Relationship Of Perioperative Hyperglycemia And Postoperative Infection In Elective Abdominal Surgery In Non Diabetic Patient

BACKGROUND: Postoperative infections are common in surgical patients leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Patients are susceptible to stress-induced hyperglycemia following operation, independent of the diabetic status. Perioperative hyperglycemia in critically ill surgical patients increases the risk of postoperative infections and its consequences. Despite 30 million operations performed in United States and much more in India each year, the clear association between perioperative blood glucose (BG) level and postoperative infection (POI) remain ill-defined for the majority of surgery patients. AIM: To identify the relationship of perioperative hyperglycemia and post-operative infection in elective abdominal surgery in non diabetic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective, observational study of 150 patients who were non diabetic and underwent an elective abdominal surgery. The primary outcome of interest was POI, defined as the occurrence of 1 or more reports of pneumonia, wound infections, urinary tract infections, and sepsis in the first 30 days after surgery and one year after surgery in case of use of prosthesis. The primary predictor of interest was peri-operative hyperglycemia, defined as the RBS of >150mg/dl in the perioperative period (just prior to surgery and within 12 hr and within 24 hr after the skin closure). In the study 500 patient were screened for perioperative hyperglycemia out of which only 150(30%) patient had RBS>150mg/dl in perioperative period. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:There was significant change in RBS in the perioperative period. The overall incidence of POI in 150 cases of Elective Abdominal Surgeries was 7.33%. Wound infection was observed in 7 cases (4.66%) and 4 cases (2.66%) had respiratory complication. Risk factors like old age, contaminated wound, higher ASA grade and increased duration of surgery are associated with increased POI.The most common complication was wound infection

Efeito da hiperglicemia sobre a incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em cirurgias abdominais: estudo de coorte / Effect of hyperglycemia on the incidence of surgical site infection in abdominal surgeries: a cohort study

A infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é complicação frequente que pode acometer o paciente cirúrgico e acarretar incremento de morbimortalidade, readmissão, prolongamento da permanência no serviço de saúde e custos. A presente investigação teve como objetivos estimar as taxas de incidência (bruta e densidade) de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal, identificar os fatores de risco ou proteção e identificar o efeito independente da hiperglicemia perioperatória sobre a incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico. Trata-se de estudo de coorte. A amostra foi composta de 484 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal, os quais foram acompanhados durante o período de 30 dias após a cirurgia. Para a coleta das informações, utilizou-se instrumento padronizado, pré-codificado e submetido à validação aparente e de conteúdo (cinco juízes). A coleta de dados foi realizada na admissão do paciente, no dia da cirurgia, no primeiro dia de pós-operatório até a alta hospitalar, no 30º dia após a cirurgia e nos casos de reinternação. A hiperglicemia perioperatória foi avaliada em três momentos, a saber: na sala de recepção do centro cirúrgico, ao final da cirurgia e 12 horas após o término da cirurgia. A incidência bruta de ISC foi de 20,25%, a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (54,34%), classificados na categoria ASA II (58,47%), e mais de 15% com diagnóstico prévio de diabetes mellitus e neoplasia. A duração média da cirurgia foi de 117,62 minutos e da anestesia de 144,15 minutos. Com relação ao potencial de contaminação da ferida, 63,64% foram classificadas em potencialmente contaminadas e 62,81% dos pacientes apresentaram hipotermia (<= 5vezes). Ao final da cirurgia, a média da temperatura da sala de operação foi 23,92ºC e a umidade do ar foi de 54,50kg/m3. A hiperglicemia perioperatória esteve presente em 17,77% dos pacientes ao final da cirurgia e 12 horas após o término do procedimento cirúrgico. Com relação à gravidade da hiperglicemia, 24,38% da amostra apresentou tal condição em uma das aferições e 5,79% duas ou mais vezes. As medidas de associação brutas (modelos univariados) indicaram que pacientes expostos à hiperglicemia têm maior risco de desenvolvimento de ISC (RR >2,5), quando comparados aos não expostos. A fração atribuível indicou que a ISC não ocorreria em mais de 60% dos casos se a hiperglicemia pudesse ser evitada. No modelo multivariado, as variáveis, potencial de contaminação da ferida (cirurgia contaminada), hipotermia e gravidade da hiperglicemia, permaneceram independentemente associadas à ISC. A variável hiperglicemia foi fator de risco independente associada ao desfecho em todos os modelos, exceto na sala de recepção do centro cirúrgico. A temperatura da sala de operação foi associada independentemente ao desfecho, exceto 12 horas após o final da cirurgia (fator protetor). As evidências geradas podem contribuir para a prevenção e controle de ISC, uma vez que o conhecimento pelos profissionais de saúde, sobre os fatores de risco, especialmente, a hiperglicemia perioperatória, pode promover o planejamento e implementação de ações direcionadas para a redução deste tipo de infecção

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a frequent complication that may affect the surgical patient, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality, readmission, prolonged stay in the health service and costs. This study aimed to estimate the incidence rates (gross and density) of surgical site infection in patients submitted to abdominal surgery, to identify the risk or protection factors and to identify the independent effect of perioperative hyperglycemia on the incidence of infection of surgical site. It is a cohort study; the sample was composed of 484 patients submitted to abdominal surgery, who were followed during the period of 30 days after surgery. For the information collection, a standardized, pre-coded instrument was used and it was submitted to the apparent and content validation (five judges). Data collection was performed at the patient's admission, in the day of surgery, from the first postoperative day to the hospital discharge, on the 30th day after surgery, and in cases of rehospitalization. The perioperative hyperglycemia was evaluated in three moments, as following: in the reception room of the surgical center, at the end of the surgery and 12 hours after the end of the surgery. The gross incidence of SSI was 20.25%, the majority of the patients were female (54.34%), classified as ASA II (58.47%), and more than 15% with previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and neoplasia. The average duration of surgery was 117.62 minutes and of anesthesia was 144.15 minutes. Regarding the potential for contamination of the wound, 63.64% of them were classified as potentially contaminated, and 62.81% of the patients presented hypothermia (<= 5 times). At the end of the surgery, the average operating room temperature was 23.92ºC and the air humidity was 54.50kg/m3. Perioperative hyperglycemia was present in 17.77% of the patients at the end of the surgery and 12 hours after the end of the surgery. Regarding the severity of hyperglycemia, 24.38% of the sample presented such condition in one of the measurements and 5.79% in two or more times. Measures of gross association (univariate models) indicated that patients exposed to hyperglycemia had a higher risk of developing SSI (RR>2.5) when compared to those not exposed. The attributable fraction indicated that SSI would not occur in more than 60% of cases if hyperglycemia could be avoided. In the multivariate model, the potential variables of wound contamination (contaminated surgery), hypothermia and severity of hyperglycemia remained independently associated to SSI. The variable hyperglycemia was an independent risk factor associated to the outcome in all models, except in the reception room of the surgical center. The operating room temperature was independently associated to the outcome, except 12 hours after the end of surgery (protective factor). The evidence found may contribute to the prevention, control of SSI, since the knowledge of health professionals about the risk factors, especially perioperative hyperglycemia, may promote the planning, and implementation of actions aimed at reducing this type of infection

Progress of perioperative hyperglycemic blood glucose monitoring / 中国实用护理杂志

Perioperative hyperglycemia become more common nowadays, it will bring adverse effect to the prognosis of patients if it was poorly controlled. Proper perioperative blood glucose monitoring is very important to hyperglycemic management. This article will be reviewed from the different types, harm and monitoring status of perioperative hyperglycemia.