Perinatal factors and type 1 diabetes-associated dysbiosis in Mexican infants / Factores perinatales y disbiosis asociada con diabetes tipo 1 en niños mexicanos

AbstractBackground: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is currently an autoimmune disease occurring more frequently and early in life. T1D development requires genetic predisposition and environmental factors, which influence the gut microbiota in early infancy and could increase the risk for T1D-associated autoimmunity. In Mexico there are no published microbiota studies in children <6 years old with T1D.Case reports:We report two contrasting Mexican T1D cases of children <6 years of age and a third case of a healthy child prior to autoimmunity and T1D onset. Perinatal factors, feeding regimes in the first year of life and gut microbiota composition are discussed and related to the T1D onset. The three cases show a particular microbiota profile with decreased bacterial diversity as compared with healthy children, which could be related to environmental factors prior to the development of T1D and disease control.Conclusions:T1D infant cases presented a decreased bacterial diversity, which appeared before autoimmunity and T1D onset. Glycemic control could tend to correct the gut dysbiosis in T1D children. Prospective studies are needed to follow-up healthy children at high genetic risk to assess factors related to the microbiota structure.

ResumenIntroducción: La diabetes tipo 1 (DT1) es una enfermedad autoinmune que cada vez es más frecuente y se presenta a edades más tempranas. Su desarrollo requiere de predisposición genética y factores ambientales que influyen sobre la microbiota intestinal en la infancia temprana que pudieran aumentar el riesgo de autoinmunidad asociada con DT1. En México no existen publicaciones de estudios de microbiota en niños menores de 6 años con DT1.Casos clínicos: Se reportan dos casos de DT1 contrastantes de niños mexicanos menores de 6 años de edad y un tercer caso de un niño sano, previo al desarrollo de autoinmunidad y DT1. Se discuten los factores perinatales, los regímenes de alimentación en el primer año de vida y la microbiota intestinal en relación con el desarrollo de DT1. Los tres casos presentaron una microbiota particular con disminución de la diversidad bacteriana en comparación con los niños sanos, lo cual pudiera estar relacionado con factores ambientales previos al desarrollo de la enfermedad y con el control de la DT1.Conclusiones: Los niños con DT1 presentaron una diversidad bacteriana disminuida que aparece antes de la autoinmunidad y DT1. El control glucémico podría corregir la disbiosis intestinal en DT1. Faltan estudios prospectivos que den seguimiento a niños sanos con alto riesgo genético y evalúen factores relacionados con la estructura de la microbiota.

Cord Blood Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Level – Interpretation in Light of Perinatal Factors.

Objectives: To study the influence of perinatal factors on cord blood TSH (CB TSH) levels. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tertiary care private hospital. Methods: CB TSH levels were measured in 952 live-born infants using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The effect of perinatal factors on the CB TSH levels was analyzed statistically. Results: The median CB-TSH was 8.75 microIU/mL (IQR = 6.475 – 12.82) with 11.5% neonates having values more than 20. CB TSH was significantly raised in first order neonates (P <0.01) and in babies delivered by assisted vaginal delivery and normal delivery (P <0.01). Neonates who had fetal distress or nonprogress of labour had significantly higher CB TSH than those who were delivered by elective caesarean section. Requirement of resuscitation beyond the initial steps and low Apgar scores at 1 minute also resulted in significantly raised CB TSH (both P <0.01). Maternal hypothyroidism, maternal hypertension and neonates’ weight appropriateness for gestation, gestational age and birth weight did not have significant effect. Conclusions: The incidence of high cord blood TSH (>20 microU/mL) is 11.45%. On multivariate analysis, requirement of resuscitation, mode of delivery and fetal distress as indication for LSCS were significant factors affecting CB TSH values. Hence, these values need to be interpreted in light of perinatal factors.

Algunos factores perinatales relacionados con la asfixia neonatal / Some perinatal factors associated with neonatal asphyxia

Se realizó un estudio observacional y retrospectivo de 28 neonatos con asfixia al nacer en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero del 2009 hasta diciembre del 2011, con vistas a describir algunas variables prenatales, natales y posnatales relacionadas con la evolución clínica y supervivencia de ellos. En la serie 23 pacientes egresaron vivos y 5, fallecidos; asimismo, las muertes de los recién nacidos estuvieron mayormente asociadas a la hipertensión arterial en las madres y el nacimiento después de la semana gestacional 42, en tanto el líquido amniótico meconial y las alteraciones de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal, predominantemente la bradicardia, constituyeron los principales factores de riesgo intraparto. Con más frecuencia se observaron la hipotonía y las convulsiones como manifestaciones neurológicas, y el síndrome de aspiración de meconio y la disfunción renal como signos extraneurológicos.

