"They Can Fight Their Own Fights": Prejudice, Permissiveness, and Discrimination against Minorities / "Ele Luta pela Causa Dele": Preconceito, Permissividade e Discriminação contra Grupos Minoritários

ABSTRACT The tendency to be permissive in face of a discriminatory situation is called collusion. The present study aimed to define and characterize collusion, and identify the variables connected to it, considering the perspective of different identity groups. Participants were 31 individuals divided in seven focus groups. The analysis indicated four categories connected to collusion: a) Close Relations: valuable interactions through which individuals learn behavioral patterns that lead to permissiveness; b) Group Identity: social identities, and intergroup relations patterns; c) Situation: characteristics of the situation in which discrimination is observed; and d) Cost-Effective Balance: perception the individuals have regarding the impact of their actions on the context and the cost attached to it.

RESUMO A tendência das pessoas de serem permissivas diante de uma situação discriminatória é chamada colusão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo definir e caracterizar colusão e identificar as variáveis a ela associadas, a partir da perspectiva de diferentes grupos identitários. Os participantes foram 31 sujeitos divididos em sete grupos focais. A análise indicou quatro categorias ligadas à colusão: a) Relações Próximas: interações por meio das quais os indivíduos aprendem padrões de comportamento que levam à permissividade; b) Identidade Grupal: identidades sociais e padrões de relações intergrupais; c) Situação: características da situação em que se observa discriminação; e d) Relação Custo-benefício: percepção que os indivíduos têm sobre o impacto de suas ações no contexto e o custo que lhes está associado.

Wharton's jelly cells from sheep umbilical cord maintained with different culture media are permissive to in vitro infection by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses / Células da geleia de Wharton do cordão umbilical ovino mantidas em diferentes meios de cultivo são permissivas à infecção in vitro por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes

This study aimed to isolate cells from the Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord (WJUC) of sheep collected during natural parturition using different culture media, in addition to reporting for the first time the permissiveness of these cells to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentiviruses. Ten umbilical cords were collected from healthy sheep. Each cord explants were grown in different media consisting of MEM, low glucose DMEM, M199, and RPMI-1640. The permissiveness of infection of sheep cells from WJUC was tested with CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 strains, inoculating 0.1 MOI of each viral strain. Four supernatants from each strain were obtained from WJUC sheep cell cultures infected in different media. The results demonstrated the presence of cytopathic effect after the in vitro infection by CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 with all of the tested culture media. Nested-PCR detected proviral DNA in all supernatants. Supernatants containing CAEV-Cork viruses had TCID 50/ml titres of 10 5.5 in MEM, 10 4.0 in low glucose DMEM, 105.0 in M199, and 10 5.7 in RPMI-1640. Supernatants containing the MVV-K1514 virus had TCID 50/ml titres of 10 4.3 in MEM, 10 3.5 in low-glucose DMEM, 10 4.7 in M199, and 10 3.5 in RPMI-1640. Sheep cells from WJUC are permissive to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentivirus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar células da geleia de Wharton do cordão umbilical (GWCU) ovino coletado por ocasião do parto natural, utilizando-se diferentes meios de cultivo, além de relatar, pela primeira vez, sua permissividade à infecção in vitro por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs). Dez cordões umbilicais foram coletados de ovelhas hígidas e soronegativas para LVPRs pelo teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA). De cada cordão, explantes foram cultivados em quatro meios distintos que consistiram em MEM, DMEM baixa glicose, meio 199 e RPMI-1640, todos acrescidos de 10% de soro fetal bovino em estufa com atmosfera úmida e 5% de CO2 a 37ºC. A permissividade de infecção das células GWCU ovino foi testada frente às cepas CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514, inoculando-se 0,1 MOI de cada cepa viral e corando as monocamadas com May Grunwald Giemsa para visualização do efeito citopático. Foram obtidos quatro sobrenadantes CAEV-Cork e quatro MVV-K1514, provenientes do cultivo de células GWCU ovino infectadas por 21 dias em meios distintos, dos quais foram realizadas titulação em membrana sinovial caprina e extração do DNA pró-viral para realização de nested-PCR e eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2%. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de efeito citopático na infecção in vitro tanto por CAEV-Cork como por MVV-K1514 em todos os meios de cultivo, sendo visualizados sincícios e lise celular em microscópio invertido. A nested-PCR detectou o DNA pró-viral tanto do CAEV-Cork como do MVV-K1514 em todos os sobrenadantes. Os sobrenadantes contendo o vírus CAEV-Cork apresentaram títulos em TCID50/mL de 10 5,5 em MEM, 10 4,0 em DMEM baixa glicose, 10 5,0 em meio 199 e 10 5,7 em RPMI-1640. Os sobrenadantes contendo o vírus MVV-K1514 apresentaram título em TCID 50/mL de 10 4,3 em MEM, 10 3,5 em DMEM baixa glicose, 10 4,7 em meio 199 e 10 3,5 em RPMI-1640. Células GWCU ovino são permissivas à infecção in vitro pelos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514.(AU)

