirming the nature of periarticular nodules especially in case of gouty tophi as compared to the histopathology. Thus FNAC is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gouty tophi presenting as periarticular nodules.

The Ultrasonographic Features of Periarticular Diseases / 대한내과학회지

Ultrasonography (US) is a cost effective diagnostic imaging tool suitable for routine clinical use. High frequency US is a well-established method for both the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory arthritis, capable of detecting a wide range of joint pathologies, including effusion, synovitis, and extra-articular abnormalities. However, to ensure an accurate diagnosis, it is also important to consider periarticular disorders that could clinically mimic joint pathology. Such a diagnosis requires special attention to be paid to the periarticular structures, include the tendon, ligament, muscle, and bursa. Due to the close proximity of these structures to potentially affected joints, periarticular inflammation is often clinically misdiagnosed as articular in origin. In these cases, the processes driving pathology are the result of localized inflammation that is secondary to inflammatory arthritis, such as excessive friction or direct trauma. Therefore, when using US to diagnose inflammatory arthritis, it is important to understand the causative pathology of the periarticular disorders, as well as their clinical presentation.

Calcinosis tumoral hiperfosfatémica en pediatría: reporte de un caso / Hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis in pediatrics: Case report

Introducción: La calcinosis tumoral es una enfermedad rara, cuya prevalencia es difícil de determinar debido a lo aislado de los casos. Se caracteriza por depósitos periarticulares, únicos o múltiples, de cristales de calcio y fosfatos. Esto es debido a una falla en la inhibición de la recaptura de fosfatos a nivel de los túbulos proximales, lo que causa hiperfosfatemia. No está descrito un tratamiento óptimo y el reducido número de casos dificulta la evaluación de los resultados. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 10 años de edad, con un cuadro clínico caracterizado por aumento de volumen en ambos codos y en el dedo índice de la mano derecha. Se realizó diagnóstico de calcinosis tumoral hiperfosfatémica. Se dio tratamiento quirúrgico y médico, sin presentar recidiva en los primeros seis meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: La calcinosis tumoral es una entidad rara que debe sospecharse al tener un paciente con calcificaciones periarticulares únicas o múltiples. El tratamiento médico debe orientarse a restablecer el equilibrio calcio-fósforo. El tratamiento quirúrgico se utiliza por razones estéticas y funcionales.

Background: Tumoral calcinosis is a rare disease whose prevalence is hard to determine due to the scarcity of the reported cases. This disease is distinguished by single or multiple periarticular deposits of calcium and phosphate due to a failure in the phosphate recapture inhibition at the proximal renal tubules, resulting in hyperphosphatemia. There is no optimal treatment described because there are a reduced number of cases, which makes it difficult to assess the results. Case report: We present the case of a 10-year-old female with a growing mass in both elbows and index finger of the right hand. Diagnosis was made of hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis. Surgical and medical treatment were given, with no relapse during a 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: Tumoral calcinosis is a rare entity that should be considered when a patient has a single or multiple periarticular calcifications. Medical treatment is oriented to restoring the calcium-phosphate balance. Surgical treatment should be offered for aesthetic and functional reasons.

Effects of Repeated Steroid Injection at Subacromial Bursa With Different Interval

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of repeated steroid injection at subacromial bursa with different interval for patient with periarticular shoulder disorder. METHODS: Group A (n=10) received subacromial bursa injection only on their first visit, group C (n=10) received the injection on their first visit and one week later, and group B (n=10) received the injection on their first visit and two weeks later. All injections were done with a combination of 40 mg (1.0 mL) of triamcinolone and 5.0 mL 0.5% lidocaine (6 mL total). We examined the active range of motion (AROM) of the shoulder joint, visual analogue scale (VAS), and shoulder disability questionnaire (SDQ) at baseline at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the initial injection. RESULTS: In VAS, comparing the changes in VAS between groups, group B showed significant improvements compared with group A or C at 4 weeks after the initial injection (p0.05). In AROM, comparing the changes in AROM of external rotation between groups, group B and C showed significant improvement compared with group A at 4 weeks after the initial injection (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It may be more effective in pain relief for patients with periarticular disorder to receive subacromial bursa injections twice with 2-week interval, as opposed to once.

Intra-articular and Peri-articular Tumours and Tumour Mimics- What a Clinician and Onco-imaging Radiologist Should Know

Definitive determination of the cause of articular swelling may be difficult based on just the clinical symptoms, physical examinations and laboratory tests. Joint disorders fall under the realms of rheumatology and general orthopaedics; however, patients with joint conditions manifesting primarily as intra-articular and peri-articular soft tissue swelling may at times be referred to an orthopaedic oncology department with suspicion of a tumour. In such a situation, an onco-radiologist needs to think beyond the usual neoplastic lesions and consider the diagnoses of various non-neoplastic arthritic conditions that may be clinically masquerading as masses. Differential diagnoses of articular lesions include infectious and non-infectious synovial proliferative processes, degenerative lesions, deposition diseases, vascular malformations, benign and malignant neoplasms and additional miscellaneous conditions. Many of these diseases have specific imaging findings. Knowledge of these radiological characteristics in an appropriate clinical context will allow for a more confident diagnosis.