A retrospective observational study was carried out in 28 infants with asphyxia at birth in "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" General Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from January 2009 to December 2011, in order to describe some prenatal, natal and postnatal variables related to clinical course and their survival. In the series 23 patients discharged alive and 5 died; also, deaths of newborns were mostly associated with hypertension in mothers and birth after 42 weeks, while meconium and alterations of the fetal heart rate, predominantly bradycardia, were the main intrapartum risk factors. Hypotonia and seizures as neurological manifestations were the most frequently observed, and meconium aspiration and renal dysfunction as extraneurological signs.

Factors Influencing on Perinatal Outcomes of Asian Marriage Immigrant Women: Ten-year Experience in a Single Center / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: We aimed to analyze the maternal and perinatal factors associated with perinatal outcomes by examining families comprised of Korean fathers, Asian immigrant mothers, and their newborns. METHODS: Medical records of newborn infants admitted to Jeonju Jesus Hospital nursery or ne-onatal intensive care unit (NICU) from January 2004 to June 2013 and their Asian immigrant mothers were reviewed retrospectively. The newborns were divided into two groups depending on whether they were admitted NICU or not, and factors influencing on perinatal outcomes were compared between the two groups. The newborn were divided into the two groups, including those who did not receive inpatient care and those treated in the NICU. The differences between the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: The study included 180 newborns and 172 mothers, and 94 (52.3%) and 86 (47.7%) newborns were classified as the nursery group and the NICU group, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the mothers' nationality, maternal age, maternal education level, maternal occupation, residential area, maternal height and weight, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, maternal hepatitis B antigen positivity, maternal parity, paternal age, and age gap between spouses. However, underweight maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin level over 11.0 g/dL were significantly more frequent in the NICU group in the comparative analysis. The NICU group showed significantly more frequent no iron supplements during pregnancy (OR=4.06) and gestational disease (OR=3.81). CONCLUSION: In cases where married immigrant mothers had underweight prepregnancy BMI, gestational disease, or no iron supplements during pregnancy, their newborns were more likely to have NICU care. Therefore, married immigrant women should have appropriate perinatal care including education about a balanced diet to maintain an appropriate body weight with ensuring an adequate iron supplements intake.

Factores relacionados con la cesárea primitiva / Factors related to primitive caesarean section

Se realizó un estudio de cohorte en el servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital General Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" de Bayamo, en el periodo comprendido desde el 1ro. de enero hasta el 30 de junio de 2009, en pacientes a las que se les realizó cesárea por primera vez, con los objetivos de identificar el comportamiento de algunos factores perinatales asociados a esta intervención, mostrar la relación entre la paridad y edad materna, y además las patologías asociadas o propias del embarazo y las condiciones cervicales, identificar la relación entre la edad gestacional y el peso al nacer, así como la presencia de meconio y las condiciones cervicales. Ocurrieron 2 122 nacimientos de los cuales 694 fueron cesáreas primitivas con un índice de 32,7 %. Del análisis univariado de las variables paridad previa y su relación con la edad materna menor de 20 años se obtuvo asociación estadística (p= 7,134E - 06). En la relación de las patologías asociadas o propias del embarazo con las condiciones cervicales desfavorables encontramos el 35,88 % del grupo estudiado. La relación entre la edad gestacional mayor de 40 sem y el diagnóstico de macrosoma obtuvo un nivel de asociación estadística de p=0,0016. En cuanto a la presencia de meconio con las condiciones cervicales desfavorables, la asociación estadística fue significativa (p= 5,712E - 06). Se concluye que los factores estudiados están asociados estadísticamente con la cesárea primitiva y son capaces de incrementar su índice

A cohort study was conducted in the Obstetrics Service of the "Carlos Manuel de CÚspedes" University General Hospital of Bayamo from January 1 to June 30 2009, in patients underwent caesarean section for the first time to identify the behavior of some perinatal factors associated with this intervention and to show the relation between parity and mother age and also the pathologies associated with or own of pregnancy and the cervical status, to identify the relation between the gestational age and the birth weight, as well as the presence of meconium and the cervical status. There were 2 122 births from which 694 were by original caesarean sections with a rate of 32.7 percent. From the analysis of previous parity and its relation with the mother age under 20 it was possible to achieve a statistic association (p = 7.134E - 06). In the relation of associated pathologies or own of pregnancy with a unfavorable cervical status there was a 35.88 percent of study group. Regarding the meconium presence with the above mentioned status, the statistic association was significant (p = 5,712E -06). We conclude that study factors are associated statistically with the original caesarean section and they are able to increase its rate.