A Comparative Study of Permissive Attitudes Toward Suicide : An Analysis of Cross-National Survey in South Korea, Japan, and the United States

OBJECTIVES: There were previous studies which indicated that attitude toward suicide is able to influence the suicide outcome in both individual and group levels. In regard to the highest suicide rate in Korea, our study aims to explore the influence that attitude toward suicide has on suicide by comparing the national attitude towards suicide with a representative sample of the general population. METHODS: The target population was 20- to 59-year-old adults from South Korea, Japan, and the United States. The panel data were divided according to gender, age, and residential area of individuals, and an email with a hyperlink to our web survey was sent to the randomly selected participants in each stratum. To measure the perceptual differences about suicide in different cultures, this study adopted the Attitudes Toward Suicide questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 2247 subjects in three countries participated in this study. According to results from factor analysis, there were different structure of factors and included items within factors in the three countries : five factors with nineteen items in South Korea, five factors with nineteen items in the United States, and five factors with twenty-five items in Japan. With regard to permissive attitude toward suicide, the mean value of permissiveness was not significantly different among countries, but permissiveness according to education level, gender, and marital status was different in each country. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first nationwide comparative study about attitude toward suicide with a representative sample. Our findings suggest that permissive attitude toward suicide influence the suicide phenomenon in each country ; however, its impact is not a mean score of permissiveness, but the detailed difference by various demographics.

Alergia a la leche y al huevo: diagnóstico, manejo e implicaciones en América Latina / Milk and egg allergy: Diagnosis, management and implications for Latin America

La sensibilización a alimentos y el desarrollo de alergias alimentarias viene aumentando en todo el mundo, siendo la leche de vaca y el huevo de gallina los principales alimentos implicados. En la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos no existen guías de manejo y cuando se elaboren deberán adaptarse a las condiciones de la población de cada región. En el presente artículo presentamos una revisión del manejo de la alergia alimentaria a la leche y al huevo útil para el personal de salud de todos los niveles, así como algunas consideraciones de los factores presentes en los países latinoamericanos.

Sensitization to food allergens, as well as the development of food allergies, is increasing worldwide, and cow´s milk and hen´s eggs are the main implicated foods. In most Latin American countries there are no management guidelines on the aforementioned topics; at their creation, such guidelines should be adapted to the conditions of the population in each region. This paper presents a review of the management of food allergy to milk and eggs useful for health personnel at all levels and some considerations of the factors found in Latin American developing countries.

Consumo de Alcohol en los Adolescentes de Chía y su Percepción del Consumo y de la Permisividad Parental frente al Uso de Sustancias / Consumo de Álcool nos Adolescentes de Chía e sua Percepção do Consumo e da Permissividade Parental ante o Uso de Substâncias / Alcohol Consumption in Adolescents from Chía and Their Perception of Parental Consumption and Permissiveness with respect to Substance Use

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las asociaciones entre el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes del municipio de Chía, Colombia, y la percepción que estos tienen del consumo de sustancias por parte de los padres y de la permisividad parental. Mediante un estudio correlacional se midieron las variables de interés a partir de una encuesta diseñada por los autores y aplicada a una muestra de 326 adolescentes. Los resultados mostraron una asociación positiva y significativa entre el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes y la percepción del consumo de los padres y de la permisividad parental. Se discute la importancia de generar programas preventivos que tengan presente las actitudes favorables de los padres hacia el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes.