Periarticular Injection with Corticosteroid Has an Additional Pain Management Effect in Total Knee Arthroplasty

PURPOSE: Although the analgesic effects of corticosteroids have been well documented, little information is available on periarticular injection (PI) containing corticosteroids for early postoperative pain management after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We performed a prospective double-blind randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an intraoperative corticosteroid PI in patients undergoing TKA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-six consecutive female patients undergoing bilateral staged TKA were randomized to receive steroid or non-steroid PI, with 3 months separating the procedures. The steroid group received PI with a mixture containing triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg). The non-steroid group received the same injection mixture without corticosteroid. During the postoperative period, nighttime pain, functional recovery [straight leg raising (SLR) ability and maximal flexion], patient satisfaction, and complications were recorded. Short-term postoperative clinical scores and patient satisfaction were evaluated at 6 months. RESULTS: The pain level was significantly lower in the PI steroid than the non-steroid group on the night of the operation (VAS, 1.2 vs. 2.3; p=0.021). Rebound pain was observed in both groups at POD1 (VAS, 3.2 vs. 3.8; p=0.248), but pain remained at a low level thereafter. No significant differences were seen in maximal flexion, frequency of acute rescuer, clinical scores, and patient satisfaction. The steroid group was able to perform SLR earlier than the non-steroid group (p=0.013). The incidence of complications was similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: PI containing a corticosteroid provided an additional pain-relieving effect on the night of the operation. In addition, corticosteroid PI did not increase the perioperative complications of TKA.

Analysis of the Result Treated with Locking Compression Plate-Distal Tibia and Zimmer Periarticular Locking Plate in Distal Tibia Fracture

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of minimally invasive plate, osteosynthesis, using either a locking compression plate-distal tibia (LCP-DT) or Zimmer periarticular locking plate (ZPLP) for distal tibia fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty one patients (51 cases), who underwent minimally invasive osteosynthesis using locking compression plate for distal tibia fractures between October 2008 and August 2011, were followed for more than six months. Eighteen patients were treated with LCP-DT and 33 patients with ZPLP. Time to bony union and anatomic alignment were evaluated radiologically. Clinically, American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scales (AOFAS score) and range of ankle motion were assessed and compared between two groups. RESULTS: All patients achieved bony union at an average of 18 weeks on LCP-DT group and 16weeks on ZPLP group. The average American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scales was 83.3 points on the LCP-DT group, 84.6 points on the ZPLP group, and range of ankle motion averaged at 45 degrees, 48 degrees, respectively. CONCLUSION: Both types of locking compression plates were effective when performing minimally invasive osteosynthesis for distal tibia fractures.

Usefulness of Morphine in the Periarticular Multimodal Drug Local Injection after Surgery for Hallux Valgus / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: Proximal metatarsal chevron osteotomy for hallux valgus is followed by significant amount of postoperative pain. Periarticular multimodal drug local injection can be an option for pain control. This study was attempted to evaluate the efficacy of the morphine as multimodal drug and to confirm the effect of periarticular multimodal drug local injection on controlling early postoperative pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2012 and June 2012, 22 patients received proximal metatarsal chevron osteotomy for the correction of hallux valgus deformity. 10 patients (Group A) received periarticular injection of the test solution made with morphine, ropivacaine, ephinephrine and ketorolac. 12 patients (Group B) received periarticular injection of the test solution without morphine. The visual analog scale (VAS) was checked at 2, 4, 6, 8 hours, 1 day and 2 days each after surgery. RESULTS: The VAS score at postoperative 2 hours to 1 day between two groups showed no significant difference, but the VAS score at postoperative 2 days was significantly higher in Group A compared to the VAS score of group B. The amount of additional pain control (tramadol HCL) between two groups showed no significant difference for 3 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: Periarticular multimodal drug local injection was effective in reducing pain after hallux valgus surgery regardless of mixing with morphine.

Periarticular Osteoporosis Is a Prominent Feature in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Estimation Using Shaft to Periarticular Bone Mineral Density Ratio

We aimed to quantify periarticular osteoporosis and investigate its significance in 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 106 controls. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine the ratio of shaft to periarticular bone mineral density (BMD) as an index of periarticular demineralization. Periarticular osteoporosis was measured by conventional radiography. The BMDs of shaft and periarticular regions in eight designated areas on proximal phalanges were quantified. Clinical variables were examined to identify risk factors for periarticular osteoporosis. The assessment of periarticular osteoporosis on X-ray images reached a moderate degree of interobserver agreement among four physicians (k = 0.47). For BMD quantification, we designed three types of mathematical formulae: the ratio of shaft to periarticular BMD, the mean of the ratios, and the ratio of the sums. These ratios were significantly higher in the patients with early RA (disease duration < or = 3 yr) than in controls (P < 0.01). The findings were not as distinctive in patients with established RA. Body mass index, cumulative dose of corticosteroid, and C-terminal telopeptide were correlated with BMD ratios. Conclusively, DXA-assisted localized quantification and BMD ratio calculations are feasible for assessing periarticular demineralization. Periarticular osteoporosis is a relatively distinctive feature of early RA.