Asociación entre factores perinatales y neonatales de riesgo y parálisis cerebral / Association between the perinatal and neonatal risk factors and cerebral palsy

Se presenta una actualización sobre los factores perinatales y neonatales de riesgo de parálisis cerebral congénita, cuyas causas perinatales no deben ser minimizadas, si se tienen en cuenta los hallazgos de los estudios imaginológicos recientes. De cualquier manera, la contribución relativa de las diferentes causas y factores de riesgo que intervienen en la ocurrencia de parálisis cerebral puede variar en dependencia de condiciones contextuales específicas, pues es ésta un síndrome de etiología múltiple

Present paper is an updating on the perinatal and neonatal risk factors related to the congenital cerebral palsy whose perinatal causes not must to be minimized, if we take into account the recent imaging studies' findings. Anyhow, the relative contribution of the different causes and risk factors involved in the occurrence of cerebral palsy may change depending on the specific contextual conditions, because it is a multiple etiology syndrome

Do early life factors influence body mass index in adolescents?

The association between early life factors and body mass index (BMI) in adulthood has been demonstrated in developed countries. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of early life factors (birth weight, gestational age, maternal smoking, and social class) on BMI in young adulthood with adjustment for adult socioeconomic position. A cohort study was carried out in 1978/79 with 6827 mother-child pairs from Ribeirão Preto city, located in the most developed economic area of the country. Biological, economic and social variables and newborn anthropometric measurements were obtained shortly after delivery. In 1996, 1189 males from this cohort, 34.3 percent of the original male population, were submitted to anthropometric measurements and were asked about their current schooling on the occasion of army recruitment. A multiple linear regression model was applied to determine variables associated with BMI. Mean BMI was 22.7 (95 percentCI = 22.5-23.0). After adjustment, BMI was 1.22 kg/m² higher among infants born with high birth weight (³4000 g), 1.21 kg/m² higher among individuals of low social class at birth and 0.69 kg/m² higher among individuals whose mothers smoked during pregnancy (P < 0.05). The association between social class at birth and BMI remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) even after adjustment for adult schooling. These findings suggest that early life social influences on BMI were more important and were not reversed by late socioeconomic position. Therefore, prevention of overweight and obesity should focus not only on changes in adult life styles but also on factors such as high birth weight.

Complications and Perinatal Factors According to the Birth Weight Groups in the Infants of Diabetic Mothers

PURPOSE: This study was performed to compare complications and perinatal factors according to the birth weight groups in the infants of diabetic mothers(IDM). METHODS: Three hundred and one singleton diabetic mothers and their babies of more than 30 weeks' gestational age admitted in the department of Pediatrics, Chonnam University Hospital from January 1996 to March 2002 were enrolled. Complications and perinatal factors were compared between large for gestational age(LGA) and appropriated for gestational age(AGA) infants. RESULTS: Hypomagnesemia was observed in 37.5%, jaundice in 21.3%, hypoglycemia in 11.1%, hypocalcemia in 7.0%, and birth injury in 19.6%. Congenital anomaly was noted in 24.9% with cardiovascular anomaly most commonly. In the LGA group, the frequencies of jaundice, hypoglycemia, tachypnea, and birth injuries were higher, and the interventricular septum was thicker than the AGA group. In the LGA group, Cesarean section rate, maternal height, weight before pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy, and the incidence of unawareness of gestational DM were significant compared with the AGA group. CONCLUSION: In the LGA group, the frequencies of jaundice, hypoglycemia, tachypnea, and birth injuries were higher, and the interventricular septum was thicker than the AGA group. In the LGA group, maternal height, weight before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy were larger, and the incidence of unawareness of gestational DM was higher compared with the AGA group. These results suggest that careful examination and management are needed to detect the high risk, pregnant DM mothers with possible LGA babies.

Perinatal Factors Influencing Clinical Response to Surfactant Replacement Therapy in Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome

PURPOSE: Surfactant replacement therapy significantly decreases neonatal complications and mortality in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), but clinical responses to the treatment is not consistent. An analysis of the perinatal factors influencing the clinical response to the therapy is important for early detection of high risk and prognosis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical responses to the therapy and to assess the perinatal factors influencing the clinical response. METHODS: From April 1992 to Dec. 1995, 80 infants were enrolled in this study. Medical records were reviewed, and the clinical response to the therapy was defined by a change in the ventilatory index (VI). The perinatal factors were compared according to the clinical response. RESULTS: "Good" response was found in 58 infants (72.5%), "poor" in 14 infants (17.5%), and eight infants (10%) had a "relapse". The factor affecting the response to the therapy in the comparison among the three groups was pretreatment VI, reflecting the severity of the underlying disease. In the comparison between the initial response group and initial non-responders, pretreatment FiO2, pretreatment arterial pH, a/APO2, and VI were significantly different. With control of compounding variables, only pretreatment VI was a significant independent risk factor of the "poor" response. CONCLUSION: The clinical response to surfactant replacement therapy is only influenced by the severity of RDS. According to the results, we speculate that the dosage of surfactant in high pretreatment VI is needed to be increased, and further studies are required to determine the adequate dosage of surfactant in high risk infants.