The objective of this study was to identify the associations between adolescents´ alcohol consumption and their perceptions about parental substance use and parental permissiveness regarding alcohol use in a group of youngsters from Chía (Colombia). Variables of interest were measured through a correlational study, on the basis of a survey designed by the authors and applied to a sample of 326 adolescents. The results showed a significant and positive association between frequent alcohol use by adolescents and parental perception of consumption and permissiveness. The discussion highlights the importance of developing preventive programs that take into account the permissive parental stance toward adolescents' alcohol consumption.

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as associações entre o consumo de álcool em adolescentes do município de Chía, Colômbia, e a percepção que estes têm do consumo de substâncias por parte dos pais e a permissividade parental. Mediante um estudo correlacional, mediram-se as variáveis de interesse a partir de uma enquete desenhada pelos autores e aplicada a uma amostra de 326 adolescentes. Os resultados mostraram uma associação positiva e significativa entre o consumo de álcool em adolescentes e a percepção do consumo dos pais e da permissividade parental. Discute-se a importância de gerar programas preventivos que tenham presente as atitudes favoráveis dos pais sobre o consumo de álcool nos adolescentes.

Prácticas y comportamientos sexuales de estudiantes de la Universidad de Manizales (Colombia) 2010 / Practices and sexual behaviors of students of the Universidad de Manizales 2010

El presente estudio pretende indagar sobre las prácticas y comportamientos sexuales en una población universitaria, ya que comportamientos positivos pueden desarrollar mejores habilidades para la prevención de conductas de alto riesgo, mayor satisfacción sexual y, por ende, vivir más plenamente. La presente investigación es de tipo transversal y en ella participaron estudiantes de todas las facultades de la Universidad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia), que estaban cursando entre primero y noveno semestre. La muestra de esta investigación la constituyeron 267 personas sobre una población de 3600 estudiantes regulares; se obtuvo mediante un muestreo probabilístico estratificado por género y facultad. La edad media fue de 21.69 años; la mayor proporción fue de mujeres en un 58.8%; 1.5% eran homosexuales y un 5%, bisexuales, el método de anticoncepción más usado fueron los métodos de barrera en un 41.3%; el 15.2% habían tenido alguna infección de transmisión sexual. En lo que se refiere a las prácticas sexuales el 22.8% realizan todas las prácticas (masturbación, sexo oral, sexo anal, sexo vaginal); en cuanto al promedio de edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales fue de 16.09 años; están de acuerdo con la despenalización total del aborto en un 53.1%; el 73.2% adoptan una posición de aceptación y tolerancia hacia la homosexualidad. El estudio permitió ver la influencia de varias variables como género, familia, religión y formación educativa sobre el comportamiento y la práctica sexual responsable.

This study aims at investigating the practices and sexual behaviors in a university population since positive behaviors may develop best abilities for the prevention of high-risk behaviors, major sexual satisfaction and a more meaningful life. This was a cross-sectional study, which involved students from all programs of the Universidad de Manizales (Caldas, Colombia), who were between first and ninth semester. The sample of this study was 267 students of a population of 3600 regular students, which was obtained by probability sampling stratified by gender and program. The average age was 21.69, with a higher ratio of women (58.8%), 1.5% were homosexual and 5% bisexual; the most used contraception method was barrier methods (41.3%); 15.2% had had some kind of sexual transmission infection (STI). Regarding sexual practices 22.8% performed the different practices (masturbation, oral sex, anal sex, vaginal sex), and the average age of first sexual intercourse was 16.09; 53.1% agrees with abortion and 84% agreed with its total decriminalization; 73.2% have an acceptance and tolerance of homosexuality. The study allowed seeing the influence of several variables such as gender, family, religion and educational background on behavior and responsible sexual practice.

Self-esteem, Parent-adolescent Communication, Friend's Sexual Attitude and Sexual Permissiveness in College Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify factors that affect sexual permissiveness in college students. METHODS: A descriptive design was used with 380 college students who completed a questionnaire about self-esteem, parents-adolescent communication, friend's sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness. RESULTS: The sexual permissiveness showed significant differences for the variable: grade (F=0.51, p=.002), gender (t=7.28, p<.001), age (F=14.72, p<.001), religion (t=4.97, p<.001), residence type (F=4.75, p=.009), number of call with parents (F=3.56, p=.030), number of viewing pornographic video (F=36.05, p<.001), number of viewing pornographic magazine (F= 47.90, p<.001), status of dating (t=3.62, p<.001), number of sexual intercourse (F=14.51, p<.001), and experience of sexual intercourse (t=13.00, p<.001). There was a positive correlation between the friend's sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness (r=.64, p<.001). The variables such as friend's sexual attitude, experience of sexual intercourse, the number of watching pornographic video, educational system, religion, and the number of calls with parent explained 52% of the variance in sexual permissiveness. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to develop sexual education program for college students considering their level of sexual permissiveness and their friend's sexual attitude.