Minocycline-induced Periarticular Black Bones in Inflamed Joints Which Underwent Arthroplastic Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Minocycline-induced pigmentation of bone (black bone) is well described in tooth-bearing intra-oral bone, but is less known in periarticular bone in patients who have undergone total joint arthroplasty. On a retrospective basis, we investigated the short-term clinico-radiological results of total joint arthroplasties in which the patient developed minocycline-induced periarticular black bone. METHODS: We found 5 cases (0.08%), in 4 patients, of periarticular bone pigmentation revealed during total joint arthroplasties (2 hips, 2 knees, and 1 ankle) in our series of total joint surgeries (6,548 cases) over a 10-year time period in our 3 institutes. Their mean age was 56 years at surgery. All patients had received long-term minocycline treatment. Mean dosage and duration of minocycline was 160 mg/day and 2.2 years, respectively. Minocycline had been prescribed for reactive arthritis (one), rheumatoid arthritis (two) and late infection after total joint arthroplasty (two patients). Mean follow-up period was 3.4 years after the surgeries. RESULTS: All cases had black or brown pigmentation in the periarticular bones during the surgery. There was no pigmentation in the cartilage or soft tissues of the joints. The mean Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score or Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale for rheumatoid arthritis foot and ankle joints at latest follow-up (case 1, 66; case 2, 87; case 3, 77; case 4, 77; case 5, 80) improved compared to those of pre-surgery (case 1, 47; case 2, 45; case 3, 55; case 4, 34; case 5, 55). No implant loosening was noted on radiographic examination during the follow-up period. No abnormal bone formation, bone necrosis, hemosiderin deposition, malignancy or metallic debris was found on histological examination. CONCLUSIONS: No clinico-radiological symptoms of total joint arthroplasties showed in the patients with minocycline-induced periariticular black bone in the short-term. Systemic minocycline treatment has the potential to induce significant black pigmentation of many tissues. In particular, minocycline-induced pigmentation of periarticular bone may be accelerated by inflammation due to rheumatic or pyogenic arthritis. Surgeons should recognize the risk of bone pigmentation in inflamed joints due to the systemic treatment of minocycline and explore its influence on periarticular bone and total joint arthroplasty in the long-term.

Comparison of Results of Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis according to Types of Locking Plate in Distal Femoral Fractures

PURPOSE: To compare results of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis using a locking compression plate and a periarticular locking plate in distal femur fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 31 consecutive femoral fractures who treated by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis from April 2006 to May 2009. Sixteen patients were treated using a locking compression plate (group A) and 15 patients were treated using a periarticular locking plate (group B). RESULTS: The mean operation time was 78 minutes and 76 minutes (p=0.273), and the mean radiation exposure time was 1.9 minutes and 2.3 minutes (p=0.001) in the group A and B, respectively. The plate bending during operation was performed in 4 cases of group A. The knee range of motion was 117.5degrees and 118.2degrees (p=0.825), and the Lysholm score was 81.3 and 81.8 (p=0.723) in the group A and B, respectively. Schazker criteria showed more than good grade in 93.8% of group A and in 93.3% of group B (p=1.0). CONCLUSION: No significant differences in clinical results were observed between the two groups. However, a lower anatomical compliance was showed in the locking compression plate, and a higher risk of radiation exposure was showed in the periarticular locking plate.

Complication Rate and Pitfalls of Temporary Bridging External Fixator in Periarticular Communited Fractures

BACKGROUND: A second staged operation using temporary bridging external fixation (TBEF) has been widely used in patients with periarticular complex fracture, yet few papers have been published on the related complications. The purpose of this study was to report the complication rate and pitfalls directly related to TBEF through a retrospective study and to suggest some solutions. METHODS: Fifty-nine cases that were treated by using TBEF were studied among 195 periarticular complex fractures. We retrospectively collected the clinical and radiological data and then the study data was evaluated for 1) cases with unsatisfactory restoration of length, 2) cases with deep infection caused by half pins invading the zone of definitive fixation, and 3) neurovascular injuries related to half pins. RESULTS: Complications were observed in 7/59 cases (11%). Problems related to the achievement of length were observed in one case of distal tibia fracture and 2 cases of distal femur fracture. Half pin related infection was observed in 2 cases of distal femur fracture. Neurovascular injury (medial calcaneal nerve injury in a distal tibia fracture) was observed in 2 cases. Among 7 complications, four were related to using TBEF in distal femur fracture. This is because the abundant leg muscles have strong deforming force and infection might be increased due to frequent irritation by the half pins. CONCLUSIONS: TBEF is a simple procedure with several advantages. However, complications might be observed if certain principles are not followed. It is thought that many complications due to TBEF can be reduced if the half pins are not inserted in the zone of injury, restoration of length is fully achieved and the neurovascular characteristics are carefully considered. In particular, much more caution is needed in the distal femur, which has abundant muscles surrounding it.