Complejidad factorial de la permisividad moral hacia las conductas morales controvertidas / Complexity factorial of moral permissiveness toward moral conduct

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue determinar el grado de complejidad factorial de la permisividad hacia las conductas morales controvertidas, en una muestra de 254 estudiantes de ambos sexos de primero, quinto, noveno y décimo ciclo de la Carrera de Psicología de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Lima (Perú), cuya edad promedio fue de 21 años. Para ello se utilizó la Escala de Comportamientos Moralmente Controvertidos de Harding y Phillips (1986), que permitió evaluar el constructo permisividad. La estructura interna fue evaluada con el programa informático FACTOR y los cálculos de la complejidad factorial se efectuaron esencialmente con el programa SIMLOAD. Se encontró un alto nivel de factor de complejidad estimado para la solución de los factores y de los elementos, lo cual advierte una covariación de aspectos factoriales del instrumento y por tanto, de la estructura del mismo, que no se ha respondido a uno de los indicadores para la correcta interpretación de su dimensionalidad, es decir, una estructura simple. Esta compleja estructura tridimensional podría ser explicada por más de una construcción, por lo tanto, la covariación entre los elementos con múltiples construcciones hace que sea difícil separar una descripción de la otra. La tolerancia de ciertas conductas cuestionables por lo tanto, proviene de una percepción multidimensional de características. Es así, como esta complejidad influye en la definición de este tipo de comportamiento, tan poco diferenciado de otras dimensiones conceptuales de la permisividad.

The issue of morality has several facets that describe normative behavior of people and permissiveness towards socially questionable behavior is one of them. The investigation direct about the permissiveness was originated in the United States and in intercultural studies on its variability, and its internal structure and recently in Latin America continued to have some impacton her family size. From a psychometric approach, however, its internal structure in other cultures has not been a goal of such studies and therefore has not confirmed by factorial methods, and that condition can be put into question the validity of the interpretations of the scores. The assessment of internal validity is a necessary step to establish the equivalence of the constructs derived from cross-cultural instruments. This is more critical given the complexity of morality in human experience. Therefore, the objective of this work was to estimate the magnitude of the interdependence of facets of permissiveness in asample of 254 university students in Lima (Peru), from the first until the ninth and tenth course, whose average age was 21-year-old, between men and women, mainly Catholics. To this end, was applied the Morally Debatable Behaviors Scale (Harding & Phillips, 1986), which is a known quantity for assessing the construct of permissiveness. The internal structure was evaluated by a computer program FACTOR and the complexity factor calculations were made with the Program SIMLOAD. The analysis used the common factor analysis model and applying an oblique rotation complexity estimates were obtained by indices of factor simplicity (Fleming, 2003; Fleming & Merino, 2005) in the items and total factor solution. Our results showed underlying three-dimensional behaviors sampled by the questionnaire which follows the internal structure in previous studies. However, we found a high level of complexity factor estimated for the factor solution and for the items. These results warn us that the items covary with various factorial dimensions of the instrument and, therefore, the structure of the instrument has not met one of the indicators for proper interpretation of its dimensionality, i.e., a simple structure. This dimension al complex structure, in other words, indicates that the items share information that can be explained by more than a construct, therefore, the covariation among items with multiple constructs makes it difficult to separate description of the other. Tolerance of certain questionable conduct, therefore, comes from a multidimensional perception of its features, this complexity influences define this kind of behavior so poorly differentiated from other conceptual dimensions of permissiveness. Our results can not reliably be contrasted with previous studies in Latin America (e.g., Mathiesen et al., 1998), because the dimensions have not been stable relative to the location of the items. Finally, the factorial complexity of many items suggest some interpretations on the perception of morally inappropriate conduct and provide empirical evidence of the degree of its complexity, and the questioning of the internal psychometric integrity of the instrument. This study generated a series of questions about how is the best form to assess the construct of moral permissiveness, considering its importance in explaining behaviors that currently are being watched every day and still are not be product of an effective intervention. Some routes are also discussed research related to our results and the scope of this paper.

Factors Influencing the Experiences of Sexual Violence Victims while Dating as College Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the experience of sexual violence victims while dating as College Students. METHODS: With a correlational survey design, data was collected by self-report questionnaires from 560 college students who had reported sexual violence during a date. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: College students while on date who reported sexual violence showed a significantly negative correlation with self-esteem, dating sexual assault recognition, sexual assertiveness, and significantly positive correlations with the gender role stereotypes, sexual violence permissiveness, date sexual violence inflictions, and family violence. A combination of date sexual violence inflictions, self-esteem, sexual violence permissiveness, sexual assertiveness all accounted for 41% of the variance in date sexual violence among college students. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem and sexual assertiveness must be progressively uplifted in order to prevent date sexual violence. A specific program established to reduce sexual violence permissiveness would be useful in order to reduce the number of sexual violence victims for college students who are dating.

Factors Influencing the Experiences of Sexual Violence Victims while Dating as College Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the experience of sexual violence victims while dating as College Students. METHODS: With a correlational survey design, data was collected by self-report questionnaires from 560 college students who had reported sexual violence during a date. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: College students while on date who reported sexual violence showed a significantly negative correlation with self-esteem, dating sexual assault recognition, sexual assertiveness, and significantly positive correlations with the gender role stereotypes, sexual violence permissiveness, date sexual violence inflictions, and family violence. A combination of date sexual violence inflictions, self-esteem, sexual violence permissiveness, sexual assertiveness all accounted for 41% of the variance in date sexual violence among college students. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem and sexual assertiveness must be progressively uplifted in order to prevent date sexual violence. A specific program established to reduce sexual violence permissiveness would be useful in order to reduce the number of sexual violence victims for college students who are dating.

A ausência do princípio de autoridade na família contemporânea brasileira / La ausencia de principio de autoridad en la familia contemporánea brasileña / The absence of the principle of authority in Brazilian contemporary family

O presente artigo se dispõe a discutir sobre interferências do contexto histórico e sociocultural brasileiros na estruturação da família contemporânea, mais especificamente, na construção do fenômeno da “fragilização dos papéis parentais”. Partimos da literatura que constata mudanças de valores na formação da família contemporânea, que culminaram por desalojar o princípio de autoridade parental nas configurações familiares da atualidade, e demonstraremos como interferências originadas da história, das ciências e das condições socioculturais contemporâneas foram capazes de retirar dos pais um saber que, a priori, lhes pertencia. Finalmente, analisaremos as decorrências desta discussão temática para a construção de novas configurações subjetivas.

This article intends to discuss the interferences of historical, social and cultural Brazilian context in the contemporary family structuring process, more specifically, in the construction of the phenomenon “Weakening of parental role”. According to literature, the changes of values in the contemporary family shaping culminated in displacing the principle of parental authority in today’s family settings; furthermore, we demonstrate how interferences from history, science and contemporary social and cultural conditions were able to withdraw one ‘know how’ from parents, the one which previously belonged to them. Finally, we will examine the consequences of this discussion for the construction of new subjective settlements.

Este artículo pretende discutir las interferencias del contexto histórico y sociocultural brasileños en la estructuración de la familia contemporánea, de manera más específica, en la construcción del fenómeno de la “fragilización de las funciones parentales”. Partimos de la literatura que señala cambios de valores en la formación de la familia contemporánea que llevaron a desalojar el principio de autoridad parental en las configuraciones familiares de la actualidad, y demostraremos cómo las interferencias de la historia, de las ciencias y de las condiciónes socioculturales contemporáneas fueron capaces de sacar de los padres un conocimiento que, a priori, les pertenecía. Por último, analizaremos las repercusiones de esta discusión temática para la construcción de las nuevas configuraciones subjetivas.

Confrontando Winnicott com os azares da hipermodernidade / Confronting Winnicott with the hazards of hypermodernity

Estudarei a maneira pela qual os diversos dispositivos da cultura incidem sobre a pessoa que virá a ser nosso analisado. Falarei de uma cultura da modernidade e de uma cultura da hipermodernidade que teoricamente correspondem ao exercício da repressão e da permissividade. Falarei das influências destas culturas no homem concreto atual (portanto também em nossos analisados e em nós mesmos terapeutas) produzindo tanto mal-estar quanto bem-estar. E, finalmente, apontarei os caminhos presumíveis de superação do mal-estar da modernidade e da hipermodernidade tendo como um dos principais guias o pensamento de Winnicott.

This article will present a study on how the many cultural devices affect our psychoanalytical clients to be. A culture of modernity as well as a culture of hypermodernity corresponding to the exercise of repression and permissiveness, respectively, and how the concret current man (this including our clinical patients and ourselves therapists) in influenced by such cultures in the production of as much descontent as well-being. Finally, in points out ways of overcoming the discontent of modernity and hypermodernity taking the thinking of Winnicott as a major leading guide.

Influences of Level of Alcohol Consumption and Motives for Drinking on Drinking Permissiveness in University Students / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the risk factors influencing drinking permissiveness in university students. METHOD: The participants in this descriptive survey on causal relations were 219 students enrolled in university who were selected by convenience sampling. The data collected from April to July, 2005 were used in multiple regression analysis to build a prediction model. RESULTS: Differences in drinking permissiveness according to general characteristics were as follows: gender, drinking frequency, drinking in more than one place each time and frequency of excessive drinking. The relationship between drinking permissiveness and amount of alcohol consumption (drinking frequency/month, amount/each time) showed positive correlations. The relationship between drinking permissiveness and motives to drink (social, enhancement, confirmity, coping motives) also showed positive correlations. The causal factors of drinking permissiveness were social motives, capacity/each time and drinking frequency/month. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that board intervention programs should be provided to prevent problems of excessive drinking. It is also recommended that a program be developed that can help control the variables identified in this study along with follow up study to verify the model.

The Study on Sexual Permissiveness, Family Function and Parent-Adolescent Communication in Adolescents / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the relationship between sexual permissiveness, family function and parent-adolescent communication among adolescents. METHOD: A descriptive correlation approach was used and the participants were 956 male and female students. Data were collected by questionnaire survey using convenience sampling. The instruments were the Family APGAR Questionnaire by Smilkstein(1978), PAC by Olson and Barnes(1982), and the Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Questionnaire by Reiss(1967). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 10.0 program with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, and ANOVA. RESULTS: Family function was significant according to school record, economic status, living arrangement of parent. Parent-Adolescent Communication was significant according to religion, economic status, having a boy/girl friend, and experience of sexual intercourse. Sexual permissiveness was significant for all except economic status. Correlation among the variables showed that parent-adolescent communication was negatively correlated to sexual permissiveness(r=-.127, p=.000) and positively to family function(r=.368, p=.000). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that parent-adolescent communication and family function are associated with sexual permissiveness, and the findings of this study are expected to make a contribution to creating an ideal sexual culture for youth.

Relationship of Sexual Attitude, Sexual Identity and Sexual Permissiveness in Junior High School Girls / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the relationship betweem sexual attitude, sexual identity, sexual permissiveness in girls in junior high school. METHOD: The participants were 587 female students in Chungnam Province. Data were collected by questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling. The instruments were the Sexual Attitude Scale by Kim (1997), the Sexual Identity Scale by Jung (1990), and the Sexual Permissiveness Scale developed by Reiss (1964). Data were analyzed by the SPSS 11.0 program, using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison. RESULTS: The relationship between sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness had a positive correlation (r=.440, p-0.000). Sexual identity was positively correlated (r=.180, p=.036; r=.222, p=.014) with both sexual attitude and sexual permissiveness, but maleness was the only positive correlation (r=.258, p=.014) with sexual permissiveness, no sexual specialization was the only characteristic that had a positive correlation (r=.188, p=.046) with sexual attitude. CONCLUSION: These results suggest assessment of these factors and treatment fitted to individual needs are important for correct sexual culture. There should be repeated research on various population groups. Moreover, it is considered necessary to carry out factor-related theoretical researches on several variables related to sex through multilateral literature reviews.

Factors Influencing Sexual Permissiveness in Adolescents / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify factors that influence sexual permissiveness. A comprehensive analysis of individual, family, and social factors related to sexual permissiveness in adolescents was done. METHOD: A descriptive research design was used to explore causal relationships in sexual permissiveness between high school students. RESULT: The findings of this study are as follows. 1) For individual factors, self-respect, seeking social deviation and seeking internal experience were confirmed as factors influencing sexual permissiveness. 2) For the family factors, the mother-adolescent communication aspect was confirmed as a factor. 3) For the social environment factors, adaptability to school life was confirmed as a factor. CONCLUSION: On a theoretical basis, this study identifies factors influencing sexual permissiveness in adolescents, and thus contributes to the definition of a desirable sexual culture for young people. Therefore, it is suggested that programs be developed that control the corroborated factors and that further studies be conducted to validate the factors.

Effect of Human Cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) Replication on the Production of Alkaline Phosphatase in Osteosarcoma Cell Line ( Saos - 2 )

HCMV infection can evoke the broad spectrum of symptoms, which may be caused by the infection of responsible cell types. It is important to identify the cell types to be infected and replicated with HCMV infection for characterizing the property of HCMV infection and symptoms. Bone marrow stroma consists of heterogeneous cells, which have many cellular functions. This study was performed to verify the infectivity of HCMV to osteoblasts using the osteogenic sarcoma cell line, Saos-2, and the effect of HCMV infection to them on the cellular function. Immediate-early antigens, IE1 and IE2, were detected from 1 day postinfection (d.p.i.), and early (ppUL44) and late (gB) antigen were detected from 2 d.p.i. by the immunoperoxidase staining. All the antigens were expressed as far as observed (9 days). It was found that the virus titer in the culture supernatant and the cell pellet were 150 to 2,200 pfu/ml and 50 to 800 pfu/ml, respectively, after 4 days when the cells were infected with 2 m.o.i. Alkaline phosphatase production in Saos-2 cells infected with the different amount of HCMV was decreased to 8 to 15%, 31 to 47%, and 11 to 52% on 4, 6, and 11 d.p.i., respectively, as compared with mock-infected cells. This result suggested that HCMV could replicate in some bone marrow stromal cells and disturb the cellular function such as production of alkaline phosphatase.

The Change of c-jun Promoter Activity in TPA-Induced U937 Cells Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)

Transient transfection assay has been done to evaluate whether the c-jun activation would be prerequisite to the induction of permissiveness against human cytomegalovirus using in vitro cell model in which U937 has been induced to express CD11b and CDl4 to become potential monocyte/macrophage cells by TPA treatment. U937 cells were treated with 10 microM, 50 microM or 100 microM of TPA. The cell morphology change was observed and the expression of the CD11b and CDl4 was confirmed by FACS. Differentiated cells were transfected with pJLuc reporter vector which contained the wild type murine c-jun promoter spanning the SP1, CTF, ATF/CREB and MEF-2 binding sites upstream of the firefly luciferase gene. After 48 hrs of transfection, the cells were infected with HCMV Towne strain and the luciferase activity was assessed at 1 h and 4 h pi. The transfection assay showed no activation of the c-jun promoter at 1 h pi, instead, it showed 2 times increase of the its activity at 4 h pi. There was no difference of the c-jun promoter activation between TPA treated and untreated U937 cells, implying that c-jun activation might not be prerequisite for allowing cells to be premissive to HCMV, although HCMV infection itself could activate c-jun promoter.

The Change of c-jun Promoter Activity in TPA-Induced U937 Cells Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)

Transient transfection assay has been done to evaluate whether the c-jun activation would be prerequisite to the induction of permissiveness against human cytomegalovirus using in vitro cell model in which U937 has been induced to express CD11b and CDl4 to become potential monocyte/macrophage cells by TPA treatment. U937 cells were treated with 10 microM, 50 microM or 100 microM of TPA. The cell morphology change was observed and the expression of the CD11b and CDl4 was confirmed by FACS. Differentiated cells were transfected with pJLuc reporter vector which contained the wild type murine c-jun promoter spanning the SP1, CTF, ATF/CREB and MEF-2 binding sites upstream of the firefly luciferase gene. After 48 hrs of transfection, the cells were infected with HCMV Towne strain and the luciferase activity was assessed at 1 h and 4 h pi. The transfection assay showed no activation of the c-jun promoter at 1 h pi, instead, it showed 2 times increase of the its activity at 4 h pi. There was no difference of the c-jun promoter activation between TPA treated and untreated U937 cells, implying that c-jun activation might not be prerequisite for allowing cells to be premissive to HCMV, although HCMV infection itself could activate c-jun promoter.